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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Public transport for sustainable cities and regions : insights from ten years of research</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2786094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book brings together some of the research contributed by K2, The National Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, over the years.. What do we know now that we did not know ten years ago? Society today faces major challenges that require us to transition to more sustainable ways of living. Public transport has an obvious role to play and can contribute to this transition in various ways. More than ten years of research about public transport has taught us a great deal about how this can be achieved, what the challenges are and how this transition can be done in an equitable way. This book includes texts about how people’s travelling has changed and how public transport management has developed over the years, how public transport can be planned to become a more efficient system and how new technology can contribute, but also how inequalities can arise and be addressed. In addition, the book describes how K2 has worked to contribute to the development of public transport and public transport research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Oct 2026 09:37:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2786094</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determinants and deterrents of urban cycling : evidence from Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban cycling contributes to climate-neutral and resilient mobility, and its uptake hinges on a blend of behavioural, environmental, and infrastructural forces. This licentiate thesis brings together evidence from three empirical studies conducted in Braga, Istanbul, and Tallinn (papers A and B), as well as Paris and Barcelona (paper C) to identify and quantify drivers of cycling and to translate findings into insights that matter for policy. The first paper shows that a GPS-verified, gamified reward scheme, involving roughly 1,500 participants increased weekday cycling. The second paper applied mixed ordinal probit models to six months of data from the same reward scheme and finds that higher wind speeds and private-car ownership reduce weekly cycling, whereas public-transport use boosts it. The third paper employs ARIMAX time-series models of bicycle counts and identifies a pandemic step change, accounting for about 35,000 added bicycle trips per week in Paris and 26,000 trip per week in Barcelona. It also finds the added effects of infrastructure initiatives and lockdown stringency. The three studies highlight three overarching drivers of cycling: behavioral incentives, environmental conditions, and rapid-built infrastructure. These factors contribute to explaining when, where, and for whom cycling gains materialize. This thesis contributes with robust multi-city evidence, suggesting that targeted rewards, wind-protected lane design, car-access management, and transit integration can speed up modal shifts. It provides guidance to sustain and grow urban cycling across diverse city contexts, aligned with European climate goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666531</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Dynamics of demand in passenger services on railways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The dynamic effects are a long-term process concerning equilibrium between demand and supply that is usually not achieved in a few years, but after a significantly longer period that can be counted in decades. The consequences of the dynamics may be that society makes incorrect or undersized investments in the railway network based on non-dynamic models. This report examines what research has been conducted on when and to what extent dynamic development occurs in rail passenger demand, and whether any research has been conducted on modelling this dynamic development. Results showed that hard measures such as for example frequency of service, travel time and number of necessary interchanges have been studied to a large extent and it is well understood how such measures affect demand, especially in urban transport. However, literature has found that softer measures, which take longer time to have an effect on demand, could be responsible for some of the dynamic development and forecast inaccuracies found in the literature. Also, external factors that are often considered less or even excluded from models, were found to sometimes affect demand significantly. Another aspect is the rail factor, i.e. some mode specific attraction assigned to guided transport. The effect of the rail factor has been studied with very mixed results. It would however only be relevant to include the rail factor if there has been a change in modes or if there is competition between rail and road-bound modes such as a bus service. It has been clear during this work that not that much literature exists on this topic. The main conclusion of this report would therefore be that more work could be done to examine how dynamic effects affect passenger demand. This is especially true for the very long timespans of a couple of decades or more.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598572</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Cykelstråk i Skåne : en studie av cykelflöden och cyklisternas upplevelser på tre stråk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A concept called Supercykelvägar (Cycle Superhighways) is currently implemented in the region of Skåne in Sweden, with the objective to improve the possibilities of traveling to and from the larger cities by bicycle. The idea is to, as far as possible, improve already existing infrastructure. As part of the work, three regional routes have been evaluated: Malmö-Lund, Malmö-Lomma and Arlöv-Lomma. The purpose of the study was to measure cycle counts, speeds and bicycle types and to evaluate the design of the routes from the cyclists' perspective. The study was conducted during the years 2020-2022 and included: count and speed measurements, roadside observations, a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:06:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Autonoma elektrifierade bussar : sammanlagda erfarenheter med fokus på användare</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ride the future is a mobility solution with three electrified autonomous buses that operate a 4.2 km long loop at Linköping University and Vallastaden. There is a need to summarize the results obtained, to achieve Ride the future's goal of showing how an autonomous electrified bus can be part of the mobility in the modern dense city. The purpose of this report is to summarize and discuss these with a starting point in what this means for the users and where aspects around vehicles and operation, infrastructure, the users' perception of attractiveness, accessibility, convenience and inclusion are included. A compilation of completed user studies shows that the majority of travellers who have tested the buses are positive about the journey, but that efforts are required to attract motorists. Furthermore, an increased focus is needed on the development of how the vehicles should be able to communicate with passengers on the bus, but also with those who interact with the bus outside (pedestrians, cyclists and other vehicle drivers). The driver is important from the point of view of the situation we have today with somewhat immature technology. The drivers support both the bus and the passengers, especially children, the elderly and people with disabilities. However, for the mobility service to be available to all passengers development and improvement of both physical infrastructure and digital solutions is needed. Ride the future intends to continue with the joint ambition of the project's parties to test and contribute to the development of the solutions required for a future sustainable mobility system within both the dense city and the countryside. Within this ambition, both technical, inter-personal and business issues are identified as necessary to work on.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:04:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388963</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trafikmodell för policybeslutsstöd mot attraktiva, pålitliga och effektiva kollektivtrafiksystem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For urban areas to remain or become attractive and liveable areas, public transport needs to constantly ensure that it caters for users’ changing needs and travel patterns and provide them at the same time with an attractive, reliable, and efficient service. The motivation for this project is to develop a policy decision support tool that can help authorities, policymakers, planners, and other involved actors investigate the effects of their decisions on public transport users and service performance. Examples of such decisions could be related to fare changes, ticket pricing, as well as off-peak discounts. However, potential applications of the tool go beyond this and include disruption management or studying the effects of changes in supply. Shortly, the contribution of this project is to enable the evaluation of policies in early stages of the decision-making process and difficult-to-evaluate effects on public transport users and usage. The covid-19 pandemic has had various impacts on how people use public transport. Traveling during off-peak periods is becoming more practical and realistic than prior to the pandemic, as people's flexibility in travel patterns and commuting has increased. Encouraging more travelers to switch to travel during the off-peak periods can help reduce crowding, improve on-time performance and thus save public resources and increase level of service and thus public transport attractivity. It is also expected that seasonal tickets (e.g., monthly subscriptions) will become less attractive, making it necessary to design new fare products that better cater for the prevailing travel patterns and passenger preferences in the post-corona phase. We identify the need for easily adaptable policy decision support at the early stages of planning strategies, focusing on the attractivity and effectiveness of public transport in the changing world. We also expect that the framework proposed in this project will be adaptable to changing needs in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269694</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Konkurrensytor i hamnsystemet: Ökad attraktivitet genom effektivare noder för enhetslaster</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime transport is the main mode used for carrying Swedish foreign trade flows. Roughly 70 percent of foreign trade in terms of weight is moved by sea. These flows are largely concentrated to a few large ports, while Sweden’s available port supply and infrastructure is large and geographically dispersed. A question posed in several finalized reports and studies is how the capacity of the port network in Sweden can be better utilized, thereby contributing to a more efficient transport system. The Swedish government recently expressed a will for the ports to implement concrete measures to strengthen the competitiveness of shipping. The national coordinator for domestic shipping and short-sea shipping was subsequently given an additional assignment which involves working together with port authorities and port owners to promote the competitiveness of shipping through a harmonized fee structure. However, port fees are far from the only factor influencing decision makers choice of port among several alternatives. International studies show that relevant factors include the localization of ports, maximum draught, efficiency in cargo handling, intermodal hinterland connections, infrastructure capacity, frequency of departures and several others can be as important. A conclusion from VTIs analysis of competition between land and sea-based modes of transport is that shipments of unitized cargoes (ro-ro and container shipping) are the segments which are most intensely subject to this competition. This means that improvements in ports which deal with unitized cargoes can have meaningful effects on maritime transport’s ability to compete for volumes within these segments. The issue of competition facing ports is complex since ports can be said to be in competition between with land-based transport solutions while sea and land-based modes are also complements in the transport system. Similarly, there is competition between individual ports, but there are also symbiotic relationships between some ports. A healthy level of competition between ports can create incentives for more efficient provision of port services, which can in turn increase the competitiveness and attractiveness of maritime transport. A key question is which types of improvements increase the attractiveness of ports. By empirically studying how different factors affect port choice in Swedish ro-ro and container shipments, this project sets out to generate unique and detailed knowledge regarding how Swedish ports can better adjust to the preferences and demands of customers and thereby improve the competitiveness of maritime transport. The proposed project aims to take stock of and analyze competition in the port system and account for factors which influence port choice, focusing on the shipping segments ro-ro and container. In order to achieve the aim, three research questions are posed: 1) What is the intensity of competition facing Swedish ports handling unitized cargoes? 2) How do different factors impact shippers and cargo owners port choice within the segments ro-ro and container? 3) How can decision-makers (port authorities, government agencies, politicians) meaningfully act to enable more competitive maritime transport within the studied segments? The project builds upon previous results regarding competition between modes of freight transport and is helped by VTIs access to large and relevant quantities of data. VTI has in its maritime research portfolio access to historical maritime traffic data (AIS), technical and operational vessel data for ships on Swedish waters and to historical port call data from the Swedish Maritime Administration. The main beneficiaries of the project’s expected results are the Swedish Transport Administration and the Swedish Maritime Administration. The results are expected to aid the Swedish Transport Administration in its assignment to coordinate and strengthen the position of domestic maritime transport and short-sea shipping. The results are also expected to aid the Swedish Maritime Administration in more efficiently working towards strengthening the competitive position of maritime transport. The proposed project addresses several of the themes outlines in the Swedish Transport Administration’s R&D-plan for 2021-2026. Specifically the themes which are addressed by the proposal are “the potential of maritime transport” and strengthened role for maritime transport in the transport system”.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An examination of an approach to assist transit in maintaining political legitimacy by achieving reliability for passengers and efficiency for the public</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259735</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines philosophical frameworks of public transport service delivery — the Strategic Triangle and Service Quality Loop. The first considers the context of a public sector organisation appropriating resource and the second considers how public transport service partners could provide services that passengers perceive to be high quality. The paper proposes the Arbitrated Service Quality framework to synthesis a combined perspective. Then this paper considers the need for efficiency and reliability from the passengers’ and public’s perspective. This paper posits that Statistical Process Control could support continuous improvement of the aforementioned reliability and efficiency to allow the service partners to deliver the public transport services sought by passengers and the value-for-money sought by the public.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Oct 2023 11:29:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259735</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating Desired Transit Quality: A Targeted-Customers Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2138474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study aimed at investigating preference heterogeneity in transit service desired quality of transit targeted customer groups. As a proof-of-concept, the study adopted a persona-based analysis and a Multinomial Logit (MNL) interaction model in order to quantify preference heterogeneity among the considered personas. The authors identified seven personas which best describes, in the authors’ opinion, a wide spectrum of Hamilton Street Railway (HSR) market in the City of Hamilton. The study utilized a sample size of 3080, pulled from a larger dataset, which encompasses the seven personas. The personas were developed based on travel 8 Eldeeb & Mohamed behaviour and employment status. Each persona describes a typical category of Hamiltonians who are current or potential transit users. The MNL interaction model shows that the persona 01 (i.e. full-time employee and HSR user) and persona 06 (i.e. full-time employee and car passenger) are negatively affected by longer journey time, higher trip fare and longer service headway, and positively affected by real-time information provision and reducing number of transfers. However, these personas are indifferent to walking time to/from bus stops. Persona 02 (i.e. student and HSR user), persona 05 (i.e. student and car driver/passenger), and persona 07 (i.e. full-time and car driver) are negatively affected by longer journey time, higher trip fare, longer service headway and longer walking time to/from bus stops, and positively affected by real-time information provision and reducing number of transfers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2023 09:33:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2138474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding changes in decision-making processes to adopt first-/last-mile automated bus service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the changes in the interactions of objective factors (factors which are independent of perception e.g. socio-demographic characteristics), subjective factors (psychological factors which are inherent in individual), and user’s behavioural responses towards a new technology/service in response to actual experience with the technology/service. In specific, this research investigates the changes in decision-making parameters to adopt first-/last-mile automated bus service over three important adoption stages, as specified in diffusion of innovations theory: 1. decision (before any actual ride experiences), 2. implementation (first trial) and 3. continuation (after the first trial).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:07:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Perpignan-Figueras high-speed line. A great European project that arrived in the middle of a crisis and in an immature environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1857945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Perpignan-Figueras high-speed line is one of the major European projects aimed at solving technical barriers and bottlenecks between rail networks. It is an interoperable line designed for mixed passenger and freight traffic, built perfectly on time. Delivered into commercial service in December 2020, it arrived in the middle of a global financial crisis and in an immature and incomplete railway environment. The situation is improving, but the line is still underutilized. Perspectives are good, but efforts are necessary, both on the infrastructure side, operators' and on the authorities' side, to set up regional trains. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2021 12:08:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1857945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Långtidsstudie av planeringsfaktorers betydelse för fotgängare</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1748857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overall aim of the project is to study the question "What is the type of design and planning of the built environment that affects the choice to walk, and gives an increased opportunity for walking in a Swedish context?" The purpose is also to describe and develope the urban environment in relation to the pedestrins satisfaction and opportunities to enhance safety, as support for the transportation mode. The result of the project is support for texts in several documents and decision-making basis in order to determine the effectiveness of investments in the transportation mode.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2020 14:09:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1748857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Satisfaction with public transport trips</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1706511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous urban growth, environmental issues, competition for limited space, longer commuting distances as well as the need to promote equity and equality in society are the primary reasons that make the improvement of public transport (PT) services a key policy area in many countries across the globe. Travel satisfaction measures the perceived quality of the PT service and it is an important aspect that operators and PT authorities need to consider when improving the service offered.Desk research identified a number of important issues that previous studies had neglected. These knowledge gaps include the investigation of: (a) the evolution over time of the determinants (service attributes) of travel satisfaction, (b) the main determinants of travel satisfaction for different traveler segments and travel modes; (c) the most relevant part of door-to-door trips for different types of trip configurations; (d) the impact on the travel experience of weather, accessibility and proximity measures and built-environment characteristics of the first mile of the trip; (e) the [non]linear and [a]symmetric nature of the relationship between PT service attributes and overall travel satisfaction for different travelers and travel modes.The five papers included in this doctoral thesis present an array of approaches and methodologies aiming at increasing overall travel satisfaction with PT services while covering the knowledge gaps that previous research failed to address.Paper I, investigates the determinants of PT satisfaction and their evolution over time (2001-2013). The results show that: a) customer interface and operation, and at a lesser extent trip duration are the quality of service attributes that need to be prioritized; b) while satisfaction, in general, remains rather constant, relative importance fluctuates year after year. However, the QoSAs remain in the same quadrant of the priority map and thus the determinants of travel satisfaction stay invariable.Paper II, reduces the diversity of needs and priorities of Swedish travelers to 5 distinctive multi-modal travelers’ segments. Considering the importance attached to service attributes, these travelers’ segments exhibit geographical disparities and in between-groups overall similarity. Nevertheless, some noticeable differences can be observed. Service attributes’ importance levels reveal overall changes in appreciations and consumption goals over time. The more frequent PT user segments are more satisfied across the board and are characterized by a more balanced distribution of attribute importance while one of the groups - rural motorist commuters - is markedly dissatisfied with the service operation attributes.Paper III, first aims to understand how travelers combine trip legs’ satisfactions into an overall evaluation of their trip, and then to investigate the relative importance of satisfaction with access, main and egress segments for the entire door-to-door travel experience. A number of both normative and heuristic satisfaction aggregation rules are tested for different types of trip configurations. The results show that normative rules can better reproduce overall travel satisfaction than heuristic rules, indicating that all trip legs need to be considered when evaluating the overall travel experience. In particular, weighting satisfaction with individual trip legs with perceived trip leg durations yield the best predictor of overall travel satisfaction, especially when applying a penalty for each waiting time of 3 or 4 times in- vehicle or walking time.Paper IV, investigates the impact that built-environment, accessibility and weather characteristics from the access stage of the trip have on the overall travel experience. This is done in two geographical contexts (urban and peri-urban and rural) and with models regarding the last and the overall trips. The results indicate that perceptual and non-perceptual built-environment variables have a rather weak effect in the overall satisfaction. Safety feelings around PT stations/stops have an effect on the overall travel experience while safety feelings related to travelers’ neighborhood of residence have none. Accessibility results indicate that living in an area that is well-connected to all other areas, and in particular to the attractive ones, has a positive impact on the overall travel experience. Most of the tested weather conditions at the time of the start of the trip exert an impact on travel satisfaction.Based on the three-factor theory, Paper V classifies quality of service attributes regarding their influence (positive, negative or both) on overall travel satisfaction. The analysis is done for different traveler segments and travel modes and presented in the form of a series of three-level cubes. For a general travel, attributes that can mainly bring dissatisfaction when they are not well-provided are, staff and assistance and ticket accessibility (basic factor). These are followed by attributes that can provide both satisfaction and dissatisfaction in a similar way and depending on their performance level (performance factor). Performance attributes are related to operational aspects (trip duration and operation) and safety perceptions while traveling. Quality of service attributes that can mainly bring satisfaction when they are well provided are network and on-board conditions (exciting factor). Important differences are found in the attribute factor classification between travel modes and segments which indicates that a “one size fits all” approach is not recommendable to adopt.This set of papers can help authorities to better evaluate and cater for travelers’ needs by supporting the allocation of resources and prioritizing policy measures in the most impactful part of the door-to-door trip and to the most important factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2020 09:42:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1706511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving travel satisfaction with public transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1652282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The existing link between public transport (PT) travelers’ satisfaction, ridership and loyalty prove the relevance of improving overall trip satisfaction. The thesis present an array of approaches and methodologies aiming at increasing overall satisfaction with PT door-to-door trips while covering important issues that previous research has failed to address. These knowledge gaps include: disregarding the different needs and priorities of different type of travelers; overlooking the evolution over time and across geographical areas that overall satisfaction and satisfaction with specific service attributes may experience; and, neglecting the importance of access and egress legs. Based on the Swedish customer satisfaction barometer (2001-2013), an investigation of the determinants of PT satisfaction and their evolution over time (I) shows that: a) the deterioration of overall satisfaction with PT in Sweden in recent years is driven by a decrease in satisfaction with customer interface and length of trip time; b) these two service aspects as well as operation are found as key determinants of overall satisfaction which users consistently rate among the least satisfactory. The diversity of needs and priorities of SKT travelers was reduced into 5 distinctive multi-modal travelers’ groups (II). These travelers’ groups exhibited geographical disparities and an in between-groups overall similarity in the importance attached to the service attributes. Nevertheless, some noticeable differences could be observed. The service attributes’ importance levels reveal overall changes in appreciations and consumption goals over time. A number of both normative and heuristic satisfaction aggregation rules are tested on METPEX dataset for different types of trip configurations (III). The results show that normative rules can better reproduce overall travel satisfaction than heuristic rules, indicating that all trip legs need to be considered when evaluating the overall travel experience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2019 10:32:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1652282</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Secure, helpful, lovable. Incorporating user needs in the design of autonomous vehicles systems for public transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1641406</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous, shared, and electric - this is the vision for future transport services that enable both efficient and climate-friendly mobility. The success of such services will crucially depend on their actual use by the population, which is in turn determined by perceptions of their usefulness, ease of use, safety, and attractiveness. The new features even entail some new challenges to users. The authors present methods to identify user needs and potential use barriers early in the process of designing autonomous vehicles systems for public transport, and give examples from their user-centered research methods which can be used to incorporate user needs in the development of advanced systems for public transport. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2019 10:56:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1641406</guid>
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