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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>LOADING OF TANKERS FROM ARCTIC PLATFORMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/484319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes a project that studied vessel approach and mooring operations in the Arctic.  Work described includes a review of the literature on Arctic shipping operators; scale model tests of mooring loads on a tanker on ice; and analytical modeling, the main objective of the project.  The models were developed to function under three environmental scenarios, five phases of mooring and loading operations, and a range of input parameters.  The models were used to test the effects of varying parameters of ice-breaking tankers and escort vessels as well as the sensitivities of platform size and environmental conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/484319</guid>
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      <title>SHOREBASED RADAR DATA FOR NAVIGATION OF COASTAL AND RESTRICTED ICE COVERED AREAS WITH SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF BYLOT ISLAND, N.W.T., CANADA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A program designed to determine the utility of shorebased radar in aiding navigation in coastal and restricted ice covered areas in the Arctic is described. ... Various data handling requirements and options for the monitoring of coastal and restricted ice covered areas are being examined and assessed.  Requirements concerning data utilization for input into prediction models are also being considered. Radar scope data available in photographic, tape, and visual formats are being analyzed. ... The integration and correlation of these forms of data is examined.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167219</guid>
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      <title>AN EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON THE TRANSPORTATION COSTS IN THE YEAR-ROUND NAVIGATION IN THE NORTHERN PORT OF THE GULF OF BOTHNIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/159854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The economics of winter navigation in the Gulf of Bothnia by using ice-strengthened cargo ships or icebreaking cargo ships both with and without icebreaker assistance was studied.  The following cases were calculated: 1) dry cargo ship 3400 dwt, 2) dry cargo ship 14900 dwt, 3) ro-ro ship 4700 dwt, 4) bulk carrier 23000 dwt, and 5) oil tanker 16000 dwt.  Order from NSFI as No. 19960.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/159854</guid>
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      <title>FIVE YEARS OF PROGRESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/152200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is planned to transport oil and gas from the Beaufort Sea by essentially conventional methods, that is, tankers and pipelines.  Because of its flexibility and substantially lower capital investment, a marine system using icebreaking tankers would be the most attractive for the initial phase of development.  As sufficient reserves are developed and production capability is defined, pipeline systems can be sized and usually become economically attractive.  When they do, it is expected that serious consideration will be given to building a pipeline to southern markets.  Marine transportation of oil or gas has a number of advantages as follows: (1) Marine systems are economically justifiable at much lower threshold reserves than are pipeline transportation systems; (2) Marine systems are conducive to southern construction; (3) Marine systems offer the flexibility of delivering the product to various market areas without substantial increases in cost and (4) Commitments to size can be made incrementally as reserves and production rates are developed.  A pipeline system requires much more certain information to justify the associated financial commitment.  The document outlines the company's exploratory activities and plans in the Beaufort Sea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/152200</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>BREAKING THE ICE BARRIER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/159855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper is concerned with the Swedish attempts to penetrate the ice barrier in the Gulf of Bothnia, where the application of technological innovations during the past century has been closely associated with government policies regarding the development of the Norrland region.  It discusses the nature of the ice barrier, shipping seasons, and presents the number of ice days in Norrland ports for the decades between 1895/6 and 1974/5.  Technological innovations in terms of navigational aids, merchant shipping, and icebreakers are dealt with.  Postwar trends in winter navigation and recent traffic patterns in the port of Umea are discussed.  Order from NAFI as No. 19964.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/159855</guid>
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      <title>SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE NAVIGATION OF A BULK CARRIER IN CLOSED ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/51518</link>
      <description><![CDATA[If bulk carriers are to be used to transport raw materials from the Arctic, it must first be determined whether all-the-year-round navigation through closed ice is both possible and economic.  To find an answer to this question, the relationship between propulsion power and ship-speed is, together with strength investigations and cost analyses for the ship, of decisive importance.  This relationship cannot yet be determined, however, either theoretically or in model tests.  The Author discusses the theoretical and experimental aspects of this problem and, in particular, makes some detailed proposals for the design of model-test equipment for relevant experimental work; such work could considerably assist full-scale design studies.  It is mentioned that, though the arguments advanced apply to large bulk-carriers, it is not difficult to recognize how far they can also be applied to other types of ship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Aug 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/51518</guid>
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      <title>ICE NAVIGATION IN CANADIAN WATERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/48507</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A very extensive service is available throughout the areas referred to in this publication to provide varying degrees of assistance to ships navigating ice-covered waters.  This assistance ranges from radio and radio facsimile broadcasts of up-to-date general information on ice conditions to detailed advice on routing to ships proceeding independently and finally to the provision of icebreaker escort, if available and considered necessary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 May 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/48507</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>UNDERWATER ARCTIC NAVIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this paper is to show that an underwater navigation system can be developed that is technically and economically feasible and of high reliability for long distance under-ice operation. Recent advances in underwater navigation for cruise, exploration and search and rescue operations are considered and applied to the current interest in Arctic waters, where mineral prospecting and oil transportation are potentially important.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26881</guid>
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      <title>WINTER NAVIGATION IN THE BOTHNIAN BAY AND THE ICEWORTHINESS OF MERCHANT VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/21067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first section covers winter climate and organization of sea transportation in Bothnia Bay.  The winter freeze up begins about mid-December and lasts until mid-May with ice thickness ranging between 50 and 75 cm with a comparatively low salt content of 3 or 4 parts per thousand.  The second part deals with the structural strengthening of vessels including the economics.  The third section reviews ice damage, insurance, winter navigation fees, freight, icebreakers and a brief comparison with the railroads as an alternative solution.  The author concludes that the winter transportation system of Bothnia Bay can certainly be managed better but it can scarcely be improved by lengthening the navigation season.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/21067</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SUBMARINE TANKER NAVIGATION IN THE ARCTIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/20255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the current concepts of a submarine tanker for the transport of Arctic crude oil is discussed.  A critical element of this system is underwater navigation which is analyzed considering safety and economics in relation to the hazards involved.  A route analysis and vehicle characteristics are presented which define the problem and lead to a recommended optimum Navigation System.  The authors' general conclusions are that, due to the hazards involved and relative lack of experience with large submarines, a vessel of moderate tonnage should be built as a prototype for the East Coast market or a vessel of the proposed 300,000 DWT could be built for the northern route to European markets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/20255</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PINGOES AND THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A pingo is a cone of antediluvian ice, coated with frozen muck, a thousand feet at the base, one to two hundred feet high, sticking up like a dirty knife from the bottom of the arctic sea to within forty feet of the surface.  It could pierce and rip the bottom of an unsuspecting deep-draft ship.  In 1970, the Canadian scientific ship HUDSON, plotting the shape of the Beaufort Sea's basin with a side-scan sonar, found seven pingoes in a row.  A few days later, the sonar watchers found a picket line of them stretched across the Northwest Passage.  The discovery meant that the long-sought passage around the top of North America was at that time a dead end for supertankers and that the MANHATTAN, which had pioneered the route less than a year before, could be the last as well as the first to make the run.  The pingoes will be charted, but there is no way at this time by which the Beaufort Sea can be made safe for deep-draft ships.  Any ship in the Sea must contend with the ice pack.  Once locked in the pack, a ship moves with the pack and the pack could drag the ship across the pingoes. In addition, another apparently unknown danger was discovered.  The ice pack which covers the sea most of the year was so thick and subject to such enormous pressures that "keels" of ice formed extending down to the bottom.  As the pack shifted, the keels gouged deep valleys in the sediment of the continental shelf, some twenty to thirty feet deep.  The oil reserves were in the shelf, twenty, thirty, sixty miles from shore.  The assumption had been that once tapped, the oil could be brought to shore by pipeline, as it is from all other offshore fields.  Any pipeline laid on or beneath the ocean floor could be sliced by the first passing keel-the keels hit the bottom even sixty miles out where the water was three hundred feet deep.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19674</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PROBLEMS OF THE ARCTIC AND THE ANTARCTIC. NUMBERS 33-35 1970</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research includes a collection of Russian translations on the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Included are reports on ice; sea ice; snow; meteorology; geomagnetism; atmospheric physics; oceanographic data; and exploration and navigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14033</guid>
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