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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Dependence structure between energy uncertainty index and airlines stocks returns and volatility: A short communication</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533873</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the performance of interlinks between energy uncertainty index and airlines stock returns and volatility by applying the wavelet coherence analytical methodology. For stock returns, American Airlines exhibits notable lead-lag effects, while Air China and Air France show varied patterns. In terms of volatility, American Airlines' volatility aligns with energy uncertainty across phases. Air France's volatility both leads and lags, and Air China shows minimal co-variation. The policy implications are provided at the end of the study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2025 11:38:18 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Shift Planning Under Delay Uncertainty at Air France: A Vehicle-Scheduling Problem with Outsourcing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1722057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airlines must operate many jobs in airports, such as passenger check-in or runway tasks. In airlines? hubs, airlines generally choose to perform these jobs with their own agents. Shift planning aims at building the sequences of jobs operated by the airline agents and has been widely studied given its impact on operating costs. The impact of delayed flights is generally not taken into account despite the propagation of flight delays along these sequences: If a flight is late, then the agents doing the corresponding jobs are delayed, and may arrive late to their next jobs and delay the corresponding flights. Since delay costs are much higher than the costs of outsourcing jobs, if the agent who is supposed to operate a job is still working elsewhere when the job begins, then airlines tend to outsource the job to their own dedicated team or to a third party. The authors introduce a stochastic version of the shift-planning problem that takes into account outsourcing costs due to delay. It can be seen as a natural stochastic generalization of the vehicle-scheduling problem in which delayed jobs are outsourced. The authors propose a column-generation approach to solve it, whose key element is the pricing subproblem algorithm, modeled as a stochastic resource-constrained shortest-path problem. Numerical results on Air France industrial instances show the benefits of using the authors' stochastic version of the shift-planning problem and the efficiency of the solution method. Moving to the stochastic version enables Air France to reduce total operating costs by 3.5%?4.8% on instances with more than 200 jobs, and the authors' algorithm can solve to near optimality instances with up to 400 jobs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2020 09:19:47 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Analysing communication dynamics at the transaction level: the case of Air France Flight 447</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565714</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A system’s continuous adaptability is a vital determinant of its safety. It is thus very important for a system to reach graceful extensibility, the ability to adapt in unexpected situations (Woods in Reliab Eng Syst Saf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.03.018, 2015). Current methods to study patterns of adaptation have mostly focused on relatively static network relationships of short time scales. The authors argue that both adaptive and maladaptive patterns of adaptation are rooted in patterned behaviours that should be studied in light of their previous history of transactions. Those patterns may develop over longer time scales yet exert their effects during unexpected situations on shorter time scales. In this study, the authors focused on communication patterns that played out during the Air France 447 incident. Butts (2008) relational event model was employed to examine the communication dynamics amongst the pilots in the cockpit of flight AF447, and illustrate how communication patterns may be studied by considering sequences of relational events, thus adopting a dynamic, de-contextualised approach to system analysis, at a ‘transaction level’. The analysis of the communication transcript revealed patterned changes in some communication dynamics in the cockpit after the flight entered an unexpected situation, which led to the biased strengthening or weakening of certain links in the network. These changes—even though preliminary due to the limited number of agents analysed—suggest that capturing the structural composition of a system at the transaction level assists in explaining how transactions fail, and can be used for the development of better system structures or training procedures for system interaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2018 15:33:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565714</guid>
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      <title>Learning from AF447: Human-Machine Interaction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564358</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recovered flight data and voice recordings indicate that the crash of Air France flight 447 in 2009 was caused by a combination of human error, degradation of flight automation, lack of clear information available to the flight crew and suboptimal teamwork. This article reviews insights from the main AF447 accident analyses on the basis of the theory of affordance and in the context of the system-approach to risk. Despite the availability of clear recovery procedures, in the ergonomic design of an Airbus a degradation in flight automation requires increased human cognitive input. Yet, under stress the human ability to access higher cognitive resources is significantly reduced. When startled, humans require direct perceptual clues to understand what is happening. In AF447 such clues were not available while the initial incident escalated into an accident. The implications of these observations for pilot training and for transport automation design are explored.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Oct 2018 09:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564358</guid>
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      <title>When notthing makes sense : Historic loss of Air France 447</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1248804</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 13:47:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1248804</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Time to reflect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1239766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The BEA's arduous path to its final report on Air France Flight 447 yields insights for the world's investigators and pilots.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2013 10:42:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1239766</guid>
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      <title>Never again</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1224798</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Debate on training needs has been stirred by the AF447 disaster. Do pilots need more or different preparation? Should the focus be on control, upset recovery, or both?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Dec 2012 11:38:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1224798</guid>
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      <title>Sustained stall</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1213543</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blocked pitot tubes, excessive control inputs and cockpit confusion doomed Air France 447.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2012 10:02:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1213543</guid>
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      <title>Crash consequences : AF447 final report to address human factors, data transmission</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 2011 12:00:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118008</guid>
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      <title>BEA issues ten recommendations following Air France crash investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 2011 11:58:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117990</guid>
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      <title>Catalyst for change : stall recovery, warning in the crosshairs in latest AF Flight 447 accident report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115163</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 15:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115163</guid>
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      <title>Air France Flight AF 447 accident on June 1, 2009 : update on investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 14:48:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115045</guid>
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      <title>Controlling pitch and power : lessons from AF Flight 447 : a pilot's perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1108327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Aug 2011 13:52:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1108327</guid>
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      <title>Stall defeated AF447's crew : inquiry bids to explain pilot's baffling response to loss of lift at cruise altitude that sent Airbus A330 into fatal descent</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2011 12:09:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107144</guid>
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      <title>Continental convicted in Concorde crash trial</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2011 11:53:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107011</guid>
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