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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance of Different Vibrotactile Warning Strategies for Struck-By Hazards in Highway Construction Work Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Struck-by accidents are the foremost cause of fatalities at highway construction sites. Traditional visual and auditory alerts often fall short in addressing this issue due to the noisy and dynamic conditions prevalent in these work environments. This study assesses the performance of different vibrotactile warning strategies designed to alert workers on foot about imminent threats. Lab-based experiments were conducted to compare the performance of three distinct warning strategies, and their impact on participants’ reaction time, mental workload, and physical workload was evaluated. The findings reveal that two of the strategies (Strategy 1: indicating the direction of the safe path; Strategy 2: indicating the direction of the detected hazard) resulted in significantly quicker reaction times than Strategy 3 (indicating both hazard and safe path directions). However, the preferences regarding the warning strategies were evenly distributed across the three strategies among participants. This distribution highlights the necessity for developing customizable warning strategies in safety-critical environments, which enable tailoring solutions to diverse user groups and preferences. Future research should investigate the key factors affecting the preference of participants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Augmenting Highway Workers’ Hearing of Backup Alarm Sounds in a Noisy Workplace Using Speech Enhancement Generative Adversarial Network (SEGAN)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640360</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Backup alarm signals are crucial to alert nearby workers of the potential dangers of reversing mobile equipment at construction sites. However, due to the loud ambient noise on construction sites, workers may wear hearing protection devices (HPD), potentially impacting their ability to detect these alarms. There is a lack of an existing framework that can protect workers from loud and complex noise but preserve the audibility of reverse signal alarms. This study addresses the gap by developing a novel framework using Speech Enhancement Generative Adversarial Network (SEGAN) to augment the audibility of backup alarm signals for construction workers exposed to loud noises. The SEGAN model was trained on a large-scale equipment sound data set incorporating 4 types of backup alarms and 26 background noise conditions. We performed evaluations on an independent, unseen test set with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) using objective metrics such as PESQ, CSIG, CBAK, COVL, and SSNR. This model can be utilized to develop a new noise-canceling device, which will have great potential to improve the safety of work zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640360</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Signal Design Handbook: A New Framework for Designing Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings in Air Traffic Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685589</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration’s air traffic control organization (ATO) encompasses a variety of facilities that include towers, terminal radar approach control facilities (TRACONs), and air route traffic control centers (ARTCCs). Air traffic controllers use alarms, alerts, and warnings (collectively, signals) as an aid to situation awareness and to reduce cognitive workload. We have written a handbook that offers guidance for the creation or modification of air traffic control system alarms, alerts, and warnings using a process that encourages collaboration between controllers, system designers and human factors experts. The novel Signal Design Framework described in this handbook uses a structured interview with operational subject matter experts (i.e., air traffic controllers) and an objective scoring sheet to develop a series of specifications that can be used to modify an existing signal or design a new signal. This framework provides a common language that subject matter experts, system designers, and engineers can use to describe, classify, and objectively evaluate signals. We tested and validated the Signal Design Framework and its associated structured interview during Phase 4 when we developed a new microburst alarm and a trajectory conformance alarm. This project provides the ATO with the tools to develop signals to keep the United States’ National Airspace System the safest in the world.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 13:41:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685589</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A KPCA–FAHP-based risk analysis of ship crane mishandling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sudden mechanical failure in a ship crane due to mishandling presents significant safety risks for seafarers and dock workers. While previous research has focused on crane maintenance, the risks associated with mishandling during operations remain underexplored. This study introduces a methodology integrating kernel principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and tree analysis. A case study examines 10 years of alarm logs from two 35-ton ship cranes, revealing distinct risk patterns. The crane near the bow recorded 51 alarms when lifting loads above the ship, whereas the crane near crew accommodation logged only 22. Alarm frequency varied by location, with 71.3% of all alarms occurring in a single port over 3.8 days. Additionally, operational timing influenced the alarm distribution – alarms peaked between 00:00 and 05:00 near crew accommodations, whereas bow crane alarms were more frequent from 12:00 to 16:00. These findings highlight the need for targeted operational safety measures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 09:00:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of false alarms and miscues of decision support systems on human–machine system performance: a study with airport security screeners</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We tested 115 professional airport security screeners using realistic X-ray images of cabin baggage.Screeners were supported by an explosives detection system for cabin baggage (EDSCB) to help them detect bombs.Besides correct explosives alarms, the EDSCB made false alarms on target-absent images or miscues on images containing guns or knives that were localised elsewhere on the image.Screeners missed more knives when the EDSCB provided miscues than when the EDSCB provided no miscues.Instead of on-screen alarm resolution of EDSCB alarms in primary screening, automated decision or clear instructions to screeners should be considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 09:01:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625881</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multiple applications for a trajectory conformance monitoring alarm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Incorporating a trajectory conformance alarm for assigned procedures can alert air traffic controllers prior to loss of separation. Study 1: The authors hypothesized that a query of the FAA’s Mandatory Occurrence Report (MOR) database would find trajectory deviations causing loss of separation. Study 2: The authors hypothesized that controllers would judge a trajectory conformance alarm created with the Alarm Design Framework as an effective indicator in a wide variety of air traffic control (ATC) facilities. Study 1: The FAA’s Mandatory Occurrence Report (MOR) database was queried for “pilot deviations” AND “Airspace/Altitude/Route/Speed.” Study 2: Alarm Development Phase: Air traffic controllers from the Terminal Computer Human Interface team considered essential properties needed for this new alarm. Alarm Testing Phase: The most important features were iteratively used to develop an alarm prototype and a short interview for air traffic controllers at a national conference. Controllers at the conference rated the effectiveness of the alarm and suggested applications. Study 1: The MOR database query revealed 113 reports of a trajectory deviation between August 1, 2023 and July 31, 2024. Study 2: The authors found that a novel trajectory conformance alarm to signal that an aircraft is deviating from an RNAV arrival, approach, or departure was viewed favorably by controllers, and many proposed new applications for the alarm that could further improve the safety and efficiency of operations in the terminal environment. An Alarm Design Framework helped controllers to identify essential features and novel applications for a new trajectory conformance alarm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 13:52:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594502</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Optimizing Heads-Up Display Auditory Alarm Parameters on Driving Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the impact of optimizing auditory alarm parameters within a head-up display (HUD) on driver behavior through a series of driving experiments. The results indicate that auditory alarms significantly enhance task accuracy while concurrently extending reaction times. Notably, a 1.5 s alarm duration achieves an optimal balance between cognitive load and accuracy, and a trigger distance of 100 m yields the highest accuracy. Based on these findings, a combination of a 1.5 s alarm and a 100 m trigger distance is recommended to optimize both safety and efficiency, thereby providing empirical support for HUD design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2025 17:06:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596609</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing multimodal alarms to mitigate inattentional blindness in air traffic control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2544168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the effectiveness of multimodal alarms in reducing inattentional blindness (i.e., the inability to detect unexpected visual stimuli), a critical safety concern in air traffic control (ATC). Two experiments were conducted: the first assessed the attention-capturing ability of multimodal alarms with visual, vibrotactile, and auditory alerting components in a simulated ATC task with 29 student controllers, using electroencephalography (EEG), questionnaires, and performance metrics. The second assessed the effectiveness of visual ambient alarms with reduced opacity and duration with 28 students. Results indicated that multimodal alarms significantly reduced missed alarms compared to the standard ATC alarm, but were perceived as more urgent and annoying. Notably, even low-opacity (5%) and brief (17 ms) visual ambient alarms were effective. These findings provide insights for optimizing alarm designs in safety-critical environments such as aviation, healthcare, and nuclear power.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 16:54:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2544168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Creation of a novel microburst alarm for Air Traffic Control using a signal design framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the authors used a previously validated alarm design framework to design and test a new microburst alarm for air traffic controllers. Two air traffic controllers participated in a detailed structured interview, describing aspects of the current alarm that worked well and identifying features that should be changed. They then chose the properties most important to the design of this specific alarm. This information was used to develop a prototype microburst alarm while making iterative changes. A short interview asking about those properties was then conducted with sixty-two controllers at a national conference. The authors developed an effective microburst alarm using the Signal Design Framework. Informativeness, Distinguishability, Saliency, Disruptiveness, Exclusivity, and Recognizability were improved by adding an electronically accelerated verbal component (‘Microburst!’) to the beginning and midway through the alert. The tonal component, volume, and timing of the prototype alarm were similar to that of the original alarm. During the alarm testing phase, most controllers agreed that the prototype would work well in both Air Traffic Control Tower and TRACON environments. Controllers agreed that incorporating an audible ‘Microburst!’ helped to direct their attention to the source of the alarm, especially in facilities where this alarm is uncommon. Controllers also spoke favorably of the length, pitch, oscillation, and timbre of the auditory component. The authors used a validated framework to develop a new alarm that would work well for controllers in their environment. The framework facilitated design, iterative testing, and large-scale evaluation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Oct 2024 09:01:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434373</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Traceable Correction Method for the Online Measurement System of Train Wheelset Profile Based on Neural Network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Online measurement system of train wheelset profile can automatically measure the wheelset size of all trains passing through the detection zone and timely pre-alarm the oversized wheelset to ensure the safe and smooth operation of the train. In this paper, the main technologies of wheelset size online detection at home and abroad are retrieved, and the problems are analyzed, such as data accuracy is difficult to maintain for a long time, the detection index is imperfect, and the dynamic and static calibration of the system has different in practical applications. Also through analyzing the main sources of detection error from the detection principle and application conditions, expounding the influence of radial runout, and axial displacement on measurement results emphatically, a parameter tracing method based on neural network is proposed and key calibration steps and engineering application examples are also given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emergency services response to eCall System alerts: Observations from 2016–2022 in the National Fire and Rescue System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2400552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Analysis of interventions by fire protection units in road traffic incidents alerted by the eCall system between 2016 and 2022.  Data from the State Fire Service Decision Support System (SFS DSS), provided by the Operational Planning Office, were used. Events from January 1, 2016, 00:00 to December 31, 2022, 23:59 were analyzed. Quantitative data were described using mean (Mean) and standard deviation (SD). Correlations and differences at a significance level of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The analysis is anonymous for both victims and officers involved in the interventions. Between 2016 and 2022, firefighters were alerted by the e-call system 896 times. The shortest average intervention time was 47 ± 37 min and was recorded in 2021. In the comparative analysis of intervention time and factors conditioning the use of the eCall system, it was shown that this time was significantly statistically dependent on the number of cars involved in the incident (p<0.001), the number of injured persons (p<0.001), the type of intervention (p<0.001),), and the occurrence of fuel leakage (p<0.001). ECall is a relevant system for reporting accidents and collisions on the road. While it proves reliable in road incidents, a significantly high number of false alarms initiated from eCall requires system refinement to avoid accidental alarms and user education about the possibility of unintentionally sending an alarm signal. The authors predict that as the number of vehicles with the eCall system introduced to the roads increases, so will the number of notifications from this system. Data from the analysis of false reports suggest that mechanics and electricians in facilities performing repairs and maintenance of vehicles with the eCall system may lack the necessary knowledge of the need to deactivate the system before starting work. The number of injured people had no impact on the intervention time, which may prove that the rescue services were properly prepared.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2024 16:27:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2400552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technology Research on the Vehicle Collision Accident Self-Alarm System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2202772</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on vehicle collision safety technology, GPS technology and mobile communication technology, this paper offers a person-free operating Vehicle Collision Accident Self-alarm System. The thesis introduces the principle and the structure of the system, and offers the solution of the self-alarm. The system can solve problems in which the drivers or passengers injured in the vehicle collision accident can't alarm by themselves or they can alarm but don't know their accurate location. The system will alarm automatically in a timely manner.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jun 2024 16:34:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2202772</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trackside sensors in unattended train mainline systems - A case study of alarm logs from Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Implementing unattended train operation on the mainline could make the railway more competitive by reducing operating costs since there will be no staff onboard the train. This will, however, lead to new challenges. One of those challenges is how to deal with manually controlling trackside sensor alarms. In this paper, the authors study all trackside sensor alarms (hotbox/hotwheel and wheel damage) in Sweden for one year (2019) to study their frequency and context. The results show that freight trains have 10 times higher frequency for alarms per train kilometer than passenger trains. There are statistically significant seasonal and climate zone differences. The highest frequency of trackside alarms occurs in wintertime in the colder climate zone. The results can be used in the development of unattended train operation support systems on the mainline.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2024 11:44:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of computer vision informed container crane operator alarm methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To reduce the extra work, the operation cost, and the risk of cargo delay induced by the unloading of wrong containers, this study first develops a container color detection model to predict the color of the container being unloaded. The prediction results are then used to develop two crane operator alarm methods. Method 1 alerts the crane operator if the detected color of a container is not in compliance with the correct container color. Method 2 constructs a decision problem to decide whether to alert the operator. The results of numerical experiments show that methods 1 and 2 are better than the benchmark. Specifically, method 1 can save the expected annual total cost by about 82% while method 2 can save the expected annual total cost by about 85%. Extensive sensitivity analysis is also conducted to verify the methods performance and robustness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Feb 2024 15:42:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338766</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of a new method for designing air traffic control alarms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294447</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alarms, alerts, and warnings are critical to maintaining safety in the National Airspace System and should be designed to support aircraft separation as well as supplementary tasks such as weather avoidance. The purpose of this study is to validate a novel alarm design framework by asking air traffic controllers to evaluate an existing alarm. The authors invited four air traffic controllers to participate in a structured interview that is part of a novel Signal Design Framework. Controllers were asked a series of scripted questions about 15 specific alarm properties. They were then asked to choose the three properties most important to the design of the conflict alert. Lastly, controllers were asked a series of questions about the overall quality of the taxonomy and its potential for impacting aviation safety. All participants agreed that the taxonomy captured all the important characteristics of an alarm and that no gaps or failures existed in the alarm framework. They also agreed that the framework was easy to understand, that the structured interview was easy to understand, and that applying the framework to alarm design and revision would improve alarm ease of use, reduce confusion, and improve overall safety. The structured interview encouraged controllers to think about the Conflict Alert and helped them to develop novel solutions that could potentially improve this alarm in the Air Traffic Control environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Dec 2023 13:55:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294447</guid>
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