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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems IVHS [video]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727306</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This video describes the five components of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). The components described are: Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS), Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO), and Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS). By utilizing advanced technologies in the computer, control and communications fields, IVHS has the potential to ameliorate traffic congestion and improve traffic safety on the nation's highways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 14:56:08 GMT</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title>Advanced Public Transportation Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2754154</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This undated booklet describes the Federal Transit Administration's Advanced Public Transportation System program as part of the United States Department of Transportation's initiative in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 11:16:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2754154</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Digital transformation of public transport through travel applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digital technologies are fundamentally transforming public transport, with travel applications playing an increasingly important role in connecting users with transport services in real time. This article focuses on a detailed analysis of the features these applications offer and evaluates their potential to support effective, inclusive, and sustainable forms of mobility. It combines a systematic review of selected applications used across Europe with an analysis of user preferences and behaviour obtained through a questionnaire survey. The aim of the article is to propose a methodology for evaluating travel applications that considers technological maturity, the degree of integration with transport systems, user accessibility, and their contribution to intelligent transport planning. The proposed methodology is based on scoring evaluation, multi-criteria analysis, user surveys, and the interpretation of alignment between the functional offering of applications and user expectations. Emphasis is placed on aspects such as interoperability, data protection, digital inclusion, and the need to reflect the diversity of user groups. The results indicate that while core functionalities (e.g., route search, real-time information, ticketing) are widely implemented, there are significant differences in the scope and quality of advanced features such as personalization, visualizations, or participatory tools. The article identifies overlaps and mismatches between user preferences and available features, highlighting the need for a standardized, user-centred approach to the development of travel applications as a key element of the digital transformation of public transport in both urban and regional contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 14:44:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627491</guid>
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      <title>The effectiveness of autonomous public transport systems in densely populated urban areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an in-depth analysis and comparison of technologies for autonomous transport systems, focusing on logistical considerations, economic factors, and overall outcomes. The study evaluates various scenarios, including manned and autonomous ground vehicles, as well as infrastructure solutions, to provide insights into their operational efficiency and economic viability.In the logistical comparison, findings indicate that autonomous and manned ground vehicles operate within similar logistical frameworks but offer different operational flexibilities. Autonomous systems demonstrate potential advantages in adaptability to changing passenger needs and risk reduction through sensor-based navigation. Additionally, deploying autonomous infrastructure solutions shows promising results in reducing cycle time (-43 % to ground manned/autonomous vehicles) and increasing technical speed (+57 % to ground manned/autonomous vehicles), especially in strained infrastructure environments.The economic comparison reveals challenges in assessing the cost-effectiveness of autonomous solutions due to a lack of pricing data. While the automation of public transport vehicles incurs higher capital (e.g. 33 % increase for autonomous buses vs manned) and operational expenditures (e.g. 60 % increase for autonomous buses vs manned), autonomous systems offer benefits such as continuous operation and reduced idle time. Investments in infrastructure solutions present opportunities to diversify traffic flow and enhance the overall transportation system.In conclusion, the autonomous transport system market requires increased transparency in pricing structures and technical maturity. Successful deployment depends on thorough demand studies and compatibility analyses with existing infrastructure. Innovative approaches like autonomous monorails or suspended Light Rail Transit (LRT) offer scalability, efficiency, and reduced environmental impact. Integrating predictive maintenance systems and advanced fleet management enhances reliability and service quality. Fostering transparency, embracing innovation, and implementing robust management systems are crucial for the successful integration of autonomous transport systems into urban environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 11:27:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533863</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Advanced systems and data analysis in public transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This special issue of Public Transport: Planning and Operations brings together selected papers presented at the 15th International Conference on Advanced Systems in Public Transport (CASPT2022) and the 8th International Workshop and Symposium on Research and Applications on the Use of Passive Data from Public Transport (TransitData2022), on topics of interest to practitioners and academics practitioners. The papers provide a useful basis for continued research on the complex problems in practical and theoretical issues in public transport. The joint conferences were held in Tel Aviv, Israel November 6-10, 2022. Topics:  -Spatiotemporal clustering of smart card data -Wi-Fi sensors in public transport -Multi-objective optimization for planning to ensure sustainability and equity  -Crowding problems in public transport and possible measurements and modeling  -Integrated vehicle and crew scheduling in public transport using improved information and communication technology and software development -Incidents of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems, especially in developing economies]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 16:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483261</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Reference Architecture for Data-Driven Intelligent Public Transportation Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Smart cities include complex ICT ecosystems, whose definition requires the cooperation of several software systems. Among them, Intelligent Public Transportation Systems (IPTS) aim to effectively exploit public transit resources. Still, adopting an IPTS is non-trivial. Off-the-shelf IPTS are often tied to specific technologies and, thus, not easy to integrate within existing software ecosystems. Moreover, despite IPTS introduce several peculiar issues, there is a lack of domain-specific reference architectures, which would significantly ease the work of practitioners. To fill this gap, starting from the experience gained with the Hitachi Rail company in deploying a large-scale IPTS, the authors identify a set of requirements for IPTS, and propose a domain-specific reference architecture, compliant with these requirements, whose primary objective is facilitating and standardizing the design of IPTS, by providing guidelines to IPTS designers. Consequently, it eases also the interoperability among different IPTSs. As an example of an IPTS obtainable from the architecture, they present a solution currently deployed by Hitachi in a major Italian city. Still, being independent from the specific considered urban scenario, the architecture can be easily instantiated in different cities with similar needs. Finally, they discuss some research challenges which should be further investigated in this domain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Dec 2024 15:27:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448676</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Promoting the utilization of transport big data with smart transport systems for sustainable transport in Asia and the Pacific</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2378034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Critical data in the transport sector are mostly absent for national, subregional and regional development of transport policies and strategies. Even if there are easily obtainable data from basic smart transport systems, many governments are not aware of how to obtain and utilize necessary data. Most importantly, transport planners and policy makers do not have enough awareness, knowledge and capacity to utilize these data from smart transport systems to address social, economic and environmental issues. Given that most data can be acquired from current basic smart transport systems, the gap among member countries in terms of technological advancements is of note which will generate another gap on utilizing transport big data in the future. Without any action, this barrier will divide this region into those member countries that acquires and utilizes and those that do not. Moreover, current major stakeholders in the big data sector do not possess the familiarity and understanding of transport data, which has made low utilization of transport data under the big data concept. Given the significant potential of transport big data that can be generated from smart transport systems , its utilization needs to be led by relevant stakeholders that can contribute to evidence-based decision making processes. All in all, to achieve sustainable development with data-driven policy and strategy formulation in the transport sector, a broad range of transport-led actions are needed. In this regard, this guideline examines challenges and issues in deploying smart transport systems and current status of transport Big Data in Asia and the Pacific. Further, alternative solutions and recommendations for the promotion of transport Big Data-based policies are suggested together with target goals of transport Big Data utilization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 08:43:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2378034</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Extended review of multi-agent solutions to Advanced Public Transportation Systems challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past few decades, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have emerged as an effective way to improve the performance of transportation systems. ITS provide innovative services, enhance travel safety, provide travellers with more choices, and make transportation systems more efficient. Multi-agent systems (MAS), which define autonomous interacting entities, are suitable for modelling distributed and intelligent systems in general and ITS in particular. This paper provides an in-depth review of multi-agent systems applied to Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS), a subclass of ITS dedicated to managing public transportation networks. We carefully analysed 38 papers in this study, published in 19 journals during 31 years (1990–2020). We perform a synthetic analysis of the trends in this domain and a qualitative analysis focused on multi-agent systems’ dimensions and properties. We show that the MAS approach is well suited to the real-time management of disturbances thanks to their delegation process, and their pro-activeness and autonomy properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2024 08:55:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the dynamic performance of TODs and determining the priority TODs in Hefei city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent decades, transit-oriented development strategies have been widely applied in different countries around the world, including China. There is a mutually promoting relationship between urban land use (activities) and traffic (accessibility) in TODs. However, some TODs cannot achieve this process, which is beneficial to their development. This research evaluated the relationship between accessibility and activities in TODs by applying the SBM model and the super-efficiency SBM model. Hefei City was the case study. The results can identify the TODs whose activities and accessibility cannot promote the development of each other and should be prioritized in future planning. There are two types of priority TODs from the analysis: “Undersupplied TODs” and “Underdeveloped TODs.” In addition, this method can sort TODs according to the efficiency with which it achieves the above relationship. Identifying priority TODs would be helpful for planners to find weak TODs in the TOD network quickly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Dec 2023 15:43:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306886</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the New Public Transportation System in Riyadh City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The public transport system is vital in any country and gives an idea of how well cities are organized. Recently, Saudi Arabia has turned its attention toward developing a new public transport system, as issues such as low mobility, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution have arisen. In Riyadh City (Saudi Arabia) in 2012, an effort was made to decrease the reliance on private cars by developing travel demand management strategies and a public transport system. This study aims to determine the new public transport system’s impact on the economy, environment, and social practices. Qualitative semistructured interviews have been taken with Riyadh City public transport officers. Then, NVivo was used for data analysis. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a thematic approach. The findings of this study showed that the new public transport system would have significant environmental, social, and economic benefits, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduced traffic accidents, and economic opportunities. The Riyadh transportation system would promote flexibility, reduce driving time, and provide more job opportunities, significantly impacting the city’s social and economic aspects. Barriers that are associated with the utilization of public transport include social norms and culture, higher reliance on private vehicles, and low fuel prices. This study’s findings demonstrated that public transport would motivate people to use public transport. Strategies such as cleanliness, safety, strict gender segregation, and comfortable seats would encourage people to use public transport. Overall, introducing a new transport system would significantly change traffic congestion and positively influence the lives of citizens by reducing the time wasted in traffic and improving air quality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Dec 2023 15:43:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Metaverse influence on transportation: A mission impossible?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2291356</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This commentary examines the implications of metaverse technology on transportation services in the real world. While metaverse technology has successfully replicated various activities, including fashion, banking, tourism, and retail, in the virtual world, its practical application in transportation in the real world faces significant challenges. This paper questions whether the physical involvement required in transportation, the limited interest in metaverse technology, and the need for immersiveness present significant limitations for extending transportation into the metaverse. The paper concludes that although it may be challenging to integrate metaverse technology into transportation systems, it presents considerable possibilities and opportunities that require substantial investment in the design of the digital twin. However, the practical activity of transportation presents significant challenges. This paper aims to initiate a conversation around metaverse technology and transportation to challenge existing norms and offer a practical and meaningful call to action for the transport research community. This paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on integrating metaverse technology into transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2023 10:39:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2291356</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EDAPTS—Efficient Development of Advanced Public Transportation Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2148770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cal Poly State University is completing several projects funded by the Caltrans New Technology and Research Program intended to develop, demonstrate, and evaluate an open architecture, low cost, advanced public transportation system (ARTS) suitable for small and medium size transit properties. From 2000 through early 2002, APTS technologies known as the Cal Poly Smart Transit System were implemented on San Luis Obispo Transit (SLO Transit) buses. This system provides: 1) GPS-based location of buses; 2) Emergency silent alarms for use by drivers; 3) Real-time radio transmission of bus locations; and 4) Solar powered Smart Transit Signs at key bus stops at Cal Poly and in San Luis Obispo to notify riders about the status of arriving buses. Most of this equipment was fabricated from relatively low cost, off-the-shelf components. This paper describes the APTS technology demonstration on SLO Transit and some findings of a parallel evaluation of the impacts of the new technologies on system performance and user satisfaction. The evaluation includes an analysis of bus operations prior to and after deployment of the new technologies, and surveys with riders. Although the technology is still new and the settling-in process is incomplete, findings to date are encouraging regarding the benefits of deploying appropriately scaled APTS technologies in such semi-rural settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2023 09:19:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2148770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated optimization of timetable, bus formation, and vehicle scheduling in autonomous modular public transport systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2232879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a joint optimization of the timetable, bus formation, and vehicle scheduling in a flexible public transport (PT) system that utilizes autonomous modular vehicles (AMVs). In this system, AMVs have the capability to detach or join with each other at intermediate stops along the route to dynamically adjust the bus formation (capacity). To increase vehicle utilization, a flexible scheduling strategy is proposed that allows AMVs to detach from one modular bus and join another modular bus in either direction of a bidirectional line. In particular, the penalty cost for each detachment or joining operation, as well as the limited number of available AMVs is explicitly considered. The authors formulate a unified model for the integrated optimization of the modular bus service (timetable and bus formation) and vehicle scheduling by introducing two types of decision variables. The objective is to minimize overall system costs, including passenger waiting time cost, operational costs, and detachment/joining penalty costs. The two types of decision variables are coupled by a vehicle resource consistency constraint, ensuring the conformity of the modular bus service and vehicle scheduling decisions. To tackle the complexity of the authors' model, the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) is employed to decompose it into two subproblems, which can be efficiently solved using a customized forward dynamic programming algorithm and a commercial solver. The model is validated using illustrative examples and a real-world instance from the Beijing Public Transport system, and it is compared with two benchmark models. The authors' results demonstrate the efficiency of the ADMM-based solution framework for solving the integrated optimization model. Furthermore, the authors' findings indicate that the use of AMVs in PT systems can lead to reduced overall system costs and increased vehicle utilization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 14:46:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2232879</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Distributed ledger technology in public transport: use cases for blockchain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1970985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digital technologies are currently remodelling the public transport ecosystem, and blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) are receiving attention from decision makers. With Blockchain and DLT, parties are able to enter into new direct relationships with each other based on a common set of rules and a high level of trust without any need of central management authority. This will give further value to data and reshape how users will access public transport. New possibilities of accessing, paying for and using public transport are set to appear. But the potential for blockchain and its ability to transform the transport sector needs to be clearly assessed. The opportunity of an increasing number of decentralised applications running in peer-to-peer networks needs to be understood by the various stakeholders involved in the process. This Report gives direction on how blockchain contributes to influencing current processes which provide and manage public transport services. Not only are the opportunities and constraints outlined but further exemplified through use cases. A strong focus is placed on the potential of blockchain to facilitate seamless urban mobility through delivering future-oriented Mobility as a Service (MaaS) solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 16:38:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1970985</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A simulation-optimization framework for traffic disturbance recovery in metro systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1904529</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analyses how train delays propagate in a metro network due to disturbances and disruptions when different recovery strategies are implemented. Metro regulators use traffic management policies to recover from delays as fast as possible, return to a predefined schedule, or achieve an expected regularity of train arrivals and departures. The authors use as a metro traffic simulator SIMSTORS, which is based on a Stochastic Petri Net variant and simulates a physical system controlled by traffic management algorithms. To model existing metro networks, SIMSTORS has been mainly used with rule-based traffic management algorithms. In this work, the authors enhance traffic management strategies. They integrate SIMSTORS and the AGLIBRARY optimization solver in a closed-loop framework. AGLIBRARY is a deterministic solver for managing complex scheduling and routing problems. The authors formulate the real-time train rescheduling problem by means of alternative graphs, and use the decision procedures of AGLIBRARY to obtain rescheduling solutions. Several operational issues have been investigated throughout the use of the proposed simulation–optimization framework, among which how to design suitable periodic or event-based rescheduling strategies, how to setup the traffic prediction horizon, how to decide the frequency and the length of the optimization process. The Santiago Metro Line 1, in Chile, is used as a practical case study. Experiments with this framework in various settings show that integrating the optimization algorithms provided by AGLIBRARY to the rule-based traffic management embedded in SIMSTORS optimizes performance of the network, both in terms of train delay minimization and service regularity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Feb 2022 11:55:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1904529</guid>
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