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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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    <item>
      <title>Elevated ambitions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392046</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Touted as an affordable and sustainable way to bring much-needed public transportation to some of the world's worst-served cities, a new elevated infrastructure solution for metros is the focus of this article. Called the Low Cost Sustainable Transport System (LCSTS), it is a modular design consisting of four main components, all of which are easily transportable and require less space than conventional elevated systems. Details of the system are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2016 15:05:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392046</guid>
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      <title>Transportation Affordability: Evaluation and Improvement Strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1245894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation affordability means that all households, including those with low incomes, can afford to access basic services and activities. This typically means devoting less than 20% of household budgets to transport and less than 45% on transport and housing combined. More affordable transport directly benefits users and can benefit society indirectly. Several factors can affect affordability including people’s travel demands, the quality and price of transport options, land use accessibility, and housing affordability. Conventional planning tends to place little value on overall transport affordability and overlooks many factors that affect it. More comprehensive and multi-modal analysis can provide better guidance for incorporating affordability as a transport planning objective. Strategies that increase automobile affordability can increase total costs and reduce overall affordability, while those that improve affordable modes (walking, cycling and public transport) tend to provide co-benefits and so tend to maximize overall benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Apr 2013 09:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1245894</guid>
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      <title>Modeling Transportation Affordability with Cumulative Density Function of Mathematical Beta Distribution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1241625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation affordability refers to people’s financial ability to access important goods and activities such as work, education, medical care, basic shopping, and socializing. Making transportation more affordable can produce considerable socioeconomic benefits by lowering the costs and boosting mobility for people who are more disadvantaged. More affordable transportation is equivalent to higher income. There are many factors to consider when evaluating transportation affordability, including housing affordability; land use factors that affect accessibility; the quantity, quality, and pricing of mobility options; and individuals’ mobility needs and abilities. Traditional transportation planning takes hardly any transportation affordability considerations into account. Greater emphasis on this field would shed more light on affordability effects and help policy makers to identify more affordable transportation solutions. However, to take transportation affordability into account, there should be practical ways of evaluating it. This paper investigates the concept of transportation affordability and suggests a metric for its measurement. The metric calculates affordability on the basis of the trade-offs that households make between transportation and housing costs. The transportation costs considered include car ownership, car use, and public transport costs. The suggested approach can be applied to any spatial zone (e.g., neighborhood or other) to reflect the average expenditure that households are willing to make to satisfy their basic travel needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2013 08:53:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1241625</guid>
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      <title>How Affordable is Transportation? A Context-Sensitive Framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1105078</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation affordability refers to the financial burden households bear in purchasing transportation services. Traditional measures, which focus on what share of household disposable income or total budget goes to transportation services, often fail to consider the wide variation in households’ transportation needs and locational settings. In this project, the authors propose a contextualized transportation affordability analysis framework that differentiates population groups based upon their socio-demographics, the built environment, and the policy environment. The necessity of such a context-sensitive framework is demonstrated via a case study of the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which shows heterogeneity among different population groups in terms of their transportation needs and resource availability. The proposed context-sensitive framework points to two dilemmas associated with transportation affordability. First, the socio-economically disadvantaged group has the lowest auto ownership rate, yet its transportation needs are better served by automobiles. Second, while automobiles can reduce transportation hardship for the socio-economically disadvantaged, the existing auto-oriented urban landscape in the U.S. requires more travel for access to destinations, which leads to higher transportation costs. The dilemmas call for a multi-modal transportation solution: reducing societal auto dependence and providing financial subsidies for car access among disadvantaged populations are equally important to enhance transportation affordability and social welfare.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2011 16:22:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1105078</guid>
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      <title>Per-Seat, On-Demand Air Transportation Part II: Parallel Local Search</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/874041</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This second part of a two-part paper continues to explore the phenomenon of on-demand air transportation services, in which travelers call several days ahead to schedule flights in small jet planes. The call - ahead method has been shown to be effective in offering affordable travel in small jet planes. In part 1, the authors use an integer multicommodity network flow model with side constraints to develop a number of techniques that both control the size of the network and strengthen linear programming relaxation, allowing for small instances of variables within the problem to be resolved. Here, the authors both describe and demonstrate how high-quality solutions can be efficiently produced to handle large-scale real-life instances that involve hundreds of aircraft and thousands of flight requests. The solutions are achieved by embedding core optimization technology into an asynchronous, parallel large-neighborhood local search scheme. Metrics are created to systematically select neighborhoods showing the greatest probability of reaching the desired performance level. A number of search diversification techniques are also included. Results show efficiency in producing high-quality solutions that are applicable to large-scale real-life instances.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2008 07:34:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/874041</guid>
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      <title>Per-Seat, On-Demand Air Transportation Part I: Problem Description and an Integer Multicommodity Flow Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/874042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This first part of a two-part paper presents an integer multicommodity network flow model with side constraints to explore the phenomenon of on-demand air transportation services. Such services, in which travelers call several days ahead to schedule a flight, have been an effective way to offer affordable travel in small jet planes. The authors contend that for an on-demand air transportation service to be successful, an effective scheduling system needs to be in place that incorporates minimum-cost pilot and jet itineraries, tying them to a set of accepted transportation requests. To do this, they develop a number of techniques that both control the size of the network and strengthen linear programming relaxation, allowing for small instances of variables within the problem to be resolved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2008 07:34:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/874042</guid>
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      <title>Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities. Module 7a: Gender and Urban Transport: Smart and Affordable</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/844422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This module describes urban transportation systems in developing countries.  It pays particular attention to how affordability and gender impact the ways in which people use transportation systems.  It also relates how intelligent transportation systems can make public transit easier to use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 08:13:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/844422</guid>
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      <title>Public Transport and Urban Poverty: A Synthetic Index of Adequate Service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to support the monitoring of the access of lower income populations to public transport services by means of a synthetic index, an index on geo-referenced information that can be adopted in Brazilian cities. The index not only measures the provisions of services, but can identify the areas of worst served by public transport and guide and prioritize solutions to the problems identified. To construct this index the paper adopts the international definition of adequacy of transport through the measurement of four attributes: (1) affordability; (2) availability; (3) accessibility; and (4) acceptability. In conclusion, this paper provides some recommendations regarding public policies, with the aim of improving the supply of and access to the services by the poor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 11:55:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810724</guid>
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      <title>Competition and Ownership in Land Transport Passenger Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/809593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Land Public Transport has been the focus of considerable attention in Transport Policy and Economics, given its importance for social cohesion and potential contribution to reduce congestion and emissions. Conciliating economic efficiency and effectiveness in achieving high levels of patronage is difficult, and certainly influenced by the choices made on competition and ownership of companies in the relevant market. In one volume, this book brings together a selection of the best papers presented at the 9th International Conference series on Competition and Ownership of Land Passenger Transport (known as the Thredbo Series). Thredbo is a premier international event that brings together academics, government policy makers, politicians, consultants and public transport operators to review the international developments in the theme area. The topics covered in this volume include competition and ownership in land transport, innovation in governance, planning and service design, regulatory reform, institutional configurations and frameworks, contracts and partnerships, policy business interaction, design and innovation, contract design, monitoring and auditing, and policy evolution and decision making processes. This book provides an overview of some major components in the ongoing reform of the land passenger transport sector, covering as much the traditional themes of competition and ownership, including the growing of trusting partnerships and the sharing of risk and reward and how to reflect this in contracts, as the less common issues as the role of technology and information in enabling the introduction of measures that will promote growing patronage in public transport, of which congestion charging gained performance in the last years with some politically successful experiences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 11:55:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/809593</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Innovative Solutions to Transportation Needs in the Colonias</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/787833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An estimated 400,000 Texas residents, most of whom are legal citizens of the United States, currently live under poor conditions in underdeveloped neighborhoods called "colonias" along the Texas-Mexico border. They are challenged daily with the simple tasks of seeing their children off to school, going to work, obtaining water for daily use, buying groceries, obtaining quality health care, and having their trash removed. A major link in all of these basic needs is sufficient and affordable transportation. While many areas are gradually working to provide desperately needed infrastructure to these communities, the process is slow and expensive. Innovative and cost-effective solutions are needed to solve immediate transportation needs to help support these Texans in daily life. This research attempts to assess and document innovative, affordable, and cost-effective methods for meeting some of the unique transportation challenges facing residents of the "colonias." The overall approach is to provide resources that may help improve the quality of life for these citizens by meeting their transportation needs on a daily basis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Aug 2006 16:28:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/787833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transportation Issues for Women in Developing Countries: Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/776885</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how achieving the targeted millennium goals being, education, gender equity and reducing maternal mortality remain a major challenge in the developing world. An inefficient transportation system and inaccessibility are one of the primary areas to hit in order to achieve these intended goals. Living in large cities women have additional opportunities to work, educate themselves and perform other household related tasks, but are refrained from doing so owing to inefficient transportation system. This research is based on a case study of Karachi and has carried out a cross-sectional survey of two hundred female transport users in June 2005. Participants were asked about factors contributing as barriers to accessing transportation and possible suggestions to improve current infrastructure. Resistance by male members of the house to travel (8%), lack of accessibility and affordability of transportation (21%), bus frequencies and low level of services (17%), bus staff behavior (17%), limited seats (22%), and ill planned public transportation infrastructure (15%), were reasons for discomfort and inefficient transportation system reported by the interviewees. Whereas allocating more buses/routes (26%), allocate more seats (18%), improved accessibility, frequencies, and staff behavior (31%), separate transportation (2%), inhibiting boarding on buses after seats are full (12%), and reduction in transportation costs (11%) were possible suggestions by interviewees to alleviate the current dismal situation. Apart from a good government infrastructure an integrated approach is proposed in which inter-sectoral collaboration of all ministries/departments can lead to a more sustained transportation system to cater to the needs of female passengers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2006 07:59:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/776885</guid>
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      <title>Driven to Spend: Pumping Dollars Out of Our Households and Communities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/757236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to the Surface Transportation Policy Project (STPP), the combined costs of transportation and housing accounted for 52% of the average family's budget in 2003.  Recent increases in prices of housing and gas suggest that these costs are probably already higher than this report shows.  The report notes that in regions that have invested in public transit, households benefit from having affordable options to driving, even as the prices of gasoline rise.  Households with lower income are impacted more by higher transportation costs.  These expenses claim a greater percentage of their budgets even though they may be spending less.  The report concludes that it is incumbent upon our country to focus on providing alternatives to automobile travel, to deliver greater economic security for families and communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2005 10:56:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/757236</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE SHORE TRANSIT APPROACH - COORDINATED REGIONAL RURAL TRANSPORTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/740437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland is a rural area situated between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland.  The main sources of jobs for low-skilled workers in this region are in factories, construction and the hospitality industry.  But for many low-income, job-ready individuals obtaining and retaining employment was an elusive quest.  They did not have reliable and affordable transportation. They were either dependent on family and friends to get to work, or they paid a large portion of their income for taxis to get to their jobs, or they navigated across multiple counties using multiple transit systems.  Their situations changed for the better with the creation of Shore Transit.  Shore Transit formed as a nonprofit agency to coordinate and enhance transit on the Lower Eastern Shore.  It represents the region's three counties - Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester - and works to provide a range of transportation options including the three public county transit providers: Somerset Commuter, Wicomico Transit and Worcester County Ride; social services transportation providers; and local taxi services. Between the Federal Transit Administration's Job Access and Reverse Commute funds and the Maryland Department of Human Resources' (DHR) contribution of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) dollars, Shore Transit receives about $1 million per year.  To date, DHR is the sole provider of the matching dollars to the Job Access grant, having given the Lower Eastern Shore more than $3 million in matching funds over the last several years.  Job Access funding is helping Shore Transit achieve its major goal of coordinating transportation services and getting people the rides they need.  In addition, because Shore Transit is a coordinated system and supported by numerous Federal, state and local funding sources, riders can use the buses, vans, and taxis for more than just work and education trips.  Passengers can also go shopping, visit a friend, and go to medical appointments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/740437</guid>
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