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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Airfreight forwarder’s shipment planning: Shipment consolidation and containerization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2277460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on an airfreight forwarder's shipment planning problem, while considering shipment consolidation and containerization in the international supply chain. Items belonging to different shipments from supplier's manufacturing warehouses are consolidated and loaded into Unit Loading Devices (ULDs) at outbound logistics hubs and to inbound logistics hubs by air transportation, where items are unloaded from the ULDs and distributed to the corresponding retailers by parcel delivery. A three-dimensional multiple bin size bin packing problem is considered, where items are consolidated and orthogonally loaded into ULDs of heterogeneous irregular shapes, where each item has a required latest allowable delivery time. A mixed integer programming model is formulated for the problem, which aims to determine the optimal route planning and feasible packing scheme for the transported items. This study develops a biased random-key genetic algorithm combining a three-dimensional bin packing heuristic to solve the problem. A two-phase greedy heuristic with a chaotic system is designed for the generation of initial population. Additionally, a catastrophe operator and a self-adaptive neighborhood search are put forward to further improve the performance of the algorithm. A numerical experiment is given to demonstrate the feasibility of formulation and effectiveness of algorithm by comparing with ILOG CPLEX, and managerial insights are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 09:10:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2277460</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A State of Charge Analysis of Lithium-ion Cells Shipped via Air</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2150883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A thermal event involving a package containing lithium-ion pouch cells occurred within a sorting facility of an all-cargo airline in December 2022. This package had been previously shipped via air and was being handled for delivery to its next destination. Following the incident, the package was sent to the William J. Hughes Technical Center for further evaluation using battery analysis equipment to determine the as-delivered state of charge (SOC) of the cells. Lithium-ion cells not packed with or contained in equipment (Lithium ion batteries, UN3480) that are transported via aircraft are mandated by Federal regulations to be at a SOC no greater than 30%. Previous Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) studies have determined that lithium-ion cells exceeding this level are a serious hazard due to risk of thermal runaway and can lead to an unsafe condition on an aircraft. Upon inspection, many of the cells in the package were observed to have significant signs of damage, including swelling and corrosion. However, it could not be determined if this damage occurred prior to or after the incident. SOC testing was performed on cells that did not show significant signs of damage. Testing determined that 14 of the 25 tested cells exceeded the maximum 30% SOC requirement. Of these 14 cells, 7 exceeded 70% SOC, with the highest evaluated cell recording a SOC of over 90%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Apr 2023 09:00:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2150883</guid>
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      <title>Drones for last mile logistics: Baloney or part of the solution?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1669852</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road-based mobility is increasingly under pressure, with remarkable dynamics in the last decade in terms of pollution, congestion, speed delivery expectation etc. Such pressures point to a limitation of the efficiency of roadbased mobility for further economic and social development. A mainstream solution is considered by electrified, automated mobility-services based on the road transport. This article discusses an alternative future pathway based on an evolutionary economic perspective. The case study employed concerns “drones for last-mile logistics”. The analysis makes clear that current efforts to enhance efficiency by electrifying and automating the established vehicle technology are short-term solutions. The main concern in the article is to broaden the policy-supported search for future mobility solution. The disruption of efficiency limitations is the key to sustainable social and economic development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2019 16:24:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1669852</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Airfreight Forwarder’s Shipment Bidding and Logistics Planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1398293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Today many web-based logistics platforms exist, enabling logistics agents worldwide to interact and form collaborations in an effective manner. In particular, some advanced e-platforms support online bidding of shipments. This paper integrates shipment bidding with logistics decisions. First, the authors formulate the shipment bidding and logistics planning model as a 0-1 mixed integer program, which addresses only buyout bids. Based on the properties of the model, the authors design a two-echelon solution procedure to search for the optimal shipment portfolio and the corresponding logistics requirements. The authors then extend the model to include placing either a buyout bid or an alternative bid for a new shipment with an estimated probability of success. The general model is formulated as a two-stage mixed 0-1 stochastic integer program, which allows forwarders to acquire some new jobs right away while placing alternative bids on others. The model is solved by modifying the two-echelon procedure. An illustrative example is included to highlight the significance of integrating shipment bidding with shipment logistics planning. Managerial issues are explored based on this example.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2016 09:34:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1398293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airfreight forwarder’s shipment planning under uncertainty: A two-stage stochastic programming approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1312236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses the shipment planning problem with random processing times in intermodal logistics via transfer ports. Shipment activities are divided into two groups according to regional settings. Activity processing times in region A are assumed to be random while those in region B are deterministic. At the beginning (stage 1), the forwarder assigns agents to all job activities (planning decision). In case a shipment delay is observed, an in-process adjustment (recourse decision) is implemented (stage 2). A two-stage stochastic programming model is established and an illustrative example is discussed. Managerial insights are presented in a simulation study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2014 09:31:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1312236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A study on airlines' differentiated cargo service strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analyzes how an airline operates differentiated cargo services to meet shipping demand for different goods so as to enhance its service level, air freight demand, and total profit. The shipping alternative choice model assumes shippers with different demand characteristics choose the alternative with the lowest transportation and inventory costs between express and standard shipping services offered by different airlines. The study then formulates airline cost functions with respect to providing standard and express services. Furthermore, the study explores demand–supply interactions and constructs a mathematical programming model to determine flight frequencies and shipping charges for standard and express services by maximizing the object airline's total profit. The results show that those shipping high-value freights tend to select express shipping services and, for the object airline, operating differentiated cargo services rather than the current standard services can raise its market share and total profit by 19.4% and 8.6%, respectively. Moreover, for perishable goods stored in lower temperature-control devices, the charges should be higher. The results also show that not only airlines, but also shippers, can markedly reduce their costs and enhance their competitive advantages with express shipping services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 09:08:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246672</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal shipment decisions for an airfreight forwarder: Formulation and solution methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors study the freight forwarder's shipment planning problem in an airfreight forwarding network where a set of cargo shipments have to be transported to given destinations. They provide mixed integer programming formulations that use piecewise-linear cargo rates and account for volume and weight constraints, flight departure/arrival times, as well as shipment-ready times. After exploring the solution of such models using CPLEX, two solution methodologies to handle large problem sizes are devised. The first is based on Lagrangian relaxation, where the problems decompose into a set of knapsack problems and a set of network flow problems. The second is a local branching heuristic that combines branching ideas and local search. The two approaches show promising results in providing good quality heuristic solutions within reasonable computational times, for difficult and large shipment consolidation problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Mar 2012 07:14:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Airfreight Forwarder's Shipment Planning: Simultaneous Decisions on Job, Route and Agent Selection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/927742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes how, because of the emergence of many online logistics platforms nowadays – some of which function as virtual marketplaces – airfreight forwarders are facing an increasing number of shipment requests and many choices of collaborating agents. They are also expected to handle a greater variety of shipments from an increasing number of origins and to an increasing number of destinations. In this paper, the authors address the three inter-related decisions of job selection, route selection and agent selection in the design of a shipment plan. The authors formulate this problem as a mixed 0-1 LP, with the objective of maximizing profit. Using a numerical example, the authors analyze the effects of job and route selection and provide insights into various aspects of shipment planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2010 14:20:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/927742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Frustrated Hazardous Material: Military and Commercial Training Implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/850161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how training in handling hazardous material (HAZMAT) shipments in both commercial and military settings can affect the success of shipping HAZMAT materials to Aerial Ports of Embarkation (APOEs), where they are accepted for shipment through the Defense Transportation System (DTS). A new military policy in 2003 established a set of business rules for suppliers shipping through the DTS to decrease the level of shipments that are "frustrated," delayed because of failure to comply with various documentation or packaging requirements. Because frustration levels did not drop, this study was carried out to determine if shipping training procedures might have an effect. It is organized around four research questions. The study showed that training methods varied widely among commercial shippers, and they did not match the military training methods. The study concluded that commercial shipper training appears to have an effect on frustration levels at military APOEs, and that government guidelines need to be established to provide a common language for the military and private companies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2008 08:03:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/850161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How Customers are Reshaping our Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/798763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This essay was written by the Joint CEO of DHL Logistics and Management and he states that the express delivery business has undergone seismic changes over the last 20 years and most of this change is driven by changes in the patterns of customer behavior and demand, such as outsourcing the supply chain as well as a perceived need to exactly match the customer’s needs as much as possible.  Supply chain outsourcing does not just involve shipping goods.  For example, DHL provides one customer with a complete credit card replacement service—from the first distress phone call, to cutting the new card, to the delivery of the new card to the user.  DHL is working on sophisticated products such as trade finance and inventory financing solutions as well as no-fault testing and repair and return, particularly for the Information Technology (IT) industry.  Such services have a lot of future and add considerable value for both the customer and the company.  The author describes how the big enabler has been technology innovation and as the industry becomes increasingly more commoditized, DHL would rather add value than cut prices, so technology will be at the heart of the innovations that enable us to make these differentiations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Mar 2007 08:39:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/798763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unwelcome turbulence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/797145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: Routine air cargo shippers struggle for capacity, stable rates when peak season hits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2007 11:59:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/797145</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air's technology exceptions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/796867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: Integrators may be chipping into RFID, but in air freight shippers and forwarders look for exceptions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2007 10:57:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/796867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Going by air, because nothing else will do</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/796754</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: Freight capacity issues aren't limited to ground transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2007 10:46:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/796754</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning projects properly</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/791007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: Frustrated by the ad-hoc nature of project cargo operations, Volga-Dnepr wants more say in supply chain planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Oct 2006 10:32:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/791007</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air cargo pricing : no simple matter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/774478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: Many factors influence the price you pay for air cargo shipments. Here's a rundown of the basic considerations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2006 15:55:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/774478</guid>
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