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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Recycled soil stabilized with paper sludge ash as a sustainable roadbed material: Mechanical performance and durability evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainability concerns in pavement engineering have resulted in a higher demand for alternative materials rather than the conventional roadbed materials. This research examines recycled soil integrated with paper sludge ash-based stabilizers (PSAS) as a sustainable and durable roadbed material. To simulate variations in the environment, drying wetting (DW) tests were performed such that a cycle consisted of two days of drying at 40±3 °C followed by one day of wetting at 20±3 °C. A total of 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 cycles were conducted, after which the cone index (qc) and coefficient of permeability (k) were measured. Results exhibited a persistent rise in qc and fall in k with number of DW cycles. Particularly, the qc of the PSAS treated recycled soil increased by approximately 2.4 times under immersed curing conditions and by about 1.6 times following repeated DW cycles. In parallel, the k exhibited a reduction of nearly 34.1 times with immersed curing and about 9.0 times under DW cycles. In addition, consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial tests were performed at confining stresses of 30, 50, and 100 kPa, using a shearing strain rate of 0.1%/min. Under effective stress conditions, both cohesion (c’) and friction angle (φ′) were enhanced. However, under total stress conditions, the increase in cohesion was more pronounced, while the friction angle experienced a noticeable reduction. These trends are attributed to the formation of cementitious products that improve inter-particle bond strength and cohesion while particle geometry and inter-locking continue to control friction angle. Overall, PSAS treatment has a significant strength and durability improving effect on recycled soil, validating its suitability as a sustainable roadbed material alternative to virgin materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 16:00:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768771</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Valorization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash for Sustainable Asphalt Mastics: Material Characterization and Performance Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing emphasis on sustainable pavement construction has urged extensive research on the use of industrial by-products to modify asphalt binders. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), a by-product of sugarcane mill incineration, is generated globally in significant quantities exceeding 400 million tons, necessitating its valorization in construction materials. This study investigates the feasibility of SBA as a filler material in asphalt mastic through detailed material characterization and performance evaluation. SBA is used to partially replace conventional granite stone fillers at 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by mass, maintaining a constant filler-to-binder ratio of 0.8. Rheological and mechanical performance were examined through force ductility testing, the Superpave rutting parameter (|G*|/sin δ) across multiple temperatures, multiple stress creep recovery, and fatigue resistance comparison with evaluation via the Superpave fatigue parameter and linear amplitude sweep test based on the viscoelastic continuum damage theory. The results reveal that SBA possesses comparable physical and chemical properties to traditional fillers. Incorporating SBA at 15% to 20% replacement levels improved the overall tensile properties, enhanced rutting resistance by reducing the non-recoverable creep compliance value by 79%, and extended fatigue life by 1.18 times compared to the conventional filler mastics. These findings focus on the potential of SBA as a sustainable and effective filler in asphalt mastic applications, contributing to improved performance and extended pavement durability while reducing natural resource consumption and supporting sustainable development goals 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 10:13:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709386</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Spent Coffee Ground Ash Mixed Asphalt Using Experimental Investigation and Machine Learning Approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing spent coffee ground ash (SCGA) as a sustainable bio-modifier for asphalt binders and mixtures through an integrated experimental and computational framework. The novelty of this research lies in the adoption of a dual-strategy approach that combines comprehensive experimental validation with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for predictive performance assessment. Unlike previous investigations that focused separately on binder-level or mixture-level behavior, the present study integrates laboratory characterization, mechanical performance evaluation, machine learning prediction, and SHAP-based interpretability within a single unified framework. SCGA was incorporated at dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of binder to evaluate its effects on physical, rheological, durability, and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. Experimental investigations included penetration, softening point, viscosity, storage stability, Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), rutting resistance, fatigue performance, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) assessments. Results demonstrated that SCGA significantly enhanced binder stiffness and high-temperature performance, with penetration decreasing by 21% and viscosity increasing by nearly 49% relative to the control binder (CB). The optimum performance was achieved at 6% SCGA, where Marshall stability increased by 19%, ITS improved by 10%, rutting resistance increased by ~12%, and fatigue life (FL) improved by nearly 12% compared with the conventional mixture. However, excessive SCGA content (8%) reduced moisture resistance and fatigue performance because of increased brittleness and excessive stiffening. To strengthen predictive capability, decision tree and XGBoost regression models were developed, where the decision tree model achieved superior prediction accuracy with an R² value of 0.98. Furthermore, SHAP analysis identified ITS and modulus-related parameters as the most influential factors governing asphalt mixture performance, demonstrating the effectiveness of XAI in supporting sustainable pavement material design and engineering decision-making. This study highlights SCGA as a promising eco-friendly additive for enhancing the properties of asphalt pavement, contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action). Copyright]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 11:07:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736571</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation and optimization of sustainable concrete incorporating corn cob ash and waste glass powder as binary supplementary cementitious materials for pavement applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the combined effects of corn cob ash (CCA) and waste glass powder (WG) as binary partial replacements of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) on concrete workability and mechanical properties. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was used, with CCA at 0, 2.5, and 5 wt% and WG at 0, 5, and 10 wt%, resulting in a total cement replacement of 0–15 wt% while maintaining constant water and aggregate proportions. Concrete performance was assessed through slump, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength tests. Workability slightly decreased with increasing CCA and WG content, with slump values ranging from 25 to 29 mm and a maximum reduction of 13.79% relative to the control, attributed to increased fineness and pozzolanic reactivity. In contrast, mechanical properties improved significantly. The mixture containing 5 wt% CCA and 10 wt% WG achieved compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of 38.49 MPa, 3.88 MPa, and 6.80 MPa, corresponding to increases of 54.06%, 63.71%, and 52.81% over the control concrete. Multi-response optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified optimal replacement levels of 3.18 wt% CCA and 10 wt% WG, predicting compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of 35.28 MPa, 3.88 MPa, and 6.45 MPa with a predicted slump of 25.43 mm. Experimental validation of this optimized mix confirmed close agreement with the predictions, with measured values of 34.90 MPa, 3.82 MPa, 6.31 MPa, and a slump of 26.10 mm respectively, demonstrating the reliability of the optimization approach. At this optimized condition, total cement replacement reaches 13.18 wt%, reducing clinker demand and resulting in an estimated CO₂ emission reduction of 13.33%, highlighting the sustainability and practical applicability of CCA–WG blended concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 09:20:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Garnet Waste and Sawdust as Modified Asphalt Binders and Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the increasing traffic loads and challenging environmental conditions, significant attention must be devoted to modified asphalt binders using waste materials. Therefore, this study investigated the preliminary analysis of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), garnet waste and sawdust as modified asphalt binders and mixtures. The process involved thorough evaluations regarding several aspects: the chemical features of individual waste, the physical properties of individual modified asphalt binders of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% by weight of asphalt and the mechanical characteristics of individual modified asphalt mixtures. Consequently, the topmost chemical composition is initiated in POFA is Si2O, garnet waste is Fe2O3, and sawdust consists CaO. The findings showed superior stability of POFA-modified asphalt mixture proceeded along with garnet waste-modified asphalt mixture and sawdust-modified asphalt mixture. Thus, this outcome indicates a practical evaluation of the three types of waste, demonstrating good bonding and contributing to improved performance when used as a combination in asphalt modification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579906</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash for Expansive Subgrade Stabilization for Expanding Indian Road Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid expansion of India’s highway network under the Bharatmala Pariyojana, a national program intended at enhancing highway connectivity and freight efficiency, has increased the demand for durable and eco-friendly subgrade materials, in regions underlain by expansive soils. Traditional stabilizers such as lime and cement, though effective, are associated with high cost and carbon-intensive production. This study investigates sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a waste by-product from sugar mill cogeneration plants, as an alternative stabilizing agent for expansive soils, addressing the limited integration of material characterization, geotechnical performance, and practical feasibility in existing studies. Physicochemical characterization using laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) confirmed the pozzolanic nature of SCBA in accordance with ASTM standards. Geotechnical evaluation included Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), direct shear (DS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and swell pressure (SP) tests. Significant improvements were observed, with UCS increasing by 210.7% and SP reducing by 70.99% at an optimum SCBA content of 16%, satisfying IRC: 37 requirements for highway subgrade materials. Sustainability aspects were addressed through industrial waste utilization, reduced dependence on cementitious stabilizers, and a geospatial mapping showing that most national highways (NHs) lie within 100km of sugar mills, indicating logistical feasibility. The results demonstrate that SCBA is a technically effective and contextually sustainable stabilizer for expansive soil subgrades, aligning with the sustainability and circular economy objectives promoted by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Response Surface Methodology-Based Optimization of Rice Husk Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Dosage for Alluvial Silty Soil Stabilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694543</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The low strength and large void ratio of alluvial soil (silty) represent a poor quality of subgrade that shows early distress, causing the premature failure of pavement. To enhance the performance of the soil in this context, a mixture of additives such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and rice husk ash (RHA) was applied. Researchers are now very interested in the optimal dosage of stabilizers for increased strength and cost-effectiveness in construction. The dosages analyzed were 5%–12.5% GGBS and 0%–7.5% RHA by weight of dry soil. The following response values were considered: optimum moisture content (OMC), elastic modulus (EM), California bearing ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). EM was derived using a novel method of light weight deflectometer testing on the CBR mold. To find the optimal dosage of RHA and GGBS to be added simultaneously for soil stabilization and to examine how these substances affect the soil, response surface methodology models were generated, giving the optimal RHA and GGBS dosages as 2.05% and 7.18%, respectively, to meet desired soil performance. According to the findings, adding GGBS and RHA increased the soil’s strength because of the production of cementitious compounds by pozzolanic reactions, as demonstrated by the mineralogical and morphological examinations of soil specimens. The stabilization resulting from optimal dosages improved the soil UCS by 177%, EM by 47%, and CBR by 242%, and reduced OMC by 4%. This study can provide a strong foundation for effective soil use in road building.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:10:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694543</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spatial Optimization of the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Supply Chains from Forest Residues via Fast Pyrolysis/Hydrotreatment Considering Feedstock Ash Content Variability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Policymakers and the aviation industry are working to decarbonize commercial flights by replacing conventional jet fuel with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Logging residues have been identified as a valuable resource for SAF production. However, the quality of the feedstock, particularly the ash content, can adversely affect bio-oil yield and SAF production using the fast pyrolysis/hydrotreatment process, and potentially its supply chain optimization. Previous research often assumes fixed biofuel yields and neglects the variability in feedstock quality when optimizing the supply chain. Thus, this study seeks to address this gap in the literature by employing a two-stage mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to investigate the influence of varying ash content in logging residues on the potential maximum supply quantity (MSQ) and net revenue (NR) of SAF production. Two scenarios were conducted in the Southeastern United States (US): one assuming constant ash content and the other accounting for heterogeneous ash content in logging residues. Results indicate that ignoring ash variability in the feedstock could lead to overestimation of SAF MSQ and NR by 14.15 % and 18.27 %, respectively, in the study area. Additionally, higher ash content leads to lower bio-oil yields, resulting in fewer refineries and reduced capacity. The study emphasizes the need for best management practices to mitigate soil contamination during feedstock processing and improve the resilience of the biomass-based SAF supply chain. Furthermore, it is crucial to effectively manage the mechanisms of mineral uptake and their integration into the structure of lignocellulosic materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 16:48:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and optimization of eco-friendly cement grout modified with bagasse ash and nano-silica for semi-flexible pavements using RSM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores sustainable cementitious grouts for semi-flexible pavements by replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) (0–20 %) and 1 % Nano-Silica (NS). The flow and compressive strength of cementitious grouts were assessed using the ASTM flow cone and compression testing machine (CTM), while the microstructural properties were examined using SEM and EDX. Results showed that optimized grouts with 10 % SBA and 1 % NS, along with 1 % superplasticizer (SP), improved strength, flow, and shrinkage resistance. The reference grout (0.35 w/c, 1 % SP) met ASTM flow requirements, while SBA-NS-modified grouts improved compressive strength by 18 % after 28 days of curing. Higher w/c ratios reduced strength and flow-out time. Microstructural analysis confirmed densification, reduced porosity, and enhanced phase formation due to SBA-NS interactions. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA validated results strongly agree with predictive models. This study establishes SBA as a viable supplementary material, enhancing grout durability while promoting sustainable construction by reducing cement usage, utilizing waste, and contributing to eco-friendly infrastructure development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 17:10:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the performance of hot asphalt mixtures using natural materials waste</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the incorporation of four natural materials waste —Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Date Seed Ash (DSA), Palm Kernel Ash (PKA), and Saw Dust Ash (SDA)—as partial replacements (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for conventional mineral filler in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Mechanical and volumetric properties were evaluated using Marshall Test (MT), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Wheel Tracking Test (WTT), with moisture resistance assessed through Retained Marshall Stability (RMS). Environmental performance was analyzed via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using the ReCiPe 2016 method. The 75% RHA mix outperformed others across all key metrics, with increases of 5.17% in MS, 7.80% in MQ, and ITS by 31.26% dry, and 30.00% in wet. Rutting resistance improved by 41.42%, RMS reached 91.56%, and LCA showed a 7.76% reduction in total environmental impact, including 6.82% lower Climate Change impact and 5.94% reduction in Fossil Resource Scarcity. The 75% DSA mix showed strong gains in MQ by 10.22% and ITS (18.51% dry, 19.41% wet), with acceptable RMS (90.49%), but suffered a 17.16% reduction in rutting resistance, limiting its suitability for heavy traffic applications. PKA and SDA exhibited marginal or inconsistent results. The 50% PKA mix slightly improved MS by 0.65% and MQ by 1.06%, while the 25% SDA mix improved MQ by 5.26% but reduced MS by 3.21%.In summary, 75% RHA demonstrated the most balanced and sustainable performance, making it a viable alternative filler, while 75% DSA may be suited for moderate traffic where strength is prioritized over rutting resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 09:00:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A posteriori constrained bio-inspired algorithm for enhancing strength and resilient modulus of soft subgrade soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a hybridised bi-objective optimisation technique was proposed to optimise process parameters (additives) in pavement engineering. The two process parameters, rice husk ash (RHA) and quarry dust (QD), which were used for the treatment of the soft subgrade soil, were set as input parameters in the development of two regression functions with the RSM optimisation technique. Next, the developed regression functions were utilised as fitness functions in the MOGOA and Pareto optimal solutions that represent different optimum combinations of additives. Subsequently, a selected optimum combination of additives (14.5% RHA and 14.4% QD) was used to validate the proposed hybridised RSM-MOGOA technique. The predicted values by the RSM-MOGOA technique for the 28-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the California bearing ratio (CBR) of the soft subgrade were 729.9 kN/m² and 50.4%, respectively while those obtained from confirmatory experiment were 736.50 kN/m² and 54.4%, respectively for the UCS and CBR.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of bio-nano ashes and nano limestone on the tensile metrics and rheological parameters as a measure of bitumen performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early pavement deterioration remains a major challenge in asphalt pavement construction, primarily due to temperature-induced distresses such as rutting and fatigue cracking. Conventional bitumen modification methods have been improving bitumen performance, but often rely on non-renewable or environmentally harmful additives. This study introduces a novel bio-nano ash (BNA) derived from coffee husk ash (CHA) and wood ash (WA) as a suitable bio-nanomaterial for bitumen modification, compared with mineral nano limestone (LS). The bio-nano ashes were prepared by controlled burning in a closed chamber to minimize CO₂ emission and secure eco-friendly synthesis. The 70/100 pen bitumen was modified with nanomaterials at 1.5 %, 3.5 %, and 5.5 % by weight of bitumen. The additives were characterized using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer, Emmette, and Teller method (BET) analysis. Evaluating and modeling tensile metric performance, rheological properties and Bitumen-Fast-Characterization test (BFCT) using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) were evaluated. Results revealed that BNA significantly enhanced the tensile maximum force (Fmax) and rutting resistance of modified bitumen compared with nano LS, due to increased complex shear modulus, elevated Equi-shear modulus temperature (δBTSV) and reduced phase angle (δBTSV). At 5.5 % WA, the maximum peak force and cumulative area were observed, indicating excellent energy absorption and the best overall mechanical performance of modified bitumen. The values of (R² = 0.999) from linear regression confirmed a strong, consistent link between mechanical and rheological parameters, evidencing bio-nano ash from bio-waste as a high-performance, eco-friendly bitumen modified supporting sustainable asphalt engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:24:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667345</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance, environmental impact, and cost evaluation of eucalyptus ash-stabilised dam sediments for sustainable pavement engineering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the feasibility of using dam sediments stabilised with eucalyptus ash (EA) and cement as sustainable, cost-effective road construction materials. Typically considered waste, the sediments were combined with EA—known for its pozzolanic activity—and cement to enhance mechanical and environmental performance. Destructive tests included unconfined compressive strength (qu), California bearing ratio (CBR), secant elastic modulus, and wetting-drying durability. Non-destructive tests measured shear and compression wave velocities using free-free resonance methods. Microstructural analyses revealed the formation of calcium silicate hydrate gels, which densified the matrix and strengthened interparticle bonds. The optimal 10% EA-cement mix achieved a qu of 1.2 MPa, a CBR of 47%, and increased dynamic moduli, indicating improved stiffness and strength. A strong correlation between wave velocities and strength supports non-destructive evaluation for in-situ monitoring. Economic analysis showed that stabilised sediments are 2.6 times more cost-efficient than conventional materials, mainly due to reduced transport costs. Environmental assessments confirmed material safety with minimal heavy metal leaching. Overall, EA-cement-stabilized sediments offer a sustainable, high-performance alternative for pavements, supporting eco-friendly and economical infrastructure development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash on the sustainable performance of hot-mix asphalt: A case study of experimental and numerical analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing demand for sustainable road infrastructure has intensified the interest in alternative mineral fillers that reduce natural resource consumption and environmental impacts. This study investigates the use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), an abundant agricultural by-product in sub-Saharan Africa, as a partial replacement for conventional mineral fillers in hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Unlike previous studies that considered SBA primarily as a minor additive, this study provides a systematic evaluation across a wide replacement range (0–16 %), combined with experimental testing and numerical validation. Marshall and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests were conducted on HMA mixtures produced using locally sourced Nigerian aggregates and 60/70 penetration-grade bitumen. A three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the ITS configuration was developed to corroborate the experimental response and identify stress concentration zones. results indicate that SBA improves both mechanical and volumetric performance within an optimal replacement range of 6–10 %, with peak performance of approximately 8 % SBA. Within this range, Marshall stability increased from 7.6 kN to 9.0 kN, the Marshall quotient reached 3.3 kN/mm, bulk density increased to 2.51 g/cm³, and air voids decreased from 4.9 % to 3.5 %, remaining within standard design limits. Microstructural analyses confirmed the predominance of amorphous silica and porous SBA morphology, which promoted enhanced filler–binder interactions and mixture densification. FEM predictions of peak tensile stress agreed with laboratory ITS results within 10 % and successfully reproduced observed crack initiation zones. Excessive SBA content (> 10 %) led to reduced stability and density owing to over-filling effects. The findings demonstrate that 6–10 % SBA is a technically viable and sustainable filler replacement for HMA, particularly in sugarcane-producing regions, offering improved performance alongside waste valorization and reduced reliance on quarry-derived fillers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 10:13:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Supplementation of RHA for enhancing strength and durability of lime-treated expansive soil under challenging environmental conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Premature failures of lime-treated expansive subgrade soil under adverse environmental conditions can cause distress in pavement structures, posing a durability challenge in geotechnical engineering. This study focuses on enhancing the strength and durability of lime-treated expansive soil against challenging environmental conditions by supplementing rice husk ash (RHA) with lime. This approach, referred to as the supplemented RHA method (SRM), is compared with the optimum lime method (OLM) and the additional lime method (ALM). Four challenging environmental conditions are considered: moisture attack, sulfate attack, carbonation, and desiccation. Treated soil specimens are subjected to specified conditions, followed by measurements of volume changes, unconfined compressive strength, and calculation of the resistance index (RI) against environmental conditions. The findings reveal that OLM and ALM treatments exhibited lower RI values and experienced failures such as swelling due to ettringite formation under sulfate attack, extensive calcite formation with crack propagation caused by carbonation, and cracking from desiccation and lime leaching during moisture attack. In contrast, the SRM demonstrates significantly higher RI values than OLM and ALM, effectively mitigating failures such as volume changes and crack propagation. Therefore, SRM of lime treatment emerges as a more durable solution for stabilising expansive subgrade soil under challenging field conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 17 Jan 2026 16:40:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643556</guid>
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