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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>PULVERISED FUEL ASH IN STRUCTURAL PRECAST CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports the initial stages of work carried out in a study of the efficient utilisation of pfa in structural precast concrete and includes data concerning curing regimes (temperature and maturity), materials (ashes, cements and admixtures) and mix proportioning method.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:57:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHEAR STRENGTH, SETTLEMENT AND COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PULVERIZED FUEL ASH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AMOUNT OF PULVERISED FUEL ASH /P.F.A./ PRODUCED BY BURNING COAL IN POWER STATION FURNACES AVERAGES ABOUT 18 PER CENT BY WEIGHT OF THE FUEL. THE AMOUNT OF P.F.A. PUT TO ECONOMIC USE HAS INCREASED RAPIDLY, AND THE PREDICTED GROWTH IN ANNUAL OUTPUT IS SUCH THAT IT MAY BE REGARDED AS A READILY AVAILABLE ENGINEERING MATERIAL OVER MUCH OF THE COUNTRY. PART 1 OF THE ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF P.F.A., AND THE RESULTS ARE SHOWN OF SHEAR TESTS CARRIED OUT ON A VARIETY OF ASHES. PART II /CONCLUSION/ OF THE ARTICLE APPEARS IN THE OCTOBER ISSUE OF THE JOURNAL PP. 1265-9 AND DEALS WITH FOUNDATIONS ON FUEL ASH, EMBANKMENT FILLS AND ROAD FOUNDATIONS EMPLOYING FUEL ASH, AND THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THIS MATERIAL. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:42:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122202</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STABILIZATION OF SOIL AND GRAVEL MATERIALS WITH SHALE ASH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SHALE ASH, THE WASTE PRODUCT OBTAINED AFTER THE BURNING OF BITUMINOUS SHALE, CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY USED FOR SOIL AND AGGREGATE STABILIZATION. KUKERMIT CAN BE USED AS UP TO 50% ADDITIVE FOR CEMENT WITHOUT APPRECIABLE LOSS OF QUALITY. A TABLE AND GRAPH ARE PRESENTED OF THE RESULTS OF TESTS ON THE USE OF SHALE ASH WITH AND WITHOUT CEMENT INCLUDING THE MODULUS OF DEFORMATION OF STABILIZED AGGREGATE SAMPLES, DENSITY, MOISTURE CONTENT AND WEIGHT AFTER FREEZING-AND- THAWING CYCLE. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF UP TO 90KG/SQ. CM WERE OBTAINED WITH 10% KUKERMIT TYPE 200.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:42:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PAVEMENT STRUCTURE - GREAT BRITAIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[REFERENCE IS MADE TO THE REPORT TO THE XIITH CONGRESS DEALING WITH TYPE I AND TYPE II AGGREGATES FOR SUB-BASES. TYPE I IS NOT GENERALLY AVAILABLE AND INCREASING USE HAS BEEN MADE OF STABILIZED TYPE II AGGREGATES. PULVERIZED FUEL ASH HAS SOMETIMES BEEN FOUND SUITABLE FOR STABILIZATION. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT STABILIZED MATERIALS. THE SECOND EDITION OF ROAD NOTE 29 PERMITS A REDUCTION IN THE THICKNESS OF ROLLED ASPHALT AND DENSE COATED MACADAM AS ROAD BASE MATERIALS. ON ROADS OF LOW TRAFFIC INTENSITY THE REDUCTION IN THICKNESS IS THE SAME FOR EACH MATERIAL BUT WITH HIGHER TRAFFIC VALUES ROLLED ASPHALT BASE OFFERS THE GREATER ECONOMY IN THICKNESS. SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT STABILIZED AND LEAN CONCRETE BASES ARE GIVEN. THE USE OF RUBBER TIRED ROLLERS HAS INCREASED SINCE THE LAST CONGRESS, BUT MORE WORK HAS BEEN DONE ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF MATERIALS WHICH ARE EASY TO COMPACT, THAN ON COMPACTING MACHINERY. A SURVEY OF ROADS HAVING LEAN CONCRETE OR CEMENT STABILIZED BASES HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT TO INVESTIGATE THE PROBLEM OF CRACKING. THE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF CRACKING ARE DISCUSSED AS IS THE PROBLEM OF LAYING A FLEXIBLE SURFACE OVER REINFORCED CONCRETE LAID IN SLABS. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION HAS NOT BEEN WIDELY USED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM MAINLY FOR ECONOMIC REASONS. NO SUITABLE AGENTS HAVE YET BEEN FOUND FOR ORGANIC SOIL AND HEAVY CLAYS. PULVERIZED FUEL ASH MIXED WITH LIME HAS A STABILIZING EFFECT WITH GRANULAR SOILS SIMILAR TO CEMENT. THE ACTION IS SLOWER BUT, WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS, AN ADEQUATE RESULT IS OBTAINED USING THE CHEAPER MATERIALS. B.X. 1924 'METHODS OF TEST FOR STABILIZED SOILS' HAS RECENTLY BEEN REVISED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHEAR STRENGTH, SETTLEMENT AND COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PULVERISED FUEL ASH PART 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF MIXTURES OF LIME AND PULVERISED FUEL ASH FOR SOIL STABILIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121744</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A STUDY OF HOPPER ASHES COLLECTED FROM 12 POWER STATIONS SHOWED THAT ALTHOUGH THEY ALL POSSESSED POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES, THEIR POZZOLANIC ACTIVITIES VARIED CONSIDERABLY. THE ACTIVITY WAS RELATED TO THE SURFACE AREA AND THE IGNITION LOSS /CARBON CONTENT/ OF THE ASH. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT LIMITING VALUES FOR THESE TWO PROPERTIES SHOULD BE A MINIMUM SURFACE AREA OF 2750 SQ CM/G AND A MAXIMUM IGNITION LOSS OF 7 PER CENT, OF THE 12 ASHES STUDIED, SEVEN WERE SUFFICIENTLY ACTIVE TO MAKE THEM POTENTIALLY USEFUL STABILIZING AGENTS. REMOVAL OF THE SOLUBLE SALTS HAD NO EFFECT ON THE POZZOLANIC ACTIVITY OF ANY OF THE ASHES. THE STRENGTH-AGE RELATIONS OF THE LIME-ASH STABILIZED SANDS DIFFERED MARKEDLY FROM THOSE OF CEMENT-STABILIZED SANDS, AND FOR THE FIRST 14 DAYS LITTLE STRENGTH WAS DEVELOPED, BETWEEN 14 AND 56 DAYS THERE WAS A VERY RAPID INCREASE IN STRENGTH, SO THAT ALTHOUGH AT SEVEN DAYS THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF LIME-ASH STABILIZED SAND WAS MUCH LOWER THAN THE STRENGTH OF CEMENT-STABILIZED SAND, AT 56 DAYS THE STRENGTHS WERE COMPARABLE. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH OF SANDS STABILIZED WITH LIME- ASH MIXTURES WAS GREATER THAN IT WAS ON EITHER CEMENT OR LIME-STABILIZED SANDS. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:40:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121744</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECYCLING AND IMPROVEMENT OF ASHES FROM POWER PLANTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/54271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each year power plants produce approximately 4 million tonnes of ash in various forms in France.  This material can be used in cement, concrete, and mixtures utilized in road construction; it improves the workability, compaction, resistance to aggressive water, and the mechanical strength of the product to which it is added, and it leads to savings in materials, energy and storage. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Jul 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/54271</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USING FBC AND STOKER ASHES AS ROADWAY FILL: A CASE STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Approximately 100,000 cu m of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (FBC) ash and stoker ash were used as structural fill in the construction of a large roadway embankment.  The embankment is approximately 100 m long and 10 m high, and it supports an extension of a street across a gravel quarry in West Lafayette, Indiana.  The use of coal combustion byproducts on this project was motivated by the need to find cost-effective alternatives to the disposal of these materials in solid-waste landfills.  Similar projects have been completed using the more common bottom ash and fly ash.  However, little information is available related to the performance of FBC and stoker ashes in this application.  An overview of the project and construction operations is described, and the results of geotechnical laboratory tests and field monitoring are presented.  Instruments used in the monitoring of fill behavior include settlement plates, vertical and horizontal inclinometers, seismic cross-hole tests, and postconstruction standard penetration tests.  The compacted FBC material exhibited significant swell stresses and strains and is still expanding 2 years after construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 10 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542604</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND UTILIZATION OF ASH RESIDUE FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATORS IN ROADWAY CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/473192</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this investigation was to determine the engineering properties and study the chemical characterization of ash residue from a municipal solid waste incinerator.  This is a prelude to the use of ash residue in roadway construction. Thus, there are two interrelated principal objectives of this project:  (1) To achieve chemical fixation/stabilization of the ash residue through various chemical stabilizing agents used independently and/or in combination with cement-based and lime-based mixtures for chemical fixation; and (2) To study and evaluate the geotechnical properties of stabilized and unstabilized ash residue, with a view to its use in roadway construction.  The findings and conclusions of this investigation are summarized by the following:  (1) Ash residue contains heavy metals regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) provision, however, none of the heavy metals exceeded the concentration level as regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).  (2) Unstabilized ash residue has good to excellent geotechnical engineering property, and based on the Unified Soil Classification and AASHTO, it can possibly be used as a foundation material, as a subbase material, and, because of its pozzolanic nature, as a concrete and asphalt admixture.  (3) Stabilization of ash residue improves its geotechnical properties above that of unstabilized sample, while reducing further the heavy metal leachability from the ash residue.  (4) Physical stabilization with cement and lime and chemical stabilization with chemical fixing agents (sodium sulfide and sodium phosphate) improved the shear strength of the ash residue.  Chemical stabilization exhibits similar behavior on the ash residue as lime stabilized ash.  (5) Stabilization effort affects the leachability of the heavy metal content in the ash residue, because some stabilizing agents contain traces of heavy metal, and therefore in combination with ash residue produce an increase in some metals in the stabilized ash sample as compared with the unstabilized ash sample.  However, the heavy metal concentrations were all below the USEPA regulatory limit.  (6) There are definite differences in the concentration level of heavy metals leached out because of variation in leaching time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/473192</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECYCLABLE COAL ASH FILLS MARYLAND HIGHWAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Maryland Transportation Authority and the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company have a new way of recycling their coal ash.  The partnership is planning to use 350,000 cu yd (267,610 cu m) of ash as embankment fill along I-695 in Baltimore, where a deteriorated viaduct is being taken down and replaced with a lower road system on ground level.  Bottom ash, a component of the ash that sinks to the bottom of the boiler, will be sluiced out and used as the base layer because of its coarse texture. Fly ash, which is the lighter component, will be used for the embankment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHARACTERIZATION OF GRANULAR SYSTEMS BY DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING OF LOW STRAIN WAVE RESPONSE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The characterization and quality assessment of composite materials, particularly those constructed of residual materials such as slags, ashes, and crumb rubber, are difficult because of chemical and physical inhomogeneity and inconsistency at the time of their production.  The characterization of granular systems, constructed of a mixture of geological and residual materials, may provide inconclusive information when tested by existing methods.  The proposed nondestructive evaluation uses low-strain, low-frequency dynamic excitation as a means to better evaluate such materials.  The applied excitation results in a sample response characterized by wave patterns.  The wave pattern response is analyzed by digital signal processing and an artificial neural network (ANN) system to facilitate characterization of the material.  Dynamic excitation of representative samples was accomplished using a longitudinal-torsional resonant column.  Nondestructive testing was conducted at low strain levels applying a torsional oscillatory motion.  The resulting sample response wave forms were recorded.  The shear modulus values obtained at the resonant frequency of each sample were used to train an ANN system to characterize sample wave responses measured at random frequencies.  The recorded sample response wave forms were analyzed to identify the embedded dominant frequencies, which were unique signatures of the tested materials.  These signatures were then submitted to the previously trained ANN to predict the material shear modulus.  The samples tested were composed of dry Ottawa sand (0.85 to 0.6 mm), Ottawa sand and crumb rubber modifier, and soda-lime spheres compacted at various densities and tested under different confining pressures.  Distinctive patterns, unique to the granular sample composition, were obtained.  These are termed the signature patterns.  A fast Fourier transform algorithm was used to convert collected data to the frequency domain.  ANN analysis was applied to enhance pattern recognition and characterize the samples according to their shear moduli.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470053</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WASTE PRODUCTS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/426062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of waste materials and their products for highway construction is discussed.  The general legialation, local liability, and research projects related to waste materials are outlined.  The waste materials and products presented include waste paving, industrial ash, taconite tailings, waste tire rubber and products, building rubble, incinerator ash and products, waste glass, waste shingle and products, waste plastics and products, and slag.  For each waste category, the legislation and restrictions, material properties, construction and application, field performance, and recycling at the end of service life, if available, are discussed.  In addition, procedures for evaluation of and selection from waste alternatives are presented.  Results from a survey sent to Minnesota city and county agencies are presented summarizing current practices in waste reuse for highway construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jun 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/426062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION USE OF MUNICIPAL-SOLID-WASTE ASH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/424776</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is becoming a popular choice for communities that want to reduce the volume of solid waste, destroy harmful organic compounds, and provide a source of alternative energy.  The result, though, is an increase in MSW ash.  This paper focuses on the issues associated with MSW ash and its possible use by the construction industry.  One creative use of MSW ash is in the production of polymer concrete (PC). Experimental results reveal good-quality PC can be produced using the MSW ash.  The potential construction applications of PC made with MSW ash are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/424776</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF DE-ICING SALTS AND STUDDED TIRES ON ASPHALT PAVEMENT WEARING SURFACES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DURING RECENT YEARS IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN GERMANY, THAT ASPHALT PAVEMENTS SUFFERED CERTAIN DAMAGES DURING THE WINTER MONTHS, PERHAPS DUE TO THE ENORMOUS INCREASE IN USE OF DE- ICING SALTS AND USE OF STUDDED TIRES. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS INDICATED THAT DE-ICING SALTS DO NOT HAVE ANY CHEMICAL EFFECT. HOWEVER, THEY HAVE AN INDIRECT PHYSICAL EFFECT, AS THE CONSTANTLY WET SURFACE CAN CAUSE ASPHALT STRIPPING. MOREOVER, DUE TO LOWERING OF THE FREEZING POINT, THE UNDERCOOLED PAVEMENT BECOMES BRITTLE. IN THIS STATE THE EFFECT OF THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF TRAFFIC IS MUCH MORE SEVERE. IN ADDITION, THE VARIOUS GRITTING MATERIALS, SUCH AS SLAG AND ASH, OFTEN USED IN COMBINATION WITH DE-ICING SALTS, ACT AS ABRASIVES AND AGGRAVATE THE CONDITION. THE CLAWING ACTION OF STUDDED TIRES HAS THE STRONGEST EFFECT ON PAVEMENTS. IT WAS ASCERTAINED, THAT WELL COMPACTED DENSE ASPHALT CONCRETE WITH A MINIMUM VOID CONTENT WITHSTANDS THE ACTION OF DE-ICING SALTS AND STUDDED TIRES MUCH BETTER THAN THE MORE OPEN MIXES. IT IS STATED, THAT GUSSASPHALT, BEING TOUGH, VOIDLESS PAVEMENT, HAS THE HIGHEST RESISTANCE TO THE DESCRIBED DAMAGES BY DE-ICING SALTS AND STUDDED TIRES. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE OVER MUSKEG IN NORTHERN ONTARIO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REPORT IS PRESENTED OF A COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM CARRIED OUT IN 1958 AND 1959 BY THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, CANADA, AND THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME EXISTING ROADS OVER MUSKEG IN NORTHERN ONTARIO. INVESTIGATION OF CLOSE TO 50 DIFFERENT MUSKEG AREAS INCLUDED CLASSIFICATION OF THE MUSKEG, DETERMINATION OF THE DEPTH AND TYPE OF FILL, DEPTH OF THE ORGANIC DEPOSIT, AND TYPE OF MINERAL SOIL SUBSTRATUM. ROADS OVER THE MUSKEG AREAS WERE ASSESSED ON THE BASIS OF PERFORMANCE AND SURFACE CONDITION RELATIVE TO ADJACENT SECTIONS OF ROAD ON MINERAL SOIL TERRAIN. MANY PEAT SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FOR LABORATORY ANALYSES, WHICH INCLUDED WATER CONTENT, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ACIDITY, AND ASH CONTENT. DURING THE SECOND STAGE OF THE PROJECT AN EXTENSIVE SERIES OF FIELD VANE TESTS WAS CARRIED OUT IN CERTAIN SELECTED MUSKEG AREAS THAT WERE TYPICAL FOR A CERTAIN REGION. THREE DIFFERENT SIZES OF VANES WERE USED, IT IS SHOWN THAT ROAD PERFORMANCE IS BETTER IN MUSKEG AREAS WITH TALL TREE GROWTH THAN IN AREAS WITH LITTLE OR NO TREE GROWTH, OTHER FACTORS BEING EQUAL. NO CORRELATION WAS EVIDENT BETWEEN ROAD CONDITION AND TYPE OF FIRM MINERAL SOIL SUBSTRATUM. HOWEVER, AN INTERMEDIATE UNSTABLE LAYER OF SOFT MINERAL SOIL IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ROAD PERFORMANCE AND CONDITION. ALTHOUGH VANE TESTING APPEARS TO BE A FEASIBLE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF PEAT AND EXCELLENT DUPLICATION OF RESULTS WAS POSSIBLE FOR ANY PARTICULAR SIZE OF VANE, THESE TESTS REVEALED A MARKED VARIATION IN THE SHEAR RESULTS DEPENDING ON THE VANE SIZE. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS INDICATE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MOISTURE CONTENT AND DEPTH, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT, AND ACIDITY AND CARBON CONTENT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104888</guid>
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