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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Development of a Laboratory Procedure to Evaluate the Consolidation Potential of Soft Contaminated Sediments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1138969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Consolidation settlement of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contaminated sediments may trigger NAPL mitigation. The consolidation potential and resulting NAPL mobilization of the sediments should be evaluated in the laboratory; however, due to the highly compressible and weak nature of riverbed sediments, it is usually not possible to conduct conventional consolidation tests on sediment specimens. In this study, a triaxial setup was modified to work effectively under low stresses. Kaolinite was used to represent the soil solid phase and Soltrol 130 (a type of mineral oil) was used to represent the NAPL. Both oil-wetted and water-wetted regimes were analyzed. Hexane Extraction and moisture content tests results confirmed the final fluid amounts in the specimen obtained by measuring the effluent volume during consolidation. The results of the tests show that approximately 0.1 g of NAPL per 1 g of soil solids is unlikely to be mobilized by consolidation. The developed procedure could also be employed to define the mobile and immobile fractions of NAPL and the expected compression of contaminated sediments. The volume of NAPL in excess of the retained residual can be used to design NAPL collection systems or to size layers of NAPL sorbent materials such as organo-clays.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 May 2012 09:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1138969</guid>
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      <title>Lab Testing and Field Implementation of Soil Flushing. Volume 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) sites are contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents; these contaminants often occur in the form of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) or dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Considerable effort has recently been focused on developing in-situ technologies for removing or destroying NAPL source zones, and several potentially viable methods have emerged including cosolvent-enhanced source zone removal. Most recently, site-specific remedial designs involving a combination of in-situ methods (often referred to as a treatment train) have been proposed for which data are still sparse. The primary goal of the laboratory experiments is to assess the utility and effectiveness of a biofriendly cosolvent ethyl lactate for source zone flushing through enhanced dissolution mechanisms followed by assessing enhanced biological removal of contaminant residuals by cosolvent residuals. Ethyl lactate residuals after source zone remediation can serve as a substrate for indigenous microorganisms to induce anaerobic conditions and enhance in-situ reductive dehalogenation, but whether or not this process would further facilitate complete mineralization or if it too would stall at undesirable metabolites is unknown. Results from these lab evaluations involving batch tests and one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) flow systems will contribute to assessing the value of this treatment train approach for relevant INDOT sites and to developing an effective strategy for using this approach under field conditions. Ethyl lactate was found to be very efficient in recovering DNAPL mass in source zone. The residual amount of EL not only poses no harm to indigenous microbial population in a DNAPL contaminated site, but also serves as electron donor to promote the microbial dehalogenation of chlorinated contaminants, such as perchloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) in the down gradient plume. Therefore, the flushing agent, EL, can be left behind at low concentrations to facilitate biodegradation in the plume. The soils used were from INDOT sites selected based on input from INDOT staff regarding amenability to future site remediation via the proposed treatment train. Site selection and assessment required travel by senior personnel to evaluate the nature and extent of contamination and by research assistants to collect soil samples for laboratory experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2008 09:23:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863994</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Lab Testing and Field Implementation of Soil Flushing. Volume 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) sites are contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents; these contaminants often occur in the form of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) or dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Considerable effort has recently been focused on developing in-situ technologies for removing or destroying NAPL source zones, and several potentially viable methods have emerged including cosolvent-enhanced source zone removal. Most recently, site-specific remedial designs involving a combination of in-situ methods (often referred to as a treatment train) have been proposed for which data are still sparse. The primary goal of the laboratory experiments is to assess the utility and effectiveness of a biofriendly cosolvent ethyl lactate for source zone flushing through enhanced dissolution mechanisms followed by assessing enhanced biological removal of contaminant residuals by cosolvent residuals. Ethyl lactate residuals after source zone remediation can serve as a substrate for indigenous microorganisms to induce anaerobic conditions and enhance in-situ reductive dehalogenation, but whether or not this process would further facilitate complete mineralization or if it too would stall at undesirable metabolites is unknown. Results from these lab evaluations involving batch tests and one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) flow systems will contribute to assessing the value of this treatment train approach for relevant INDOT sites and to developing an effective strategy for using this approach under field conditions. Ethyl lactate was found to be very efficient in recovering DNAPL mass in source zone. The residual amount of EL not only poses no harm to indigenous microbial population in a DNAPL contaminated site, but also serves as electron donor to promote the microbial dehalogenation of chlorinated contaminants, such as perchloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) in the down gradient plume. Therefore, the flushing agent, EL, can be left behind at low concentrations to facilitate biodegradation in the plume. The soils used were from INDOT sites selected based on input from INDOT staff regarding amenability to future site remediation via the proposed treatment train. Site selection and assessment required travel by senior personnel to evaluate the nature and extent of contamination and by research assistants to collect soil samples for laboratory experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2008 09:23:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863993</guid>
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      <title>REMEDIATION OF SOILS AND GROUND WATER CONTAMINATED BY AROMATIC AND CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AND METALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/740972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) sites are contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents; these contaminants often occur in the form of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs).  Considerable effort has recently been focused on developing in-situ technologies for removing or destroying NAPL source zones, and several potentially viable methods have emerged, including in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO).  The three oxidants that are most often applied in-situ are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with iron catalysts, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and ozone.  While each oxidant system has been field demonstrated to be effective in some instances, a clear understanding of these processes is important to the successful implementation of the technology. The primary goal of the laboratory experiments is to evaluate strategies for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the oxidants as applied at INDOT sites.  Several novel approaches have been taken to reach the study goals.  The first approach enhances the application of Fenton's reagent in soil slurry systems, resulting in a better understanding of the magnitude of non-specific oxidant losses relative to consumption by the target compounds.  The second approach explores minimizing non-specific losses of the oxidant by introducing the oxidant KMnO4 in an encapsulated form. Finally, solubility enhancers are examined to enhance the aqueous NAPL concentrations. Significant enhancements in NAPL aqueous concentration will result in corresponding enhancements of the observed oxidation rate.  Based on input from INDOT staff, selected sites will be assessed for amenability to remediation via in-situ oxidation. Site visits will be made to collect soil samples for laboratory experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Nov 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/740972</guid>
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      <title>NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF DENSE NON-AQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS (DNAPL) IN GEO-MATERIALS USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/501786</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic procedure that uses a large high strength magnet, radio frequency signals, and a computer to produce images.  By using the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance familiar to many chemists, researchers can determine the nuclide concentrations of many isotopes.  MRI scanning can image both the soil matrix and pore fluid.  The distribution of different fluids such as NAPLs and the interaction of these fluids with soil can be determined. The amount and distribution of contaminants and their interaction with soils are critical to effectively characterizing a site for remediation.  Because MRI allows the user to determine the density and atomic number of each individual pixel with in the image, these techniques can provide a powerful modality to give an accurate characterization of the movement of contaminants.  In this study, MRI was used to image fluid (NAPLs) diffusion into porous media.  Initial tests were conducted to examine a mixture of coal tar emulsion trapped in sand.  A good correlation was illustrated between the MRI Index and the organic content of the mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Jun 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/501786</guid>
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      <title>CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE DURING HYDRATION OF CEMENT PASTES AND SUSPENSIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKING PLACE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THE HYDRATION OF A NUMBER OF PORTLAND CEMENT-WATER PASTES AND SUSPENSIONS HAVE BEEN FOLLOWED BY PERIODICALLY EXTRACTING AND ANALYZING THE AQUEOUS PHASE. THREE REACTIONS HAVE BEEN EXAMINED' THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, THE RELEASE OF ALKALI METAL IONS FROM THE LATTICE OF THE C3A PHASE ON HYDRATION, AND THE COMBINATION OF THE C3A PHASE AND CALCIUM SULFATE. THE EFFECTS OF ALKALI METAL IONS ON THESE REACTIONS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED AND THE POSSIBLE BEARING THESE HAVE ON THE HYDRATION OF COMMERCIAL CEMENTS IS DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101437</guid>
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