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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Passengers’ vertiport choices for integrated urban air mobility and airline services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vertiports are essential hubs for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) airport shuttles, however, passenger choice behavior in vertiports remains underexplored. In this paper, the authors conducted a stated choice experiment in Beijing and applied a mixed logit model with interaction effects to examine passengers’ heterogeneous choice preferences in the context of synchronized UAM and airline services. Results show passengers generally prefer small, nearby vertiports, integrated with public transport, and equipped with multiple facilities and services. Preferences vary notably among middle-income groups (100,000-200,000 CNY/year), and passengers with helicopter experience prefer less proximate vertiports due to noise and privacy concerns. Elasticity analyses underscore the critical influence of access distance, providing valuable insights for policymakers and UAM service providers in infrastructure planning and development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 09:33:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Improvement of Energy Efficiency in Aviation and Air Cargo Public Facilities in Nigeria: A Call for Policy and Supportive Regulatory Frameworks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the assessment of design strategies to improve energy efficiency in aviation facilities. The energy that Nigerian civil aviation sector facilities consume is substantial, with considerable implications for operational costs and environmental impact. This research investigates energy consumption patterns, evaluates the effectiveness of current design strategies and technologies, and identifies specific challenges hindering optimal energy efficiency. The study employs secondary data to study various aviation facilities. Findings reveal that while advanced building materials, passive design principles, and energy-efficient technologies have been adopted to some extent, significant variability exists in their implementation. The paper pinpointed major identifiable challenges that were not far-fetched from lack of awareness to high initial costs, and insufficient regulatory frameworks. The impact of these design strategies on indoor air quality and thermal comfort is also analyzed, highlighting improvements in occupant comfort and satisfaction in facilities with robust energy-efficient practices. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing regulatory frameworks, increasing awareness and training, promoting financial incentives, and adopting integrated design approaches. These insights aim to guide industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers in advancing energy efficiency and sustainability in aviation facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2025 08:45:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592131</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Identifying alternative airports in weighted air transport networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534336</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors propose a framework for identifying alternative airports and analyzing backup characteristics in weighted air transport networks. The authors compare their method with an unweighted network method to clarify its usefulness. The proposed framework enables a quantitative assessment of the impact of one airport’s closure on the entire air transport network. Specifically, the authors construct and analyze a directed and weighted network based on the backup characteristics of airports handling diverted traffic for a given airport closure. The authors apply the proposed framework to the Japanese domestic air transport network on a monthly basis from 2012 to 2021. The authors’ results reveal heterogeneous and unidirectional alternative relations among airports, which cannot be identified by the existing method for unweighted networks. Further, the authors investigation reveals that the evolution of backup traffic loads of the Japanese domestic air transport can be classified into three periods according to the characteristics of major alternative airports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 09:50:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534336</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility of Vertiport Siting and Land Use Planning: A Guide for the Process of Planning UAV/UAM Vertiport Locations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vertiports represent an innovative approach to integrating aviation into municipal transportation networks. This guidebook is intended to aid communities in strategically planning vertiports by overseeing land planning processes, offering recommendations for incorporating vertiports into land plans, and detailing how to conduct site evaluations, including addressing zoning issues and providing step-by-step guidance for early-stage site analysis. The authors highlight how land planning can benefit from high-level parcel suitability maps to facilitate spatial planning. The guidebook is targeted toward community planners, local governments, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, state-level policymakers, and companies interested in government land use considerations. Vertiport development is in the preliminary stages in Utah and there are currently no statewide guidelines. This guidebook provides an overview of federal regulations, as well as additional considerations for planners to address land-use issues. This guidebook does not focus on emerging technologies or legal frameworks but instead helps communities to consider the opportunities, ramifications, and hurdles to be proactive about vertiport integration within their communities. The authors encourage collaboration across communities and consultation with both regional experts and the Utah Department of Transportation's Aeronautics Division.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Mar 2025 17:01:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Integration to Urban Planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407184</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept is presented as an alternative, time-saving and environmental friendly urban transport mode. UAM development involves the use of cities airspace, and air-vehicles have to use ground or buildings facilities for takeoff and landing. Currently, cities development and functions are defined by urban planning legislation and tools, and property laws. Air-traffic is regulated by international standards, of the International Civil Aviation Organization, national aviation authorities’ regulations, while airplanes use specific spatial locations for takeoff and landing that are also regulated by local aviation authorities, while specific rules and restrictions on constructions development and land uses are implemented in inhabited or industrial areas found in a close distance from the airports. As UAM involves simultaneously urban airspace use and ground/or non-ground level take off and landing infrastructures, its correlation to urban planning emerges. This article presents UAM integration on urban planning taking into consideration the correlations between urban planning principles, property legislation restrictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 11:12:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407184</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drivers of Higher Connectivity at New Regional Airports in India and Their Implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that investigated the factors influencing connectivity levels at newly-established regional airports in India.  The authors note that well-connected transportation infrastructure is usually associated with robust economic health.  The study uses data from a Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS).  In the first stage, the authors assess the levels of connectivity at RCS airports. In the second stage, the authors examine the factors that drive connectivity, including alternative surface transportation, airport competition, population, economic factors, the presence of educational hubs, and passenger demand. The study showed that a higher density of rails in the state supports its airport connectivity, while a higher density of roads imposes a negative influence. A final section considers the impact of RCS guidelines as the Indian passenger aviation sector continues to grow and develop.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 10:34:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Facility location decisions for drone delivery with riding: A literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2374109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a comprehensive literature survey on facility location problems for drone (uncrewed vehicle) delivery in situations where drones can ride in or on other vehicles. This includes facilities visited by only one type of vehicle, as well as facilities visited by both drones and other vehicles. Unlike traditional facility location problems for delivery systems with one vehicle type, hybrid vehicle-drone delivery systems usually require determining locations where the two vehicle types meet and separate. The main goals of this paper are to review the large volume of drone delivery literature with riding from a facility location perspective to provide a connection between the studies from different research areas that cover similar problems, and to highlight future research directions in this area. The authors first review the functions of drones, including aerial and ground drones, and the different types of facilities used for hybrid vehicle-drone delivery systems. The literature is categorized based on the presence of resupply operations, the locations of drone launch and retrieval points, the types of drones (aerial or ground) and the location space (discrete or continuous). Each category is analyzed in terms of the modeling approach, decision(s), objective function(s), constraints and additional features. The paper concludes with promising future research directions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2024 09:29:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2374109</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD): Spaceports 2023-Present Datasets [dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Spaceports dataset is from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), and is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)/Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ (BTS’) National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD). This layer is meant to be a reference layer and features public and private spaceport facilities in the United States. The information found on the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA’s) Office of Spaceports was used in creating this layer by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), found here https://www.faa.gov/space/office_spaceports. These facilities support the launching and receiving of spacecraft into and from space. As a result, U.S. spaceports have a critical role in the growing global commercial space transportation industry. The FAA Office of Spaceports is responsible for development of policies that promote infrastructure improvements and strengthen the competitiveness of U.S. spaceports, supporting launch and reentry site licensing activities, providing technical assistance and guidance to existing and proposed new spaceports, and the domestic and global promotion of U.S. spaceports. The mission of the FAA’s Office of Spaceports is to enable the safest, most efficient network of launch and reentry spaceports in the world, along with a vision to advance a robust, innovative national system of spaceports supporting the U.S. as a global leader in the commercial space transportation industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 08:54:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370809</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Federal Aviation Administration Vertiport Electrical Infrastructure Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2284997</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Renewed interest in developing and deploying advanced air mobility using vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) technologies—driven by the electrification of aircraft—has led to the need to define new requirements for planning, designing, and establishing the landing areas and structures intended to service these aircraft (i.e., vertiports and vertistops). One area of interest is the electrical charging needs of VTOL aircraft and the requirements for electrical infrastructure. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has begun to identify the impact of these alternative energy sources on operations and to prepare guidance for communities and city planners to address the unique challenges that novel VTOL aircraft and their supporting infrastructure may bring. With the introduction of electric VTOL (eVTOL) aircraft, electrical charging loads will be added at the vertiports along with building loads and distributed energy resources (DERs). The key research challenge is the optimization of megawatt-scale building loads, charging loads, energy storage, and renewables production. To better understand vertiport infrastructure requirements, FAA identified multiple stakeholders including aircraft manufacturers, electric utilities, potential site property owners, and local communities to evaluate their unique operational needs. Data collection efforts were carried out to attain a holistic understanding of the energy system requirements within and around the vertiport footprint. Six original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) were contacted to obtain key data including aircraft performance, general aircraft information, and cybersecurity. The research team at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) proposed hypothetical vertiport sites aimed to provide multiple use cases, including locations such as a general aviation terminal (commercial service and reliever), hospital, parking garage, and large heliport. Accounting for these use cases, the research team reached out to the potential sites to request data on utility usage, electrical drawings, historical energy loads, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, resilience, cybersecurity, and known environmental, technological, or human hazards.  This report presents a first-of-a-kind study analyzing the potential impacts of eVTOL charging infrastructure, considering data collected from key OEMs and potential vertiport locations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Nov 2023 09:18:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2284997</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility of UAM Vertiport Land Use and Location Planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2286654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The future of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) highlights tremendous economic opportunities and a major shift in the delivery of services and products globally. The future growth of UAM is due to the multiple benefits it provides including improving emergency and natural disaster response, facilitating commercial package delivery, and in the long-run, integration with existing transportation and commuter system (air taxies). While these may provide a tremendous opportunity, the feasibility of developing the required infrastructure has not been explored in Utah.

The recently passed S.B. 122 (2022) mandates that Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) assess options, feasibility, and progress towards the implementation of advanced air mobility. Further, the investigation should identify potential assets and development plans for future implementation. Previous work by the principal investigator (PI) and team provides a foundation for these efforts. The PI’s previous UTRAC project (ending April 22) has resulted in a parcel suitability map for the WFRC. The map was generated from a complex series of geospatial data and rules to answer, theoretically, where vertiports for UAV delivery and UAM could be located. In response to Senate Bill 218 (2021), UDOT is currently contracting with WSP, which is tasked with providing a corridor assessment and plan for future UAV/UAM flights. WSP will be using the suitability map to help inform this plan. Additionally, Utah businesses, such as Flight Level Engineering, LLC, are striving to develop national leadership in UAM infrastructure development. However, these combined efforts have been developed in isolation and engagement with communities has been extremely limited. This makes the assessment of feasibility extremely difficult; it is imperative that community partners and government agencies understand how planning, regulation, and infrastructure are needed to be woven together to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of site implementation. Engagement with communities and testing to assess the feasibility can provide an essential step in meeting SB 122 and support planning efforts for communities across Utah.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Nov 2023 17:13:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2286654</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vertiport Systems Integration and Location Assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2286651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The future of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) highlights tremendous economic opportunities and a major shift in the delivery of services and products globally. The future growth of UAM is due to the multiple benefits it provides including improving emergency and natural disaster response, facilitating commercial package delivery, and in the long-run, integration with existing transportation and commuter system (air taxies). Senate Bill 161, “Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Revisions” sponsored by Senator Harper and Representative Christofferson was crafted in 2023 Session to explore how Utah might leverage itself toward the future of UAM. The bill requires Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) to study a range of different issues within AAM, including to better understand vertiport locations and related infrastructure. Within this context, the bill further lays out specific elements that need to be studied, those include: (1) identification of suitable locations for vertiport infrastructure and parking infrastructure for vertiports in metropolitan areas; (2) identification of commuter rail stations that may be suitable for vertiport placement; and (3) identification of underutilized parking lots and parking structures for vertiport infrastructure placement.

The major challenges toward fulfilling these elements are the lack of mechanisms and scope for how these will be studied, and the limited tools currently available to conduct this study. Inevitably, this work lends itself to a structured and systematic research approach that bridges knowledge in Uncrewed Aerial Systems, geospatial analytics and land use planning.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Nov 2023 16:39:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2286651</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fire Robots for the Protection of Transport Infrastructure Facilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper considers a methodology for modeling fire dynamics when evaluating the effectiveness of fire robots to protect various objects of transport infrastructure with a high fire load on the example of an aircraft hangar. It is shown that the simulation of fire protection means with varying parameters can distort the results of the evaluation obtained on the basis of simulation. A comparative analysis of different ways of simulating the work of fire robots in the simulation of a fire resulting from the spill and ignition of aviation fuel in an area of 200 sq m, in a hangar has been carried out.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 2023 15:12:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spaceport Simulation Models Integration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1806387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Virtual Test Bed (VTB) is a distributed simulation environment for spaceport modeling. Using the High-Level Architecture (HLA) and integration frameworks based on software agents and the eXtensible Modeling Language (XML), this environment presents the integration process and implementation of several models of the operations taking place at a National Space and Aeronautics Administration (NASA) spaceport, before, during and after a Space Shuttle launch. Having a distributed environment is a needed feature of the simulation system due to the nature of the models since the operations modeled can in many instances be based at different geographic locations. The following operations are modeled and integrated: weather operations, range operations, launch probability operations, control room operations, and space shuttle model hardware processes and operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:27:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1806387</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Usability of Urban Air Mobility: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessments of Usage in Emergency Situations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1942291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of these four studies was to determine participants’ willingness to support the use of urban air mobility (UAM) in response to natural disasters, along with the preferred locations to establish vertiports. Study 1 assessed the willingness to support using a mixed factorial design. The findings demonstrated strong, robust support for the use of UAM when responding to natural disasters. Study 2 worked to create and validate a scale that could assess vertiports' current and proposed locations. The Vertiport Usability Scale was developed and shown to have strong psychometric properties to validly assess vertiport locations through a multi-stage process. Study 3 used the Vertiport Usability Scale to understand the most highly preferred locations for vertiports in three conditions from a multi-stage process: temporary disaster locations, permanent disaster locations, and permanent consumer locations. Study 4 was conducted using qualitative methods to complement the earlier quantitative approaches. Through an initial survey and follow-on interview, three themes emerged related to UAM in response to natural disasters and vertiports: (1) human involvement in UAM operations, (2) scenarios for usage, and (3) setup and deployment of vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2022 09:38:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1942291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling and Evaluating Multimodal Urban Air Mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1908991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic congestion has been one of the leading issues around the world. The emerging concept urban air mobility (UAM) is expected to provide a new solution by making use of the three-dimensional airspace to transport passengers and goods in urban areas. UAM application is based on a new type of electric aircraft that is enabled to take off and land vertically (eVTOL) and embedded with advanced autonomous and distributed propulsion technology. Compared to traditional aircraft like helicopters, eVTOL will provide safer, more efficient, and quieter air transportation service in urban areas. One of the greatest identified challenges for UAM application is to build well-distributed infrastructures to support eVTOL aircraft operations. Those infrastructures are vertiports (or skyports), where eVTOL aircrafts takeoff and land, onboard or disembark passengers, and get charged. On the one hand, dense land use in urban areas, aircraft operation requirements and community acceptance among many other factors severely restrict the number of vertiports and make it impossible to provide door-to-door (DtD) services through pure air transportation. On the other hand, vertiport locations should be carefully selected with consideration of its impact on potential UAM demand and system performance. In this project, the authors plan to develop mathematical models to design operation network for on-demand UAM service. Specifically, the authors solve the problem of vertiport optimal location identification and user allocation to vertiports with consideration of interactions between vertiport locations and potential UAM travel demand. The authors will also incorporate performance uncertainty of transportation network into consideration and extend the static model to stochastic programming. A case study based on the Tampa Bay area will be conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2022 10:27:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1908991</guid>
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