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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Data fusion for pavement performance modelling using the Bayesian approach: case study in Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Afghanistan, the pavement condition data is lacking leading to the infeasibility of developing a pavement performance model. This study aims to apply the Bayesian approach to fuse regression and the Markov Chain model to enhance the accuracy of the performance model under the limitation of high-quality data. For this purpose, more than 6000 km of Afghanistan national highways are monitored and the surface distresses are detected and measured resulting in a calculation of the pavement condition index. Then, the regression and Markov Chain models are built with R² of 0.68 and 0.88, respectively, and fused to come up with the Bayesian model. Finally, the Bayesian model is successfully validated with an R² of 0.98. It is concluded that the Bayesian model is a flexible approach that can be applied in such countries suffering from a lack of pavement condition data and can be enhanced as more data is available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633390</guid>
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      <title>Probabilistic pavement performance modeling using hybrid Markov Chain: A case study in Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2349958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road networks play a crucial role in the economic fabric of every country, particularly in nations like Afghanistan, strategically positioned on the international transit route from Europe to East Asia. In such contexts, the development of pavement performance models holds paramount importance for effective pavement maintenance planning, ensuring the provision of high-quality infrastructure to facilitate the transportation of goods and passengers. Despite Afghanistan's strategic location, the absence of budget allocations for pavement monitoring and maintenance within its transportation networks has led to limited acquisition of pavement condition data, hindering the development of pavement performance models. The primary objective of this study is to pioneer the creation of a pavement performance model for Afghanistan, utilizing a cost-effective and reasonably accurate approach based on data collected through smartphones. The study focuses on approximately 7000 km of Afghanistan's highways. It initiates by examining the current state of Afghanistan's road network through smartphone data collection. Subsequently, the gathered data is meticulously prepared and analyzed to derive the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). Finally, a pavement performance model for PCI is formulated, employing a combination of homogenous and non-homogenous Markov Chain processes. The model's efficacy is successfully validated with real-world data, leading to the conclusion that the proposed approach proves efficient and effective in developing performance models for other developing countries grappling with similar data and budget constraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2024 10:11:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2349958</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Restabilising Afghanistan through a Comprehensive Logistics Framework for the Access to Ports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to examine numerous sustaining factors in the restabilisation of Afghanistan, from legal, logistical and technical perspectives. The significance of logistics and infrastructure for state reconstruction and stability has been recognised by military and engineering practices. However, previous research on Afghanistan has focused on specific areas such as geopolitics, regional studies, bilateral cooperation and international aid. In contrast, this paper examines specialised issues within logistics and infrastructure, i.e., transit rights, access to ports, investors’ codes of conduct and the modus operandi of military and engineering engaged in the construction, operation and protection of infrastructure, which have not yet been fully discussed in the previous research. Furthermore, the importance of logistics of multiple shipping routes will be examined through comparative analysis. Considering a prolonged restabilisation process in land-locked Afghanistan, rights of transit and port access are imperative to achieve safe logistics in energy, water, food and medical supplies. In conclusion, an integrated, comprehensive model agreement for multilateral cooperation would enable international aid to be funnelled via a single scheme. Thus, this paper concludes that the long-term stability and development of Afghanistan will be guaranteed through a comprehensive framework agreement for logistics, which materialises rights of transit and port access.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2023 08:51:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable and Green Transportation for Best Quality of Life: A Case Study in Kabul, Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation is the movement of people and goods over time and space. This is an important matter in people's lives, and people cannot live without it. Transport enables access for people with their homes to their work, education, health services, shops, and so forth. The transportation system has many problems in developing countries such as traffic congestion, lack of reliable and safe public transportation, road accidents, and difficulties for non-motorized transport. The transportation sector is the highest responsible part of harmful environmental impacts in cities and is also responsible for high air and noise pollution and generating greenhouse gas emissions. Forming a sustainable and green urban transportation system with an integrated method is essential for policymakers and decision-makers. This system changes the path of urban transport and mobility toward a more sustainable and green future by providing an emerging affordable, economically viable, the orientation of people, and environment-friendly transport systems. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the present condition and problems facing the transportation system in developing countries in general and particularly in Afghanistan. It also presents the Afghanistan government’s intervention in solving mobility and transportation problems. Finally, the study examines the strategies and approaches that transportation experts must use to address sustainable and green transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Oct 2022 16:51:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Proposed Safety Coefficient for Flexible Pavement Design in Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The conventional AASHTO pavement design methods were developed for specific climate conditions in the United States of America, which significantly limits its ability to consider the climate conditions in other parts of the world. As the environmental factors have a strong effect on pavement performance, therefore, the performance of pavements designed according to AASHTO 1993 and constructed in different zones would not be the same. In other words, the pavement structure would be over or under-designed, when AASHTO 1993 is used. In contrast, the climate effects are widely considered in the Mechanistic-Empirical (ME) pavement design method. Although Afghanistan consists of extremely different climatic zones, still flexible pavements are designed based on AASHTO 1993 method. Therefore, this study investigates the temperature effect on flexible pavement distresses in hot and cold regions in Afghanistan in order to optimize the AASHTO 1993 using the mechanisticempirical approach. Thus, a typical flexible pavement was designed using AASHTO 1993 for three traffic levels [5, 20, and 50 Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL)] and then, the designed pavement structures were simulated by ME pavement design software to predict the rutting and cracking. Results revealed that AASHTO 1993 designs thinner pavement layers in the hot region which is reflected in the prevalent rutting problem in the hot region in Afghanistan. Furthermore, based on analysis results, a conservative design based on the ME pavement design analysis is recommended to be used to scale up the pavement thickness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Oct 2021 09:16:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881491</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impact of Urban Sprawl on Travel Demand for Public Transport, Private Transport and Walking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[By growing of population, the concept of urban sprawl is increasingly recognized as a serious dilemma among the cities, especially in developing countries. Kabul is one of those cities which are sprawling for two decades and the implication is that residents are suffering from long travel time, pollution and energy consumption. In Kabul city, the number of users for public transport and walk are decreasing day by day and they are shifting to other alternatives. A detailed study to be made in understanding urban sprawl and urban compactness influences on choice mode. This paper is aimed to evaluate the impact of urban sprawl and urban compactness on travel demand for transport modes in 22 districts in Kabul city. Travel demand modeling by using the traditional four-step transportation forecasting model for the year 2017 has been applied to assess the current number of passengers for each transport mode (public transport, walk and private transport) in all 22 districts. Secondly, urban compactness based on metrics with two indicators, mixed-use and density measured to figure out the level of sprawl and compactness in each district. Finally, travel demand for transport modes in both circumstances (compact and sprawl areas) compared in observed districts. The extracted outcome presented an interesting vision of variation amongst districts in Kabul city. This study revealed a profound relationship between urban sprawl and travel demand for all urban transport modes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2020 12:23:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739773</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Demand and Driver Supply Implications of Regular Public Transportation System for Policy Makers: A Case Study of Kandahar City, Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Kandahar city of Afghanistan being one of the largest cities of the country does not have any regular system of public transportation. Unfortunately, at the moment the entire picture of the current services and future plans is unclear due to the lack of travel behavioral data including trip rate, travel time distribution, modal share and so on. More serious is that mechanism behind the behavior has not been figured out, so that no comprehensive transportation planning was established from theoretical basis. As the unprecedented study in Kandahar city, this paper attempted to carry out a travel survey with Revealed and Stated Preference (RP/SP) approach to understand travel behavior for the first time, by focusing on determinant factors of demand for regular public transportation modes and supply of drivers using discrete choice modelling approach. The results revealed that travel time and travel cost are among the most influential factors for forecasting the demand of public transport. Other socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, monthly income, and vehicle ownership are also demand determinant factors. Furthermore, consideration of women in all processes of planning and operating public transit is very essential. On the other hand, due to low income, higher working loads and some other job-related factors, the drivers of paratransit system are not satisfied with their current jobs and have shown strong willingness to become bus drivers in future. Their willingness to change their jobs is affected by their personal income levels, availability of other income sources, education and some other social factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2020 09:13:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating response, data sending, and completion rates of a smartphone-based travel survey conducted in Kabul, Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study concentrates on the response, data sending, and survey completion rates of a smartphone-based travel survey in a developing country. A smartphone-based survey reinforced by a web-based survey was conducted in 2015 in Kabul, Afghanistan. The aims of this study are: 1) to explore the effects of age and gender on the response rate of the smartphone-based travel survey, and 2) to examine how gender, age, smartphone ownership history, and occupation influence the data sending and completion rates of the smartphone-based travel survey. The results show that gender had no effects on the response rate, while age had a significant impact. In addition, gender had effect on data sending rate, and the respondents who owned smartphones for longer time were more likely to complete the survey successfully. Furthermore, the survey withdraw rate of respondents was higher on weekends in comparison to weekdays.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2020 09:13:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739809</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement of Data Sending Rate and Survey Completion Rate of Smartphone-based Travel Surveys in Two Afghanistan Cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672847</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation researchers and planners have been attempting to use the smartphone-based travel survey for accurate data collection. Increasing the number of survey participants is important to obtain valid and effective results. Special attention is necessary for both the number of consenting participants and the number of respondents who sent data and remained until the survey completion. This study aims to investigate the data sending rate and survey completion rate of smartphone-based travel surveys. The authors conducted a smartphone-based travel survey in 2015 and two surveys in 2017, in Afghanistan cities. They improved the recruitment method in 2017; incentive provision, female survey conductors to recruit females, and assistance to use the application. It was found that these improvements significantly increased the data sending rate, but the effects on the survey completion rate were limited. Long-term smartphone owners and employed respondents were also found to stay longer in the survey.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2020 10:51:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672847</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Policy Solutions for Transportation-Related Problems in Kabul: Lessons from Major Cities of China and India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1635198</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth in population and urbanization in Kabul has exerted challenges to urban transportation and it requires significant renovation, development, and financial investment. However, because of financial limitations, there is a need to prioritize transportation-related problems. To address this gap, this paper attempts to identify the most severe transportation problems of Kabul and propose policies to mitigate them. For this purpose, an empirical study of recent transportation-related policy-decisions in major cities of China and India are reviewed. These countries, China in particular, have had a series of successful and innovative transportation policies in the past. After a comparison between policies and outlining the current situation in Kabul, the major issues that can be considered as the first wave of investments are determined. This study finds that rehabilitating existing facilities should have more priority. Therefore, several policies for improving public transport system and traffic management strategies based are proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Aug 2019 13:01:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1635198</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Corridors &amp; Logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1639262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The International Road Federation (IRF) promotes the development of sustainable roads around the world. In this document seven articles discussing road corridors and logistics are presented. Article topics include: Regional cooperation and developing a common transportation policy in the Western Balkans; Integrated corridor management in California; the International Road Transport Union's (IRU's) Model Highway Initiative and potential for implementation on the road that connects Trabzon (Turkey), Batumi, Tbilisi (Georgia) and Baku (Azerbaijan); International Road Assessment Program (iRAP) Star Ratings and road safety assessment in Java; Forecasting truck traffic on rural roads and road maintenance plans in Thailand; An intelligent transportation system (ITS) platform for integrated logistics in Italy; and Impacts of transport corridor projects in Afghanistan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 18 Aug 2019 21:55:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1639262</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reasons for Non-response to Smartphone-based Travel Survey in Two Afghanistan Cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1590397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2017, two smartphone-based travel surveys were conducted in two cities in Afghanistan. The surveys were conducted simultaneously in the capital city of Kabul and the non-capital city of Khost. This study investigated the reasons for non-response to the smartphone-based travel survey in association with individual attributes. Additionally, the reason for non-response to the Kabul and Khost surveys were compared. The comparison results revealed that the small reward for participation was the main reason for the non-response of males, while the reason for the non-response of females was mainly related to their privacy concerns, as well as their dependency with regard to decision making. The results also indicated that the non-response rate in the city of Khost was higher than that in the capital city of Kabul.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2019 16:53:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1590397</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acquiring aircraft in face of adversity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the mid-2000s, the Kabul-based Kam Air has suffered a fatal crash, drug-smuggling allegations and a terrorist attack on its staff, but the Afghan airline remains resilient despite its misfortune, reports Michael Allen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 2019 09:58:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Afghan air</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1585164</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corruption. Terrain. Goats on the runway. Everything conspires against civil aviation in Afghanistan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2019 14:48:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1585164</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of disparities between transportation needs and trip patterns of men and women in Kandahar City, Afghanistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1581088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:03:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1581088</guid>
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