<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of EVA on the rheological properties of SBR-modified asphalt binder and its behavioral evolution during the thermo-oxidative aging process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to enhance the high-temperature performance of SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber)-modified asphalt binder using EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) as well as to reveal its chemical and rheological behaviors evolution during thermo-oxidative aging. SBR-modified and SBR/EVA composite-modified asphalt binders were prepared and subjected to different thermo-oxidative aging durations, followed by a series of rheological and chemical tests. The results indicate that the addition of EVA forms a three-dimensional polymer network within the asphalt binder, enhancing deformation resistance and fatigue resistance. Specifically, SBR/EVA composite-modified asphalt binder shows a 37.57 % reduction in non-recoverable creep compliance compared to SBR-modified asphalt binder at 3.2 kPa, with a fatigue life (15 %) 9.59 times higher. With thermal-oxidative aging, the complex shear modulus and recovery rates of the binders increase while phase angle, accumulated strain, and non-recoverable creep compliance decrease. The yield strain and fatigue life (15 %) of neat asphalt and SBR/EVA composite-modified asphalt binder decrease with aging, while SBR-modified asphalt binder initially improves before declining. Additionally, the results show that as thermo-oxidative aging time increases, the G-R parameter and carbonyl index rise, while the crossover frequency drops. However, the rheological index and sulfoxide index do not show an apparent pattern during aging. The carbonyl index and crossover frequency are recommended as reliable indicators for assessing asphalt binder deterioration, and these two indexes also show a strong linear correlation. These findings contribute to advancing the understanding of the effects of EVA on the rheological and aging properties of SBR-modified asphalt binder.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 10:39:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454665</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of hydrocarbon exposure on the mechanical properties of rail pads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2345181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the effect of hydrocarbon exposure on the mechanical behaviour of seat pads used as a part of the fastening system in rail transport. Three different types of rail pads are examined, two made of EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) and one made of EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate). The results indicate that hydrocarbon exposure has a significant effect on the dynamic stiffness and mass stability of the pads, particularly in the EPDM ones. More specifically, it is observed that EPDM exposure to hydrocarbons increases the flexibility of the pads. Furthermore, for prolonged exposure periods (500 hours), this flexibility can become so pronounced that exhausts the pad's ability to deform under the loads applied during track assembly, which results in a more rigid behaviour than aging. Such findings are important as they suggest that hydrocarbons can negatively impact the performance and safety of rail transport due to the changes induced in critical mechanical properties of pads. Consequently, measures should be taken by contractors and infrastructure managers to reduce the adverse influence of hydrocarbons on rail pads, which contributes to increase the safety and efficiency of rail transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 10:01:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2345181</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characteristics of slow-release ice and snow melting micro-surfacing materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to solve the problem of frequent snow and ice removal in winter, a micro-surfacing pavement with active snow and ice removal and slow-release function is developed. The snow-melting agent with sodium acetate, calcium acetate, and potassium acetate as the main components was prepared, and the optimum proportion was determined. With the help of hygroscopicity and oil absorption tests, the optimum surface modifier and its optimum concentration were determined. The microstructure of the snowmelt agent were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of snow-melting agent on the road performance was explored. The results show that the optimum proportion of sodium acetate, calcium acetate and potassium acetate is 37, 15 and 48 % respectiveiy. When the surface modifier: hydrogen silicone oil and KH560 solution concentration was 4.0% and 1.0% respectively, the slow-release effect was the optimum. The wear resistance and high temperature stability of micro-surfacing with the snowmelt agent were increased by 2.5 % and 8.2 %, respectively. It is most reasonable to determine that the optimal replacement amount of mineral powder is 50%. It is necessary to study the distribution of self-made snowmelt agent in the mixture in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 18:19:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Properties and Durability of High Toughness Concrete (HTC) Modified by EVA and SB Latex Powder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309995</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To study the effect of different polymer latex powders on mechanical properties and durability of high toughness concrete (HTC), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and styrene butadiene (SB) were used to prepare modified HTCs. The flexural strength, compressive strength, and toughness of the HTC specimens were investigated by the flexural strength test, compressive strength test, and toughness test, respectively. Moreover, the freeze-thaw test, salt ion freeze-thaw test, dry shrinkage test, rapid chloride migration test, and carbonation test were carried out to evaluate the influence of EVA and SB on durability of HTC. Results show that EVA and SB with proper content can obviously improve the flexural performance and toughness of HTC. The durability of HTC, including the frost resistance, salt ion frost resistance, dry shrinkage resistance, chloride ion penetration resistance, and carbonization resistance, can be totally enhanced with the addition of the two polymer latex powders because the EVA and SB can interweave with hydration products of the HTC to form a network structure, leading to a denser structure with less harmful and very harmful holes in HTC and thus preventing penetration and erosion inside the HTC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jan 2024 16:55:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309995</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in a light-duty diesel engine operated using ethyl acetate-gasoline blends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2226117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The low temperature combustion mode of homogeneous charge compression ignition eliminates particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NOₓ) emissions trade-off that prevails in high-temperature, diffusion-controlled conventional diesel combustion (CDC). In the present research, the significant challenge of narrow operating load range that hinders the commercial implementation of light-duty HCCI engines was overcome by employing ethyl acetate-gasoline blends. The gasoline concentration in test fuels was reduced in 10% decrements, from 84% to 24%, to replace it with ethyl acetate. The use of ethyl acetate, a renewable fuel, can help solve the energy crisis due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels. An ignition improver was blended in the test fuels in a predetermined amount of 6% so that combustion stability was not hampered at lower loads. Parametric investigations were conducted to study the effect of progressively increasing ethyl acetate in test fuels on HCCI combustion, performance, and emissions. The machine learning tool of artificial neural network was implemented to learn the behavior of the test engine, considering load and fuel composition as input variables. The feedforward artificial neural network models were developed to predict the start of combustion, combustion phasing, indicated thermal efficiency, and emissions of carbon monoxide, soot, NOₓ, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC). A multi-objective optimization was performed to arrive at the best operating condition by integrating artificial neural network models with the genetic algorithm. All the developed artificial neural network models could predict responses with acceptable accuracy. The genetic algorithm indicated that the optimum point of the operation was at 80% load and 65% ethyl acetate in the test fuels. Experiments were conducted to validate the optimal HCCI conditions that resulted in 27% higher indicated thermal efficiency, 54% lower HC+NOₓ, and 99% lower soot emissions than CDC. Overall, the present study demonstrated the benefits of considering ethyl acetate as a fuel to improve HCCI engine metrics of off-road diesel engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Sep 2023 09:08:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2226117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rutting Characterisation of EVA Modified Bitumen for High Modulus Asphalt Mixes (HiMA)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study focuses on the rutting performance evaluation of the hard grade bitumen and other high performing polymer modified binders for use in high modulus asphalt mixes. The polymer modified binders were produced through modification of VG-40 bitumen using different combinations of EVA-18 and EVA-28 polymers. Temperature and frequency oscillation and MSCR tests were conducted on the binders to study the rheological and rutting characteristics and mix rut depth measured in wheel tracker. Since the increase in the proportion of EVA-18 from 1 to 2%, decreased the ductility significantly, a combination of EVA-18 and EVA-28 was considered to improve the elastic nature of the modified binder. The Jnr and percent recovery of V4E12 and V4E13 binders and the mix rut depths suggest better rut resistance of these binders. The present study indicates that V4E12 and V4E13 are suitable for producing high modulus mixes with higher rutting resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:53:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recent development of ethylene–vinyl acetate modified asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) has been widely employed in the modification of asphalt binder due to the rigid three-dimensional network structure and special functional groups. In this paper, relevant studies of the EVA modified asphalt were summarized to further promote the development of EVA modified asphalt technology. In general, EVA modified asphalt had excellent high-temperature performance while its low-temperature performance was poor due to its stiff characteristics. It was also found that under large stain conditions, the fatigue performance of EVA modified asphalt was rather poor. However, its fatigue performance was comparable to that of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt under small strain conditions. The structure of EVA modified asphalt made it possible for it to resist degradation while performing great anti-ageing performance. Furthermore, the presence of polar groups provided EVA with excellent storage stability. The change in rheological properties of EVA modified asphalt was due to the three-dimensional network formed by physical cross-linking rather than a chemical reaction. Vinyl acetate (VA) content led to a change in the crystalline domains in the polymer, which in turn influenced the modification effect. Melt flow index (MFI) value was able to change the flow characteristics and thus affected the macro properties. Additionally, to address its performance deficiencies, this paper also discussed how composite modification of waste tire rubber (WTR), SBS, low density polyethylene (LDPE), and nano-clay would help improve the performance of EVA modified asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:31:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077255</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental Impacts of Potassium Acetate as a Road Salt Alternative (Iowa State University Evaluation)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this research project was to determine the environmental impact of potassium acetate (KAc) as a deicer, including its effects on water quality and the resulting toxicity to biota. The motivation for the research was the Minnesota Department of Transportation’s (MnDOT’s) exploratory use of KAc to significantly reduce the use of chloride-based deicers in controlling snow and ice on roads and the potential benefits, including reduced environmental effects. This study evaluated the environmental impact of KAc as a deicer through field measurements, laboratory experiments, and modeling. Field sites, including bridges and tunnels, were selected to investigate a range of conditions, and sampling characterized KAc concentrations in soil and water as well as measured dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, and other water-quality parameters. Laboratory experiments investigated the persistence of KAc and its microbial toxicity at higher resolution than possible in field sampling. To predict the spatial and temporal extent of KAc’s environmental effects, models of the fate and transport of KAc in runoff to streams and lakes were constructed and evaluated. A detailed user’s manual for the models is provided as an appendix in this report. The researchers recommend that the two models, KAcStream and KAcLake, be used by MnDOT to guide its choice of sites and concentrations of KAc deicer applications. These models also allow for initial estimates of the environmental impact of KAc applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2022 10:22:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027100</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental Impacts of Potassium Acetate as a Road Salt Alternative (University of Minnesota Evaluation)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road salt (NaCl) is used predominantly across the state for winter road anti-icing (as brine) and de-icing (as a solid) operations. Road salt is used because it is inexpensive and effective, but the thousands of tons used annually have resulted in increasing chloride concentrations of surface water bodies throughout Minnesota. In many cases, chloride concentrations are above regulatory limits, which results in the loss of aquatic biota and the water body being labeled as impaired. Thus, there is a need for one or more road salt alternatives (RSAs) that are effective, relatively inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. This report investigates the environmental impacts of potassium acetate (Kac), which is effective at lower temperatures than most other potential RSAs and is also less corrosive to steel than conventional road salt. Field measurements indicate that current applications of KAc do not have a substantial influence on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and microbiological water quality in Lake Superior. However, KAc concentrations due to application to 25% of the roads in the Miller Creek watershed are predicted to be above the toxic limit for water fleas. The authors believe that KAc could be used in the most precarious winter driving safety locations, but not over all watershed roads or for all storms. Acetate could be used as a general organic anti-icer, but in combination with another cation, such as sodium or magnesium.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2022 10:22:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influences of EVA and methylcellulose on mechanical properties of Portland cement-calcium aluminate cement-gypsum ternary repair mortar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1991012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Portland cement–calcium aluminate cement–gypsum ternary repair mortar has the problems of poor toughness, low flexural strength and later strength retrogression in the process of road repair. The effects of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and methylcellulose on the mechanical properties of Portland cement–calcium aluminate cement–gypsum ternary repair mortar were investigated. The flexural strength of mortar increases with increasing content of EVA powder by less than 1.5% and the modified mortar with 1.5% EVA has better toughness but the late strength did not grow or was even lower than early strength. The combination of EVA and methylcellulose can effectively improve the flexural and compressive strengths and ensure the development of late strength. The acetic group of EVA copolymer consumes calcium hydroxide to produce calcium acetate under the basic condition, thus forming fine ettringite (AFt) crystal, which can improve the flexural strength with the filling effect of EVA particles. The methylcellulose has good water retention ability, which improves the stability of AFt and thus ensures the late strength. The combined addition of EVA and methylcellulose into the ternary system can improve the stability of AFt, optimize the crystal morphology of AFt, and increase the compressive strength and flexural strength, so as to ensure the development of strength in the later stage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 09:27:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1991012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Soot Mechanism of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) with Various Oxygen Concentrations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1832035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A multi-step acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) phenomenological soot model was proposed and implemented into KIVA-3V Release 2 code. Experiments were conducted in an optical constant volume combustion chamber to investigate the combustion and soot emission characteristics under the conditions of 1000 K initial temperature with various oxygen concentrations (21%, 16%, 11%). Multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted in conjunction under the same operation conditions. The predicted soot mass traces showed good agreement with experimental data. As ambient oxygen decreased from 21% to 11%, ignition delay retarded and the distribution of temperature became more homogenous. Compared to 21% ambient oxygen, the peak value of total soot mass at 16% oxygen concentration was higher due to the suppressed soot oxidation mechanism. At 11% ambient oxygen, both soot formation and oxidation mechanism were suppressed, but more so for the soot formation effect, thus leading to the reduction of soot particles under highly-diluted oxygen condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1832035</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Using Magnesium Acetate on the Self-Healing Efficiency of Hydrogel-Encapsulated Bacteria in Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1892838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a promising pathway in self-healing concrete due to its capability to seal cracks. In the present research study, Bacillus pseudiformus was selected as the bacterial strain and encapsulated with nutrients in hydrogel beads that were further added to a mortar mix. A combination of magnesium acetate and yeast extract were implemented as the nutrients and evaluated at different dosages. Flexural strength tests were performed on the specimens 28 days after casting in order to induce cracking. Once the crack was induced the specimens were subjected to 28 days of wet/dry cycles and the corresponding crack width was monitored. A second flexural strength test was performed in order to determine the strength recovery at the end of the cycles. Furthermore, the self-healing efficiency was obtained from the crack widths, revealing that the specimens with a larger nutrient and cell concentration displayed the best results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2021 09:35:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1892838</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ice pressure and icing volume expansion rate of acetate-based deicers under freezing conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1879080</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Acetate-based deicers are frequently used as airport pavement de-icing fluids in cold regions. In this study, the ice pressure (Ip), icing volume expansion rate (ΔVP), freezing point (T0), and undercooling degree of acetate-based deicers were investigated. The above mentioned indices were also compared with that of water and NaCl deicers. The results showed that the cooling process and ice crystal growing process of acetate-based deicers could be divided into five stages. Additionally, the stabilised values of Ip and ΔVP decreased with the deicer concentration increases. Furthermore, the impulse concept of ice pressure (IPI) was proposed to evaluate the frost damage of concrete caused by deicers. The Ip, ΔVP , and T0 values of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) deicer with different Ca/Mg mole ratios (i.e. 1/1, 0.91, 7/3, and 3/7) were tested in the ice pressure test. The value of CMA deicer with 3/7 Ca/Mg mole ratio was the lowest. However, the Ip values of CMA deicers with 0.91 Ca/Mg and 1/1 Ca/Mg mole ratios were the highest. Among all the tested acetate-based deicers, CMA deicers had the lowest values of Ip, ΔVP, and IPI. Moreover, the CMA deicer with 3Ca/7Mg mole ratio was recommended for deicing airport pavements to reduce the concrete frost deterioration caused by acetate-based deicers. In this study, we investigated the physical properties of acetate-based deicers, quantitatively analysed the destructive power of deicers in a freeze–thaw test, and studied the cause of freeze–thaw deterioration of concrete. Overall, this study provides a theoretical method for exploring new deicers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Oct 2021 15:40:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1879080</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on rheological properties of EVA modified asphalt based on fractional derivative theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1847868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the fractional derivative theory, the relation between fractional derivative operator and power function empirical creep equation has been established. And the physical meaning of the power function parameters has been clarified. Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) has been used as additives to prepare modified asphalt with content of EVA modifier varying from 0% to 9% in increments of 3% by weight of asphalt. Dynamic frequency sweep tests have been conducted on EVA modified asphalt using dynamic shear rheometer at 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C. The complex shear modulus and the rutting factor of the asphalt modified by EVA increase with the increase of EVA content and decrease with the increase of temperature. The results indicate that the EVA modified asphalt reduced thermal sensitivity and increased resistance to permanent at high temperatures. Also, the power function parameters of EVA modified asphalt have been studied and analysed based on fractional derivative theory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2021 16:40:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1847868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influences of sodium salt erosion on the self-healing ability and fatigue life of bitumen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1843554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the method of vibration immersion erosion was designed to simulate the sodium salt erosion of bitumen, and the modified dynamic shear rheology (DSR) tests were applied to explore the self-healing ability and fatigue life of bitumen in different sodium salt erosion environments. Moreover, the main reasons for the bitumen performance change were explained from the microscopic level by the four-component test, Fourier-transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The significance ranking of different influencing factors (salt solution concentration, erosion time, and temperature) was determined by the F-test, and the correlation between the self-healing ability and fatigue life of the bitumen in salt erosion environments was analyzed. It was found that the self-healing ability and fatigue life of the bitumen were severely weakened in sodium salt solutions. Na₂SO₄ had the most prominent weakening effect, followed by CH₃COONa and NaCl. The microscopic analysis revealed that the colloidal balance of the bitumen was destroyed under sodium salt erosion and the interaction between sodium salts and some radical groups of the bitumen resulted in the deterioration of bitumen fluidity, stability, and mechanical properties, resulting in the decline of the self-healing ability and fatigue life of the bitumen. The rankings of different influencing factors on the self-healing ability and fatigue life of the bitumen were temperature > concentration > time and temperature > time > concentration, respectively. The correlation analysis expressed that the negative impacts of sodium salts on the self-healing ability and fatigue life of the bitumen were highly synchronized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Apr 2021 15:14:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1843554</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>