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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Airplane-Aided Integrated Next-Generation Networking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1879898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A high-rate yet low-cost air-to-ground (A2G) communication backbone is conceived for integrating the space and terrestrial network by harnessing the opportunistic assistance of the passenger planes or high altitude platforms (HAPs) as mobile base stations (BSs) and millimetre wave communication. The airliners act as the network-provider for the terrestrial users while relying on satellite backhaul. Three different beamforming techniques relying on a large-scale planar array are used for transmission by the airliner/HAP for achieving a high directional gain, hence minimizing the interference among the users. Furthermore, approximate spectral efficiency (SE) and area spectral efficiency (ASE) expressions are derived and quantified for diverse system parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Sep 2021 16:57:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1879898</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VLF P-STATIC NOISE REDUCTION IN AIRCRAFT. VOLUME I. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/169223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Volume I, the results of a literature search and facilities/capabilities survey to determine existing and LF p-static knowledge and noise-reduction techniques are presented. References treating basic p-static and corona theory, airframe quieting techniques and instrumentation methods are abstracted. A description of the Ohio University research aircraft installation for discharge current and static field environment is given. Brief reference is made to lightning interference. Lighting discharges, although not p-static, are considered sources of Loran-C interference which should be characterized more specifically. Volume II will present recommendations for further study and experimentation to permit better understanding of Loran-C interference processes, and procedures and techniques for minimizing their effects. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/169223</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>VLF P-STATIC NOISE REDUCTION IN AIRCRAFT. VOLUME II. RECOMMENDED ACTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/169280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recommendations for experimentation and action to reduce p-static effects on low-frequency navigation are presented, with emphasis on awareness of p-static symptoms and cures by the aviation community. Experimentation to verify effects of new mechanical and electrical technology on p-static reduction is proposed. The potential for interference by related noise sources such as lightning discharges is noted. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/169280</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ADVANCED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DEVELOPMENTS. VOLUME II. MICROSTRIP GPS ANTENNAS FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the application of microstrip antenna technology to the design of general aviation (G/A) aircraft antennas for use with the Global Positioning System (GPS). For most G/A aircraft, only single frequency operation will be required. However, air-carrier and some large corporate aircraft may make use of dual-frequency operation. For this reason, some dual-frequency designs have been investigated. The main effort was given to the design of antennas with broad beamwidths which could be switched or steered to compensate for aircraft maneuvers, with the goal of maintaining near-hemispherical carriage in flight. A hybrid microstrip crossed-slot and sleeve-dipole element used with a suitable combining network gives a suitable, controllable broad-beam pattern. This element and its performance are described. In addition, radiation patterns are presented using scale-model aircraft and simple crossed-slot antennas. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADVANCED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DEVELOPMENTS. VOLUME I. TECHNOLOGY STUDIES FOR AIRCRAFT PHASED ARRAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/171291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Work has continued on improvement of microstrip phased-array antenna technology since the first microstrip phased-array was flight-tested during the FAA 1974-1975 ATS-6 test program. The present development has extended this earlier work in three areas: the microstrip radiating elements, the array configuration, and the control circuitry. The effort has been successful in developing important new phased-array techniques. These techniques were demonstrated with working hardware, but a complete array was not within the scope of the program. Radiating elements with broad beamwidths were required to permit steering the array to angles near endfire. The most significant improvement was the development of a microstrip crossed-slot element. Dual-band or broad-band elements were developed to permit operation in both the receive and transmit bands. Several approaches were experimented with, the most promising of which was the use of stacked crossed-slot elements. This achieves broad beamwidth and dual-band operation in a compact device. Static arrays for end-fire operation were investigated, and a 4x4 array demonstrated promise for this application. Several phase shifters were developed; the three-bit switched-line phase shifters gave excellent performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/171291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACCURACY TEST OF AN AIR-TO-AIR RANGING AND BEARING SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report covers the accuracy test of a system designed to measure, display, and record air-to-air range and bearing measurements between in-flight aircraft. Data acquired from flight tests using reference measurements described in the report showed the estimated standard deviation range of error to be 100 feet, reducible to 60 feet via software smoothing of data. The standard deviation of bearing error was 2.4 . It is concluded that the system is well within specifications. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPAGATION MODEL (0.1 TO 20 GHZ) EXTENSIONS FOR 1977 COMPUTER PROGRAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes methods used in the 1977 extensions of the propagation model incorporated into computer programs for propagation and interference analysis (0.1 to 20 GHz). These extensions to the 1973 Model allow the programs to be used for a wider variety of problems such as those involving air/air or air/satellite propagation. Method descriptions are confined to mathematical formulations for modifications to the 1973 Model, and do not include program listings or flow charts. A detailed description of the 1973 Model, including program listings, is provided in DOT Report FAA-RD-73-103. Capabilities of the 1977 computer programs are mentioned, but not discussed in detail. These capabilities are covered in DOT Report FAA-RD-77-60 which is an APPLICATIONS GUIDE for the programs. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 14 Sep 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75264</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF A MODEL FOR SYNTHESIZING AIRCRAFT ANTENNA PATTERNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) tasked the Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center (ECAC) to determine the impact of aircraft antenna raidiation characteristics on Air Traffic Control Radar System (ATCRBS) performance. An aircraft antenna pattern synthesis model developed by Ohio State University was examined in this report (Task 30, Part 1) to determine its applicability to ATCRBS performance analysis. Using the model as a vehicle, comparatively good patterns (with respect to measured data) were generated for several representative aircraft that employ the ATCRBS transponder. It was concluded that the model is well adapted to this type of application. A subsequent report (Task 30, Part 2) discusses the effect of aircraft orientation, in conjunction with ATCRBS antenna patterns, on ATCRBS performance. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69985</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BEACON COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (BCAS) AIRBORNE ANTENNA DIVERSITY STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/70016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The potential need for antenna diversity on the intruding aircraft was examined. The BCAS system was used for determining airborne antenna diversity requirements for general aviation aircraft approaching a BCAS equipped aircraft from various angles. The BCAS system was operated in the forced active plus passive mode. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) replies to the BCAS interrogator (forced active mode) and to a secondary surveillance radar, SSR (passive mode), were recorded and used as a measure of the adequacy of the air-to-air and ground-to-air radio links for some selected critical situations. The intruding general aviation aircraft was equipped with top- and bottom-mounted ATCRBS antennas (with independent transponders) during one series of encounters. The second series of encounters was flown with an aircraft equipped with a single bottom-mounted transponder antenna. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/70016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/41331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report covers tests conducted to determine the possible causes of interference to aircraft very high frequency (vhf) voice communications resulting from transmissions from the vhf digital data link system operating onboard the same aircraft. Tests were conducted to determine aircraft vhf antenna isolation and vhf receiver response. The tests show that isolation depends on the physical positioning of the antennas on the airframe and that existing isolation (found to be as little as 23 dB) can realistically cause interference or quieting between transceivers even though they are operating at different frequencies up to 4 MHz apart. It was also found that transceiver design affects the rejection of undesired received signals. It was recommended that maximum isolation be maintained between aircraft antennas, receiver design be optimized for rejection of undesired signals, and cockpit communications discipline be used. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 23 Jun 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/41331</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF TRANSPONDER ANTENNA COVERAGE/ATCRBS PERFORMANCE DURING SIMULATED FLIGHTS OF AIRCRAFT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A computer model was used to analyze the effect of aircraft orientation on the performance of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS). Flights by Cessna 150, Boeing 727, Boeing 747 and F-4H aircraft over a common flight route out of La Guardia Airport were simulated. Transponder/antenna performance for various aircraft attitudes and locations along the flight path was analyzed with respect to interrogators located at JFK airport. This performance was compared to a transponder having ideal, omni-directional antenna coverage to illustrate the degree to which the combination of aircraft orientation and transponder antenna pattern may affect ATCRBS performance. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/143637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS SUPPORT. AIR/GROUND RADIO ANTENNA SYSTEM (ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Phase II is an in-depth antenna sub-system follow-on effort of the Phase I study. Phase I examined the requirements for an integrated air/ground communications facility, thereby establishing the basis for the detailed investigations of Phase II into advanced communications antennas. The present study further develops the cost-effective Phase I plans to colocate radio facilities and to consolidate radio equipments within radio line-of-sight constraints. The analysis examines the performance capabilities and factors of several prevailing types of VHF and UHF antennas which appear at the offset to affect cosited antenna locations and colocated radios, i.e., to establish and demonstrate through appropriate examples, the separate influences of: (1) available radio signal margins, (2) vertical antenna pattern lobing effects, (3) horizontal pattern distortion, (4) radio frequency interferences, and (5) aircraft antenna patterns. It is concluded from experimental and analytical work that current RCAG facilities may use modified antenna systems to support up to 15 communications channels and to provide secondary and gap-filler coverages; that multi-couplers and combiners can be used very effectively; that RFI can be minimized; and that more extensive investigations appear justified in analysis, design, and development applications. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89038</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL EXPERIMENTATION AND EVALUATION WITH THE NASA ATS-6 SATELLITE. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) program for air traffic control (ATC) experimentation and evaluation with the ATS-6 satellite was part of the Integrated ATS-6 L-Band Experiment. All tests were performed between September 1974 and April 1975. The U.S. DOT aeronautical program consisted of both ATC communications demonstration and technology tests. In support of the aeronautical satellite (AEROSAT) program, tests were designed to collect satellite-aircraft signal propagation data, evaluate L-band avionics hardware designs, and perform preliminary satellite voice and data communications demonstration tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE ECONOMICS OF AIRPORT OPERATION AS AFFECTED BY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT DESIGN TRENDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is noted that wide changes of aircraft design criteria can affect costs in areas connected with the pure aircraft engineering and operational environment.  Presently, there is some danger that fully automated landings (which require increased runway lengths) are increasingly the importance of landing criteria over that of take-off as the critical runway length requirement.  This, together with the effect of the antenna height of some aircraft receiving equipment, results in further increase in total requirements. Coordination of these matters is necessary to ensure that they are taken into account in the early stages of aircraft design.  Further areas in which economies could be achieved are discussed.  These include: the standardization of maximum turn radi; aircraft wheel loadings; automatic landing and automatic braking research which could lead to higher runway utilization and reduction of the number of fast turnoffs; design of parking areas--future aircraft design should allow for simply push-out operation with existing equipment; nosed-in, adjacent parking of aircraft; the location of aircraft passenger doors; baggage handling which affects apron design and parking; and commissary loading positions.  The need is indicated for standardization related to fuelling points, as well as the need for effective cooperation between aircraft constructors, airline operators and airport authorities on design matters which could affect costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND FLIGHT TEST RESULTS OF THE BOEING 737 AIRCRAFT ANTENNAS FOR THE ICAO DEMONSTRATION OF THE TRSB MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/63554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Research Support Flight System, a modified Boeing 737, was used to evaluate the performance of several aircraft antennas and locations for the Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB) Microwave Landing System (MLS). These tests were conducted at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC), Atlantic City, New Jersey on December 18, 1975. The flight tests measured the signal strength and all pertinent MLS data during a straight-in approach, a racetrack approach, and ICAO approach profiles using the independent antenna-receiver combinations simultaneously on the aircraft. Signal drop-outs were experienced during the various approaches but only a small percentage could be attributed to antenna pattern effects. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/63554</guid>
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