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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Profile of Operational Errors in the National Airspace System Calendar Year 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742701</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this presentation of 1987 Operational Errors (OEs) data is to provide a foundation for the development of remedial action. The statistics presented herein are intended to provide insight into the characteristics and nature of OEs. Operational Deviations (ODs) are situations where an actual violation of the required separation between aircraft does not take place but the potential for an OE is created by an air traffic controller's oversight. The focus of this report is OEs, when a loss of required separation does take place as the result of inadequate/improper action taken by an air traffic controller.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:57:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742701</guid>
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      <title>Chicago's O'Hare Runway Configuration Management System (RCMS) - Volume I - Description of the Operational Software</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Volume I of this report describes the proposed Runway Configuration Management System (RCMS) operational software for review by the facility personnel. It also serves as an input to RCMS functional specifications for the Traffic Management System (TMS) program. Using interactive computer logic, RCMS helps supervisors select runway configurations which reduce aircraft delays by optimizing throughput capacity in dynamic operational environments. Volume II of this report is the User's Guide to the RCMS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2026 16:10:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742410</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Chicago's O'Hare Runway Configuration Management System (RCMS) - Volume II - User's Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Volume I of this report describes the proposed Runway Configuration Management System (RCMS) operational software for review by the facility personnel. It also serves as an input to RCMS functional specifications for the Traffic Management System (TMS) program. Using interactive computer logic, RCMS helps supervisors select runway configurations which reduce aircraft delays by optimizing throughput capacity in dynamic operational environments. Volume II of this report is the User's Guide to the RCMS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2026 16:10:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742411</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Utilizing ITS at International Ports to Reduce PM2.5 and NO2 Emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team will develop an integrated Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) at four ports of entry, supplemented by low-cost PM2.5 and NO2 sensors, to support real-time information and monitor idling-related emissions from commercial vehicles. This project would supplement the existing ITS network managed by the City of El Paso by installing low-cost PM2.5 and NO2 sensors at ports of entry and across the network to monitor air quality and idling-related emissions. Mitigating PM2.5 and NO2 emissions from commercial vehicles is an essential component to reducing poor air quality, which has a major health impact on El Paso residents. The objective of the project is to monitor and visually-represent commercial vehicle activity and emissions in real-time simultaneously and identify congestion points and high-emission zones. This objective is achieved by combining dedicated PM2.5 and NO2 sensors with traditional ITS (fiber optic communications, lane management systems, dynamic message signs, closed-circuit television cameras, ground vehicle sensors, signal phasing and timing).  As part of Outreach Tasks, this model is intended to provide additional datasets that will be presented to the public, to logistics companies operating commercial vehicles at international ports, to decision makers that can make policy changes, and funding agencies like USDOT for funding construction improvements. Focusing on mitigating congestion and reducing PM2.5 and NO2 emissions at international ports will result in positive transportation-related health disparities and improve air quality for disadvantaged communities. This model can be replicated across all international ports along the U.S.-Mexico and U.S. Canada border and in international borders with similar commercial activity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 10:09:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772963</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Up in the air: Does air pollution deter air tourism in China? Macro-level evidence considering strong non-linearity and risk factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to document the intricate connection between air pollution (AP), political, financial, and economic risks, and tourist arrivals (TA) in China. We use monthly data from September 1997 to December 2021 and deploy an innovative novel Rolling Window Multiple Correlation (RWMC) technique. Based on the bivariate-level findings, we unveil considerable non-linearity in how AP influences TA in China. Surprisingly, the study reveals a negative relation between AP and TA in the short term (2005-2009), suggesting that air pollution doesn't necessarily deter tourists. However, a robust positive correlation between AP and TA is noted afterwards (2009-2021), indicating toxic air reduces tourism demand in China in the long term. Moreover, financial risks positively correlate with tourism, emphasizing higher tourism inflow despite of financial volatility or uncertainty in China. Additionally, an asymmetric relationship exists between economic/political risks and tourism demand in China, indicating that local and international tourists may behave asymmetrically during economic or political risks in China. The multivariate case findings further indicate positive and significant associations between variables and tourism demand. These findings highlight the complex interplay of variables affecting tourist arrivals in China and offer valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders to support sustainable tourism.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tracing the path to green skies: a century of air traffic management development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aviation industry's journey toward sustainability increasingly depends on how air traffic is organised, governed, and digitally transformed. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the evolution of air traffic management (ATM) through the lens of environmental performance and innovation strategy, namely the development of communication, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) systems and examines how digital transformation initiatives are redefining efficiency and safety, within environmental sustainability. Using a comparative and integrative approach, the study identifies strategic enablers and bottlenecks in the transition to a network-centric, data-driven 'green ATM'. These include challenges in data interoperability, cybersecurity, and cross-border regulatory alignment. The paper proposes a conceptual framework defining green ATM as a coordinated, global system-of-systems that leverages digital intelligence, policy harmonisation, and multi-stakeholder collaboration to achieve climate-neutral aviation. It concludes that the next competitive advantage in aviation will emerge not from fleet renewal alone but from managerial and policy innovations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720299</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Numerical investigation of gas film evolution and drag reduction mechanisms on micro/nano-structured superhydrophobic surfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709701</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Underwater drag reduction is critical for improving the speed and energy efficiency of marine vehicles. Gas films on superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) exhibit complex dynamics under turbulent flow, and their interfacial destabilization remains a central challenge for achieving reliable drag reduction. Here, we employ numerical simulations based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method coupled with the renormalized group (RNG) k-ε model to investigate gas film evolution and drag reduction mechanisms on micro-, nano-, and hierarchical micro/nano-structured SHSs. The results show that film formation and stability are primarily dictated by microstructural geometry, with groove dimensions controlling continuity and rupture. Among single-scale designs, 10 μm grooves provide the most continuous gas film and lowest drag coefficient at medium-to-high velocities (10∼20 m/s). Although nanostructures generate thinner films with weaker slip, they enhance Cassie-Baxter stability through elevated Laplace pressure, suppressing liquid infiltration and delaying wetting transitions. Hierarchical micro/nano architectures integrate these effects: microscale grooves sustain macroscopic film continuity, while nanoscale textures stabilize the interface through pinning, enabling continuous films under turbulent shear. This synergy steepens near-wall velocity gradients, extends slip length to approximately 2.5 μm, and achieves drag reduction rates up to 28.6% within 10∼20 m/s. These findings elucidate the multiscale mechanisms governing gas film stability and provide design principles for next-generation underwater drag reduction surfaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709701</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A dual-processing airline service model: Cognitive analytical judgment of quality vs affective holistic assessment of satisfaction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with the assessment of airline services from the passengers' point of view. The novelty of the study is linked to an implemented dual-processing model, consisting in capturing two different types of information from airline users: a cognitive analytical judgement of service quality and an affective holistic assessment of satisfaction with the service, whereas the concepts of service quality and satisfaction have been generally considered as the same in the literature. An additional novelty is the usage of two different scales for collecting judgements of service quality and satisfaction rates. The final aim of the paper is investigating the relationship between airline service quality, air passengers' satisfaction and their loyalty. Due to the complexity of this relationship and the variety of the aspects characterizing airline services, the approach adopted in this work is based on the collection of data concerning the several factors characterizing airline services, the overall service quality and satisfaction, and the intentions of the passengers to use the service again or recommend it to others. The collected data are analysed through a Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) approach, which is suitable for analysing a complex phenomenon characterized by unobservable factors. In addition, a Structural Equation Modelling-Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (SEM-MIMIC) structure including the effects of passengers' characteristics is proposed to investigate also the heterogeneity of passengers’ perceptions. The work is supported by a case study represented by air passengers living in a region of the southern Italy. The main finding of the study suggests that satisfaction and service quality are two different concepts, and investigating them separately is more appropriate than considering them as the same concepts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714898</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EEXI compliance and CII performance in existing container ships: Implications for propeller retrofit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752525</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assessed the EEXI, CII implementation and propeller retrofits as the decarbonization measures for existing container ships, focusing on actual CO₂ emissions reduction. EEXI compliance across the fleet relied mainly on engine power limitation measures such as EPL/ShaPoLi, delivering an average calculated CO₂ reduction of about 17.3%, while the average calculated vessel speed dropped by approximately 10%. In contrast, the actual CO₂ reduction based on DCS data for CII calculation was about 33.6%, and ship speed was reduced by about 39%. This reflects a compliance pathway driven primarily by the operational and technical measures proposed under IMO regulations. This study found that propeller retrofits reduced the required shaft power without sacrificing vessel speed, leading to fuel savings and improved operational carbon intensity. These advantages were most evident in high-power vessels above the 6,000 TEU class. The deterioration in the ship's CII rating slowed after the propeller retrofit. However, this measure is not suitable for all ships, and CII requirements are becoming increasingly stringent. Therefore, propeller retrofit should be considered an interim measure for existing container ships while more fundamental decarbonization solutions are being developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752525</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mitigating the Financial Impact of Carbon Risk in Airlines: The Role of Management Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the financial impact of carbon risk on airlines and the moderating role of management practices across different business models. Using unbalanced panel data from 53 publicly listed airlines, the results show that higher carbon risk significantly reduces profitability. The moderating effects vary by airline business models. Board skill sets mitigate the negative impact in low-cost carriers, while board size plays a positive role in full-service carriers. In airline-within-airline groups, efficient governance and strong financial management, particularly investment and market capitalisation, help reduce carbon-related financial pressure. The findings highlight the importance of aligning board governance and financial strategies with business models to improve airline financial resilience during the green transition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vertiport capacity planning and operations for urban air mobility commuting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban air commuting (UAC) represents a vital phase in the evolution of low-altitude transportation. Vertiports are the core of urban air commuting, serving as the hubs that connect passengers with aircraft. Their capacity and operational efficiency directly affect service quality. Thus, understanding how vertiports, in terms of both planning and operations, impact the urban air commuting system is essential. To facilitate this understanding, we construct an aggregate model to describe the economic behavior of the UAC service. From the demand perspective, we employ the bottleneck model integrated with a discrete choice framework to characterize commuter behavior and departure time preferences. On the supply side, we adopt a profit maximization model to delineate the operator’s strategic decisions. This includes the optimal planning and allocation of vertiport land resources, ensuring efficient infrastructure utilization. We employ a queuing model with a buffer to characterize the matching process between commuters and flying car units. In this context, the buffer represents a surplus of vehicles staged at the vertiport relative to the number of available boarding gates, thereby ensuring service continuity and operational stability.The results in the analytical solutions and numerical tests reveal that excessive investment costs can deter operator participation due to sub-optimal returns. To improve system performance, we evaluate the effectiveness of various policy instruments—such as subsidies, maximum price limits, and service quality standards—in regulating and supporting the burgeoning urban air mobility (UAM).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737035</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flight Frequency, Schedule Differentiation, and Route Revenue: Evidence for Competition and Scheduling Policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the joint effects of flight frequency and schedule differentiation on passenger number, airfare, and revenue in the Australian domestic airline market. It distinguishes between two dimensions of scheduling strategies: between-carrier schedule differentiation and within-carrier schedule dispersion. The monthly panel dataset employed comprises 349 carrier-route-specific cross-sectional units, covering 102 oligopolistic domestic routes (51 airport pairs) in Australia for the 2015M1∼2025M6 period (excluding the COVID period 2020M1∼2021M10). The results show that flight frequency has a consistently positive and significant effect on passenger number and revenue. Between-carrier schedule differentiation is found to increase carrier-route-specific passenger demand and support higher airfare, suggesting that temporal differentiation across competitors reduces direct competition and enhances pricing power. In contrast, more clustered within-carrier scheduling increases passenger attraction by improving service convenience, although its effect on airfare is generally insignificant. To summarise, the empirical findings indicate that a strategy combining higher frequency, greater differentiation relative to competitors, and more concentrated within-carrier scheduling is most conducive to route revenue generation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport Electrification Readiness Planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports are preparing for increasing electrification needs driven by Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), electric vehicles, electric ground support equipment, charging infrastructure, and other evolving airport operations. Airports of all sizes face challenges related to electrical capacity, utility coordination, grid constraints, and planning phased infrastructure investments, while guidance on airport electrification planning remains limited. Airport sponsors currently lack practical guidance for assessing electrical readiness, coordinating with utilities, and integrating electrification planning into broader airport utility planning processes. Research is needed to address these gaps and provide airport-focused approaches for planning phased electrification infrastructure investments while complementing related federal research efforts and preventing duplication.

The objective of this research is to develop practical, airport-focused planning guidance that enables airport sponsors to assess, plan, and phase electrification infrastructure to support Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations within a broader airport electrification framework. Research should develop scalable planning frameworks, readiness assessment tools, decision-support guidance, utility coordination templates, phased investment strategies, and other planning resources that enable airports to align electrification investments with utility constraints, infrastructure capacity, projected operational demand, and long-term airport utility planning across a range of airport types. The guidance should support the airport electrification master plans that incorporate AAM as one element of a comprehensive airport utility planning approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 16:55:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772547</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Closely Spaced Independent Parallel Runway Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742167</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As an outgrowth of the recommendations of the Industry Task Force on Airport Capacity and Delay Reduction, a simulation of closely spaced independent parallel runway operations under instrument meteorological conditions was conducted at the National Aviation System (NAS) Simulation Support Facility (NSSF) of the Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center. The simulation was conducted to determine (1) the impact of reduced runway spacings on the air traffic controller's ability to detect and resolve potential conflicts, and (2) the surveillance sensor accuracy and update rates needed to support closer runway separation. The NSSF environment was configured to simulate a terminal radar control room conducting independent parallel runway operations. Sixteen full-performance-level field controllers with monitor controller experience participated in the simulation as monitor controllers; final and local control positions were manned by Technical Center controllers. Six experimental conditions were simulated involving 48 1-hour data gathering experimental runs conducted over a 4-week period. Results indicated safe operations can be conducted at 3,400 feet runway separation provided a surveillance radar of at least a 2-second update rate and 2-milliradian accuracy is used. Some increase in penetrations of the "no transgression zone" will likely result from this reduction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 11:07:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742167</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relationships Between Pilots’ Startle and Surprise Responses and Information-Processing Performance During Simulated In-Flight Events</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: We aim to investigate how pilots’ startle and surprise responses affect information-processing performance during simulated in-flight events. Background: Startle and surprise are distinct constructs, each with their own potential effects on pilot’s performance during unexpected in-flight events. Prior research suggests that startle may impair performance through stress-induced cognitive interference, whereas surprise may do so via cognitive demands associated with sensemaking. Thus, we hypothesized that both startle and surprise would negatively affect information-processing performance on a secondary auditory cognitive task. Method: Using a motion-based hexapod simulator and a twin-propeller aircraft model, 26 pilots each performed eight single-pilot flight scenarios, which were designed to elicit varying levels of startle and surprise responses. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to analyse the relationships between self-report startle and surprise with secondary task performance, while controlling for individual differences and differences between the scenarios. Results: The results revealed that higher startle was significantly associated with reduced information-processing speed. For surprise, no significant association was found. Conclusion: The findings suggest that, within the context of the tested scenarios, startle appeared to impose a more pronounced disruptive effect on pilots’ information-processing performance than surprise. Application: The study underscores the need for tailored interventions to enhance pilots’ resilience to startle and calls for further research on ecologically valid methods to induce surprise for research and training purposes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:38:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714219</guid>
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