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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Modeling the impact of communication and human uncertainties on runway capacity in terminal airspace</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Runway capacity is a major constraint in airport and terminal area operations. Thus, improving runway capacity is critical to reducing delays while maintaining safety and efficiency. More so, because operations are expected to become more complex and more susceptible to disruptions with the integration of highly automated and autonomous aircraft into the existing airspace. To this end, we investigate the potential impact of communication and human performance uncertainties on runway operations. Specifically, we consider these impacts within the context of an arrival scenario with two converging flows: a straight-in approach stream and a downwind stream merging into it. Both arrival stream are modeled using a modified Possion distribution that incorporate the separation minima as well as the runway occupancy time. Various system level uncertainties are addressed in this process, including communication link- and human-related uncertainties. In this research, we first build a Monte Carlo-based discrete-time simulation, where aircraft arrivals are generated by modified Possion processes subject to minimum separation constraints, simulating various traffic operations. The merging logic incorporates standard bank angle continuous turn-to-final, pilot response delays, and dynamic gap availability in real time. Then, we investigate an automated final approach vectoring model (i.e., Auto-ATC), in which inverse optimal control is used to learn decision advisories from human expert records. By augmenting trajectories and incorporating the aforementioned uncertainties into the planning scenario, we create a setup analogous to the discrete event simulation. For both studies, runway capacity is measured by runway throughput, the fraction of downwind arrivals that merge immediately without holding, and the average delay (i.e., holding time/distance) experienced on the downwind leg. This research provides a method for runway capacity estimation in merging scenarios, and demonstrates that aeronautical communication link uncertainties significantly affect runway capacity in current voice-based operations, whereas the impact can be mitigated in autonomous operational settings. This work emphasizes implications and guidance for future vectoring procedures in congested terminal areas, highlighting the uncertainty impacts to runway capacities, providing better decision support to ensure efficiency and safety of near-terminal operation operations. The code used in this research can be found from this LINK.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 16:44:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704157</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Integrated Scheduling of Arrivals and Departures Subject to Sector Capacity and Route Topology in Terminal Airspace</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2780797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an integrated approach for terminal airspace management which is limited by route topology and sector capacity constraints to improve arrival and departure operations. The study evaluates various arrival route topologies, including standard terminal arrival route, point merge system, vector for space, and trombone route, while departures are operated via standard instrument departure. A conflict detection and resolution mechanism is implemented for waypoint, link, and mixed-mode runway conflicts. A maximum capacity of the number of simultaneous flights within each approach sector is predefined, and sector congestion is monitored by precise entry/exit time tracking. An optimization framework is used to adjust speed, entry times, departure times and routing to minimize sector congestion, flight delays and extra flight distances. A tailored selective simulated annealing heuristic with local search is proposed to solve the corresponding problem. Computational experiments at Urumqi Tianshan International Airport show that the mixture of all topologies achieves the lowest average entry delay in terminal airspace (1.3 minutes), while standard and vectoring routes yield the lowest average landing delays (1.7 minutes). Point merge and trombone routes increase extra flight distances, while the mixture of three topologies achieves reasonable extra flight distances primarily through vectoring. Under nominal sector capacity, the mixture of three strategies continues to yield a lower average entry delay in terminal airspace. When sector capacity is severely restricted, the use of standard routes results in reduced in-sector flight times, though it requires significant deviations from scheduled time slots.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 10:51:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2780797</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SkyRoad network: A hierarchical graph-based framework for safe and efficient low-altitude airspace utilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban low-altitude airspace represents an emerging three-dimensional resource for alleviating ground traffic congestion, yet its strong spatial heterogeneity, pronounced spatiotemporal dynamics, and diverse operational entities pose substantial challenges for structured utilization and management. This study proposes the SkyRoad Network (SkyRN), a hierarchical framework that transforms continuous low-altitude airspace into an attributed route network through multi-level H3 hexagonal grid discretization and adaptive spatial merging. Multi-source geographic data, including building distribution, population density, and infrastructure layout, are integrated at the grid-cell level, yielding a multidimensional attribute model that captures time-varying exposure risk, multi-buffer-zone accessibility, and a discrete operational-status code carried at the edge level. A dual-attribute-driven adaptive merging strategy reduces computational complexity while preserving safety-critical spatial information, yielding smoother path geometry with reduced turning frequency on the merged network. By maintaining the operational status as a dynamic edge attribute over an otherwise invariant topology, a single network supports both offline route planning and real-time replanning under emergent disruptions, and performance-differentiated routing is obtained by weighting the shared edge attributes. A case study in Shenzhen validates the framework’s applicability under diverse drone performance configurations, demonstrating configuration-dependent altitude and route utilization, and real-time adaptation to localized disruptions through per-edge status updates. Structural comparison with the ground transportation network shows that the multi-layer low-altitude network attains substantially higher resilience through vertical redundancy, with robustness distributed across altitude layers. By coupling city-scale structural simplification with an edge-level dynamic state, SkyRN offers a practical foundation for the joint operation and supervision of safe and efficient low-altitude airspace utilization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do Flags of Convenience Undermine Global Aviation Standards? An Analysis of Safety, Labor Practices, and the “Race to the (Regulatory) Middle”</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775402</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the implications of Flags of Convenience (FOC) within the maritime and aviation industries. FOCs, a practice rooted in the principles of Mare Liberum (free seas) espoused by Hugo Grotius in 1609, are now an established practice in international shipping.  They allow shipowners to register vessels in States with open registries, often with lenient tax, labor, and safety regulations, enabling owners to minimize costs.  While advantageous for reducing expenses, maritime FOCs have been criticized for creating a “race to the bottom” concept, undermining labor standards and raising safety concerns.  In contrast, international air law is built on the principle of State sovereignty over airspace, as codified in the Chicago Convention.  However, as the global aviation regime has adopted liberalized air service agreements and relaxed ownership and control requirements in certain jurisdictions, concerns have arisen about the potential for an FOC regime to emerge in aviation.  The case of Norwegian Air International (NAI) is important to this debate.  NAI, registered in Ireland despite being Norwegian-owned, faced strong opposition for allegedly circumventing Norway’s stricter labor laws and benefiting from Ireland’s lower corporate taxes.  Critics argued that NAI’s structure exemplified the FOC model in aviation, leading to regulatory concerns.  This paper critically examines whether FOCs in aviation present the same risks as in maritime, primarily analyzing labor, safety, and tax implications, while questioning the long-term sustainability of such practices in a globalized regulatory landscape.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775402</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sharing the Urban Skies: Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Air Mobility and General Aviation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Both the European Union and China are actively pursing the integration of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) technologies, albeit through distinct regulatory approaches shaped by their respective aviation traditions and policy frameworks.  This paper examines these regulatory frameworks, highlighting the differences and similarities in their approaches.  In the EU, UAM is integrated into broader initiatives aimed at fostering innovation and urban mobility, with a focus on commercial aviation practices.  In China, UAM is strongly connected to the concept of the Low-Altitude Economy, with regulatory efforts centered around adapting the general aviation legislation to accommodate emerging technologies such as unmanned aircraft systems and electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft.  Despite the differences in approach, both regions face common challenges related to aircraft certification, airspace management, pilot licensing, and infrastructure development.  By analyzing the regulatory challenges face in both regions, this paper provides a comprehensive comparison of the strategies and policies adopted in the EU and China.  As the global UAM sector continues to develop, the experiences of the EU and China will provide valuable insights for other regions, highlighting the need for international coordination, regulatory flexibility, and the establishment of a comprehensive legal framework to facilitate the sustainable growth of UAM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bridging Diplomacy and Judicialism: A Proposal for a Rules-Based Dispute Settlement System in Africa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775393</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing complexity of international civil aviation has exposed the limitations of existing mechanisms for dispute resolution under the Chicago Convention and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which have proven inadequate for addressing emerging disputes involving competition law, market access, environmental obligations, and airspace restrictions.  This paper explores what model of judicial tribunal would best serve the needs of the international civil aviation system.  Through a comparative examination of regional approaches to dispute settlement, including the European Union’s judicialized framework under the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), ASEAN’s consensus-based mechanisms, and Africa’s evolving structures under the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, the paper identifies key design elements applicable to the aviation context.  The study critically assessed the ICAO Council’s quasi-judicial dispute settlement process under Article 84 of the Chicago Convention, highlighting procedural deficiencies, lack of enforcement authority, and limited transparency.  Building on these insights, the paper proposes a model for an International Civil Aviation Tribunal (ICAT) with clearly defined jurisdiction, procedural independence, and appellate mechanisms.  It outlines potential competencies over treaty interpretation, regulatory harmonization, and state compliance, arguing that a judicially grounded institution would promote predictability, fairness, and rule-based governance in global aviation.  Finally, the paper offers recommendations for establishing such a tribunal within or alongside the ICAO/African Union framework, ensuring that international air law evolves coherently with the realities of 21st-century aviation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775393</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Macroscopic fundamental diagram-based stability analysis of emerging low-altitude transport networks with multi-dimensional corridor configurations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2762176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large-scale low-altitude air transport (LAAT) has the potential to extend urban mobility beyond ground networks, yet dense operations in constrained airspace may trigger congestion and unstable network states. This study develops a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD)-based framework to evaluate the efficiency, controllability, and stability retention of two-region low-altitude transport networks under different corridor configurations and operation modes. An airport-centered network comprising vertiports, intra-regional corridors, and inter-regional corridors is constructed, and a channelized distributed collision-avoidance model is introduced to capture safety-constrained aircraft movements. Linear, planar, and three-dimensional cruise corridor configurations are examined under cargo-only, passenger-only, and mixed cargo-passenger operations. The estimated MFD parameters are embedded into a two-region management model to quantify feasible inter-regional flow-control intervals, stable region (SR) areas, and their evolution with regional accumulation. Results show that upgrading the corridor structure from linear to planar and three-dimensional configurations increases network capacity and generally enlarges the controllable state space and weakens SR contraction. Quantitatively, for the mixed mode, the replication-based mean end-point relative change of SR area improves from -4.1039% under the linear corridor configuration to -1.0768% under the planar configuration and -0.9204% under the three-dimensional configuration. For the cargo-only mode, the corresponding values improve from -2.3025% to -0.8071% and -0.3381%, respectively. Robust factorial analysis confirms significant effects of corridor configuration, operation mode, and their interaction (p<0.001). The TCC configuration provides an additional statistically significant improvement over PCC for cargo-only and mixed operations, whereas the PCC–TCC difference is not statistically significant for passenger-only operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2762176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling the airspace spare capacity to foster a cooperative resilient air traffic management system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A critical challenge in configuring a sustainable and efficient air transport system in Europe is overcoming the persistent shortage of airspace capacity, which often results in sector-level Air Traffic Control (ATC) regulations. These measures disrupt traffic flows, complicate planning, and reduce overall network performance.This paper introduces the Clusterized Aircraft Early Handover (CAEHO) mechanism as an innovative capacity-on-demand solution to mitigate sector overload by delegating control and communications of eligible aircraft to adjacent sectors with available spare capacity. The concept is consolidated and advanced through three major contributions. First, CAEHO is formally introduced and its scalability is validated for the first time across the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) airspace. Second, a methodological framework is developed to quantify the spatial distribution of spare capacity around overloaded sectors. Third, CAEHO’s performance is stress-tested by progressively increasing sector load, assessing robustness under varied operational conditions, including dwell-time constraints, and conflict detection.The study also formalizes operational requirements and parameter thresholds, evaluating their effect on efficiency and delegation outcomes, and characterizing the trade-off between candidate availability and conflict-free eligibility across different remaining dwell times.Results show that CAEHO can mitigate a substantial fraction of ATC-capacity regulations while preserving flight trajectories. However, performance can be constrained by conflict detection, highlighting sensitivity to dwell time and traffic conditions.The ECAC-wide analysis supports the mechanism’s novelty, operational feasibility, and potential to enhance resilience and efficiency in the European ATM network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:14:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701390</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The application of perovskite-based tandem solar cells in near-space: A perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Near-space platforms operating at altitudes of 20∼100 km impose strict requirements on photovoltaic power systems, including lightweight, flexibility, and long-term stability under ultraviolet irradiation, high-energy particle flux, low pressure, and severe thermal cycling. Under these demanding conditions, perovskite-based tandem solar cells (Pero-based TSCs) have emerged as a highly promising solution, owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) approaching 35%. In this review, the authors first outline the near-space environmental conditions and corresponding performance requirements for photovoltaic devices. The authors then highlight the key advantages of Pero-based TSCs for near-space applications, including their high power-to-weight ratio (PWR, over 6 W/g), flexible design compatible with curved airframes, favorable performance at different temperatures, and inherent tolerance to radiation-induced defects. Subsequently, the major challenges are discussed, such as multiscale system optimization under near-space environments, thermal-cycling-induced degradation of tandem devices, the need for lightweight yet radiation-resistant encapsulation, and limited reverse-bias tolerance under nonuniform illumination. Finally, potential solutions are discussed, with emphasis on multi-physics simulation, suppression of defects and ion migration, advanced encapsulation, and reverse-bias mitigation. Overall, this review provides insights into the development of high-efficiency and stable Pero-based TSCs for reliable power systems for near-space applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 14:01:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717093</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operational efficiency of China’s low-altitude economy: Spatiotemporal patterns, policy drivers, and safety implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid expansion of China’s low-altitude economy (LAE) introduces complex challenges in airspace management, human-machine interaction, cybersecurity, and regulatory coordination, while direct provincial-level safety metrics remain limited. This study therefore examines operational efficiency as an indicator of operational capability and governance conditions, while exploring its potential relevance to safety-related resilience. Using a range directional model combined with a slacks-based measure on panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (2012–2023), together with spatial econometric techniques (global/local Moran’s I) and a two-way fixed effects model, the authors find a cumulative 17.5% decline in national operational efficiency, persistent regional disparities following an Eastern > Central > Western gradient, stable spatial clustering with high-efficiency agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region versus low-efficiency clusters in the Western interior, hypervariable density accounting for 38.6% of inter-regional inequality, weak and mostly insignificant global spatial dependence indicating limited cross-provincial diffusion, and heterogeneous policy effects that are significantly positive only in Western provinces and negligible in developed Eastern regions. These findings indicate substantial differences in operational capability, resource coordination, and governance capacity across regions, providing insights into governance conditions relevant to future discussions of safety-related resilience. The authors conclude by proposing region-specific operational governance strategies, strengthened cross-jurisdictional coordination mechanisms, and continuous efficiency monitoring to support the sustainable development and resilience of China’s low-altitude economy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 09:54:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752528</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highways in the Sky: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Routing Under Dynamic Wind Profiles in Low-Altitude Urban Airspace</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper develops a wind-aware routing framework for low-altitude small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating under Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Part 107 with maximum takeoff weight under 55 lb and altitudes at or below 400 ft above ground level, and evaluates how spatiotemporal wind influences travel time and energy consumption. The framework integrates wind-vector projections into a four-dimensional time-expanded network and applies a time-dependent Pareto-label-correcting algorithm to generate non-dominated routes between drone ports (i.e., hubs/staging nodes). Controlled experiments vary wind heading, vertical shear, and spatial heterogeneity in a representative urban corridor to isolate the role of wind structure. Results show that tailwinds simultaneously reduce travel time and energy, headwinds increase both, and time-varying winds shift the relative efficiency of early versus late departures. The findings highlight that ignoring wind can substantially increase energy consumption or lead to delay penalties. The framework provides UAV operators with actionable guidance on departure timing and altitude selection and establishes a reproducible benchmark for assessing air mobility corridor performance under realistic wind conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 09:25:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A decision support system for multi-domain air and space traffic management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air and space transportation systems are rapidly evolving, impacting both atmospheric and space flight domains. These evolutions include the expansion of Air Traffic Management (ATM) beyond its conventional boundaries, to include both Low- and High-Altitude Operations (LAO/HAO). The adoption of new aerospace vehicles and associated transportation modes engenders a complex airspace management framework with increasing challenges in terms of safety, operational efficiencies and environmental sustainability. The existing fragmentation of airspace management services exacerbates difficulties in decision-making due to restricted situational awareness, communication deficiencies, and insufficient data analysis tools applicable across several domains. To address these challenges, a Decision Support System (DSS) is proposed that addresses the requirements of an integrated Multi-Domain Traffic Management (MDTM) network. The proposed DSS aims to improve the decision-making abilities of those involved in the conventional aviation, LAO/HAO and point-to-point suborbital spaceflight. This system aims to increase efficiency, safety, and sustainability. The framework utilizes the principles of data-driven decision-making, real-time information interchange, and advanced optimization algorithms. It consolidates essential MDTM data sources, such as satellite-based tracking and aircraft/HAO operational data, into a centralized data repository. The system utilizes sophisticated data processing methods to do predictive analysis and evaluate risks, offering decision-makers practical information regarding probable conflicts, optimal routing, and hazards. This paper introduces an innovative architecture for an MDTM DSS, which serves as a basis for further investigation and advancement in this critical field. Simulation case studies were conducted to validate the efficacy of the MDTM DSS algorithms in generating conflict-free trajectories and optimizing object tracking in real time using a standard PC platform. The results from the three case studies collectively underscore the MDTM DSS framework's robust capability to address complex challenges in multi-domain transportation systems. Together, these findings confirm the DSS potential to generate smooth Uncertainty Volumes (UV), human response latency, Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance (SACA) within the MDTM, demonstrating its capability to handle trajectory prediction under uncertainty. This significantly enhances operational safety, efficiency, and sustainability in both air and space domains by integrating advanced algorithms, real-time data processing, and human-machine interactions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2026 14:12:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697020</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flying Vehicle Detection under Complex Conditions with RGB-Infrared Imagery: A Large-Scale Open-Source Suite and Benchmark Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717783</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While coordination among multiple flying vehicles improves aerial logistics efficiency, safe and orderly operation requires robust detection and collision-avoidance capabilities. These requirements apply to passenger aircraft as well as to urban traffic and maritime environments, including emerging underwater flying vehicles. However, existing detection methods often fail under challenging conditions such as low illumination or cluttered backgrounds. Their progress is further constrained by the lack of large-scale benchmarks and the high computational and memory costs required to achieve high accuracy, which limits their deployment in resource-constrained scenarios, such as air-to-air collision avoidance in aerial vehicles. To address this gap, the authors introduce FT55k, an open-source benchmark comprising over 55,000 annotated RGB and infrared images across diverse environments. The authors further provide baseline approaches tailored for platforms with different computational demands. Extensive experiments on FT55k and three public datasets demonstrate the superior accuracy and efficiency of the methods compared with state-of-the-art approaches. Notably, the approach is the first flying vehicle detection method with a computational cost below 0.5 BFLOPs, achieving real-time performance at 62.3 FPS on an edge-computing device. This work presents the first comprehensive benchmark for flying vehicle detection in complex environments, establishing a practical and scalable foundation for future research and deployment in intelligent transportation safety. The datasets is publicly accessible at https://github.com/chriszxk/Flying-Vehicle-Detection]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 10:09:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717783</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Specification for a Data Collection to Determine Lateral Pathkeeping of Aircraft Flying Low-Altitude VOR-Defined Airways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A data collection program is described which would provide much useful information related to lateral pathkeeping performance of aircraft flying low-altitude VOR-defined airways. This data collection would provide specific information which would complement the information previously gained concerning the high-altitude VOR-defined jet route environment. The study would be used to investigate the adequacy of current and proposed domestic and international lateral separation standards. This proposed data collection would involve data collection at several different Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) and data reduction and analysis at the FAA Technical Center. Data to be collected and analyzed would include flight progress strips, air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) measurements of aircraft position, air traffic control voice communication recordings, real-time observations by trained personnel, status records of ARTCC equipment, results of flight inspection flights, and meteorological reports. In addition to the data collection plan itself, this document also includes the results of investigations of traffic density and traffic mix shown by flight progress strips collected from selected areas by the New York and Washington Air Route Traffic Control Centers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:30:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution of European Air Traffic from 2022 Onwards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579436</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The war in Ukraine caused by Russian Federation military invasion on February 24, 2022, had a significant impact on configuration of airspace used by civil aviation for global air transportation. Restricted flight regions caused a significant increase in the index of airplane trajectory inefficiency that is a result of airplane trajectory re-planning to avoid entering the risky airspace. Closing full Ukrainian airspace led to the relocation of a portion of Ukrainian cargo and passenger traffic to airports in neighboring countries. Configuration of dangerous airspace directly affected global transportation flows between Europe, North America, and Asian destinations. In this paper, the evolution of air traffic caused by the war in Ukraine has been studied. Statistical analysis of European airport’s load is used to get estimation of additional traffic there since 2022. An index of monthly traffic increase is used to calculate traffic fluctuation. Also, statistical analysis of airplane trajectories with high values of trajectory inefficiency index has been used to estimate close airspace influence on particular flight connections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:16:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579436</guid>
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