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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing Cybersecurity Risks of Vehicle Accessories: From Wireless Connectivity to Firmware</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team propose to conduct comprehensive penetration testing on various emerging vehicle accessories. For example, since 2019, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has mandated the use of electronic logging devices (ELDs) for most commercial motor vehicle drivers in the United States. These devices are designed to monitor hours of service (HOS) to reduce fatigue-related accidents. Additionally, OBD-II dongles provide diagnostic capabilities for drivers, repair technicians, and insurance companies. Other examples include dash cameras, vehicle health monitors, and infotainment adapters. Recent research including that of the research team has shown that accessories (e.g., ELD, and CarPlay adapter) can serve as attack vectors for compromising vehicle systems. Given that modern vehicles are safety-critical systems, vulnerabilities in these accessories may pose serious real-world risks. More specifically, these accessories typically operate via wireless connections to smartphones, allowing users to manage device settings and monitor performance through companion apps. As a result, vulnerabilities may exist across three components: (1) wireless connectivity (e.g., Bluetooth), (2) mobile applications, and (3) device firmware. As a result, the research team proposes to conduct a comprehensive penetration test on these in-vehicle accessories to reveal any potential vulnerabilities. 

First, the research team will examine the wireless connection between accessories and smartphones, the initial point of interaction. If unsecured, this connection could be exploited by an attacker to gain unauthorized access and control. The research team's prior work on OBD-II dongles has shown that many of these devices lack authentication, allowing attackers to connect even while a driver is actively using them. The research team will assess whether similar vulnerabilities are present in other types of accessories. Next, the team will reverse engineer the companion applications. Building on its earlier work, which revealed CAN command embedded in app code, the research team will extend its analysis to additional accessories. CAN commands are powerful; they can be used to perform operations such as unlocking doors or activating turn signals. Moreover, these apps may store sensitive data, especially in the case of ELDs, which require user authentication to track driver identity and activity. The research team will develop an automated framework that can extract and analyze relevant data from applications, regardless of devices.
Finally, the research team will collect and analyze firmware from these accessories to identify embedded security flaws. The research team will create a methodology to automate vulnerability detection, using techniques such as fuzzing, symbolic execution, and fingerprinting. If the firmware uses outdated or vulnerable open-source components, these could be inherited flaws that present systemic risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 19:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676003</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Procuring electronics and semiconductors in a changing environment : a study of automakers' procurement strategies to secure supply, cost and innovation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534197</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive industry is undergoing a transformation that is fueled by automation, connectivity, and electrification. Automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have and continue to become increasingly dependent on electronic and semiconductor components (SEC), in a changing environment characterized by increasing legal regulations, rapid technological development, and susceptibility to natural disasters. These factors present challenges for OEMs and their procurement to secure the needed supply, cost, and innovation of SEC. An example of these challenges is the semiconductor shortage crisis (2021-2023., which caused production stops and increased component costs for several OEMs. Looking ahead, concerns about supply and cost are accompanied by an increasing need to access innovations that enable new, advanced vehicle functions. This thesis takes the perspective of automotive OEMs and investigates how, through their procurement, they can improve their position in the supply network to secure supply, cost, and innovation of SEC. To achieve this aim, this thesis adopts a case study of an automotive OEM's SEC supply network. Adopting a case study method allowed the exploration of the context of the automotive SEC supply network, including the relationships, the dependences between actors, and the influence of internal and external factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534197</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable vehicles with recycled plastics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534171</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The production of vehicles is one of the most resource-intensive industries. 10 % of the overall consumption of plastics, 6 million tonnes/year is used by the European vehicle industry1. Increase the use of recycled plastics in vehicles is one of the key challenges for sustainable transformation of the vehicle industry as it plays an important role in saving resources and reducing greenhouse emissions. The main goal of this project was to contribute to increased use of recycled plastic in the Swedish vehicle industry. Volvo Cars goal is that 25 % of the plastic used in cars should be recycled or biobased by 2025. The goal will most probably be reached according to Volvo Cars. Volvo group has the goal to be fossil neutral, which requires recycled material in the truck components.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534171</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extending life of vehicles within electromobility era (EVE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491174</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The EVE project has been a research project to explore the use of data, analytics, and machine learning to prolong the lifetime of electric vehicles. In this endeavor, the project has focused on the most crucial components of an electric drivetrain, such as the battery, ECUs, charging hardware, and charging infrastructure to identify potentials to extend the lifetime of the components. Extending the lifetime of these vital components will in turn have a large impact on the total cost and environmental impact of electric vehicles, as the drivetrain and energy storage systems stand for a significant amount of the cost and environmental footprint of the heavy-duty vehicles. During the project, we have investigated different techniques and methods. For example, Transfer Learning methods were utilized to transfer insights from the older hybrid buses into newer generations, providing a significant increase in the ability to calculate and model Battery State of Health over classical Supervised Regression Models. The project has also utilized Machine Learning methods to create predictive maintenance algorithms for the drivetrain, enabling faster identification of errors and, therefore, a longer lifetime of the vehicles. The project has also used FLAML to identify and train models on real-world data to predict the energy consumption of full-electric vehicles in different driving scenarios, giving insights into critical components and drivers of consumption in the vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:15:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491174</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Analysis of Engagement and Disengagement of Heating Element in a Receptacle Assembly</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For a receptacle assembly used as the switch base for cigar lighter and power outlet, the contact between the thermostat and its mating device is analyzed by introducing a simple model involving two spring-loaded rigid bodies. The contact satisfies the constraints in geometry and motion. Engagement and disengagement forces with respect to the travel distance of the moving element can be derived for ambient conditions. The calculated force-travel curve agrees with the measured. Finally, influential factors are discussed and suggestions are made for improvement of related products such as accessory plugs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 2024 09:48:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787000</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Railway Accident Prevention System Using an Intelligent Pilot Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railway transportation, as a pillar of modern civilization, unavoidably suffers from external risk factors such as natural disasters, track breakages, and train collisions, which lead to substantial loss of life and property. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design a mechanism for warning and preventing railway accidents in order to diminish costs. The authors propose an add-on solution to the current system, which equips a train with a multifunctional pilot vehicle in the front: the vehicle pilots its mother train, warning it of impending danger, and stopping it if required. Specifically, the pilot vehicle is equipped with a wireless communication device to converse with the mother train, a ranging device for measuring the real-time distance from the mother train, a camera to capture the railway conditions ahead and recognize anomaly situations, and other sensors (e.g., collision detector and tiltmeter) to monitor its own conditions. Based on the above equipment, an efficient autonomous driving method is designed for the pilot vehicle to adjust the distance from the train. The autonomous driving problem can be formulated into a multi-objective functional optimization, where the objective is to minimize the total energy consumption and the experienced jerk of the pilot vehicle, and the decision is a continuous-time function that represents the traction or braking force imposed on the pilot vehicle. Additionally, a vision-based deep learning method is devised to automatically detect the mentioned railway anomalies using the ego-view camera of the pilot vehicle. To control the operational and maintenance costs, they propose to deploy pilot vehicles only for trains running in potentially dangerous environments, e.g., mountainous areas during rainy days. By implementing the proposed scheme, they anticipate a reduction in accident rates within railway systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 18:17:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-Time High-Precision Nonlinear Tracking Control of Autonomous Vehicles Using Fast Iterative Model Predictive Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389791</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Model predictive control (MPC) has become a practical approach for implementing active safety control strategies in autonomous vehicles (AVs). This article introduces a Fast Iterative MPC (FI-MPC) framework with rule-based iteration convergence criteria to tackle the significant challenges of control precision and solving time discrepancies between linear and nonlinear MPC algorithms within tracking control strategies for AVs. Differing from linear and nonlinear MPC structures, the core concept of FI-MPC involves incorporating the unmodeled nonlinear dynamics of the vehicle or tires into a linear framework to achieve optimal iterative control solutions. The goal is to mitigate the mismatch between linear and high-fidelity nonlinear dynamics models, thus achieving real-time high-precision tracking control of nonlinear vehicle dynamics under challenging conditions. In addition, rule-based convergence criteria are designed to enhance the iteration mechanism of FI-MPC, further conserving the computational resources of the onboard controller by reducing unnecessary iteration steps. To validate the effectiveness of the FI-MPC algorithm, this study investigates the trajectory tracking problem for a four-wheel-drive AV for a weave test scenario. Co-simulation and hardware-in-the-loop testing results at various speeds confirm that FI-MPC enables high-precision control of nonlinear dynamics while ensuring excellent real-time performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jun 2024 16:02:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389791</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A generic approach to capitalize manufacturing experience in design and optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As design changes in the production phase can be hundreds of times more costly than in the design phase, it is crucial to make sure that the designed product is actually manufacturable before start of production. To this aim nowadays often many manual iterations are needed between the designers and manufacturing experts, which leads to an inefficient design process and delayed time-to-market that in turn are detrimental for company competitiveness. Here we present the outline of a research effort to realize a substantially more integrated design process tailored towards both performance aspects and manufacturability. Key to this is the formalisation of Design for Manufacturing (DfM) rules within the functional CAD design stage. The traditional design approach is exemplified further in this work for the design of a gearbox housing for electric vehicle transmission systems. To realize substantial weight reduction without compromising performance, a novel multi-material design is proposed, constituting of both aluminium, to ensure structural integrity, and high performance polymer for additional structural integrity and leak-tightness under operating condition. Results shown include Topology Optimization (TO) under realistic loading conditions, scrutinizing material volume fraction boundary conditions and mesh sensitivity. Finally, some DfM rules and considerations in order to come to a manufacturable CAD design, are highlighted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2023 14:21:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The environmental benefits and challenges of a composite car with structural battery materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One way to reduce the environmental impact of an electric vehicle is to reduce the vehicle’s mass. This can be done by substitution of conventional materials such as steel, aluminium, and plastics with carbon fibre composites, or possibly even with structural battery composite materials. In the latter case, another consequence is that the size of the vehicle battery is reduced as the structural battery composite not only provides structural integrity, but also stores energy. This study assesses the change in life cycle environmental impacts related to transitioning from a conventional battery electric vehicle to a vehicle with components made from either carbon fibre composites or structural battery composites, with the aim of identifying environmental challenges and opportunities for cars with a high share of composite materials. Results show that a transition to carbon fibre composites and structural battery composite materials today would (in most cases) increase the total environmental impact due to the energy intensive materials production processes. The two major contributors to the environmental impacts for the structural battery composite materials are energy intensive structural battery material manufacturing process and carbon fibre production process, both of which can be expected to decrease their energy consumption as the technology maturity level increases and other production and manufacturing processes are developed. For future assessments, more effort needs to be put on collecting primary data for large-scale structural battery composites production and on assessing different technology development routes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2023 14:21:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093217</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fault diagnosis for vehicle air conditioning blower using deep learning neural network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a fault diagnosis system for vehicle heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) acoustic signal with various feature extractions in deep learning neural network. Traditionally, sound used for fault diagnosis or signal classification is observed the difference of energy in time or frequency domains. Unfortunately, the frequency smearing effect often arises in some critical conditions. In the present study, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) are proposed in fault diagnosis. Meanwhile, when using mechanical learning methods, the data are relatively large, in order to reduce the amount of data, DWT and WPT low-frequency decomposition could be used to improve the performance. Furthermore, the signal characteristics more comprehensive, this study attempts to use the feature extraction method of wavelet packet conversion to improve the signal characteristics. In the experiment process, the operation state of the blade blower in the vehicle air conditioner, four different faults were designed, test database was established through sound to classify, and identify the data using deep neural networks to achieve the purpose of blower fault diagnosis. In data analysis, the original signal is presented through wavelet packet decomposition and discrete packet conversion technology, compared with traditional time and frequency domain signals to explore the identification rate, identification speed and related issues. Experimental results show that using WPT combined with deep neural networks have good fault diagnosis and discrimination capabilities, training, and identification time is shorter than time-frequency domain signals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2022 10:59:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015485</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Operating Feeling Design of Rotary Switches in Consideration of the Combination of Tactile Sensation and Operating Sound</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2011412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The operating feeling of rotary switches used in various in-vehicle equipment influences one's impression of the vehicle itself. Thus, the operating feeling needs designing appropriately by understanding the correspondence with the relevant physical characteristics. This study evaluated the onomatopoeic free-answer and the semantic differential method using adjectives for operating feeling of rotary switches, which consists of tactile and auditory stimuli. Two experimental results showed the relationship between phonological characteristics of onomatopoeia, adjectival expressions, and physical characteristics of stimuli, respectively. Moreover, the authors indicated the features of onomatopoeic and adjectival expressions in the design of the operating feeling consisting of multimodal stimuli.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:12:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2011412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Noise of Accessory Belt under Cold Condition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1823062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an experimental study of automotive V-ribbed belt slip noise under cold condition. In this study, a set of experiments was conducted to investigate the properties of the belt noise and friction using a self-developed rig. The belt friction under cold condition is found to have higher value than that in room condition. The belt noise under cold condition is found to have much higher squeal frequency than that in room condition. This study is expected to provide accessory drive designers some fundamental understanding of belt startup noise under cold conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2022 09:28:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1823062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural Evaluation of Ashcan and Performance Enhancement by Spring Optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829903</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ashcan contributes to the aesthetics and elegance of the vehicle interiors. It is used to store the ash. Generally the ashcan is fitted on the console of the car. The operational requirement of ashcan is to open with minimum force but not at very low accelerations experienced during the vehicle bump event. Also closing force should be comparatively higher. The closing of the ashcan lid should ensure positive locking, which may be achieved by using cam and follower locking mechanism. The other requirement is that it should be structurally durable enough to sustain the repetitive loading during its operation. Ashcan may undergo severe abusive loading during its operation. To simulate these operations and understand the physics of the problem, a multi-step non-linear analysis involving a complex contact situation is carried out. The scope of this paper is to explain the procedure of calculating the force required for closing and opening of the ashcan lid. The forces calculated using finite element analysis (F.E.A) are compared with physical test forces and the functionality failure is compared with field failure. Based on the design requirements, a number of proposals were developed. The proposals were virtually tested under normal working conditions and highly abusive loading. Best performing, optimal and feasible design solution was developed and selected. Main challenges in this task were to deal with extremely sensitive spring assembly, low operating forces and high level of nonlinearities involved in it.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 10:07:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1829903</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dependence of Sound Package Item Sensitivities on Initial Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1804480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During a vehicle development program, the sensitivity of a single sound package item or group of items is often described by its dB impact on the full vehicle response. This is often communicated between different vehicle platform teams even though the results may not be valid. Depending on the current state of the entire sound package, i.e., the initial conditions, the sensitivity of one particular item can be greatly variable. A general set of rules is proposed to help identify when a single item's sensitivity may be significantly altered due to a change in the initial conditions of the complete sound package.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:16:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1804480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement of Access Equipment on Girders of Honshu Shikoku Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1743836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Honshu-Shikoku Bridges (HSB) are comprised of 17 long-span bridges which span over the straits, and the bridge girders are at high altitude above the sea. Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Co., Ltd. (HSBE) is conducting maintenance management of the long-span bridges based on the concept of preventive maintenance, in which the authors take action before deterioration progresses. Routine inspection of bridge girder at high altitude and repair painting requires securing safety and high work efficiency. For this reason, it is necessary to approach as close as possible to each member of the bridge girder. Against such a background, the authors modified existing maintenance vehicles and expanded the accessible range. In this paper, the technical development of the maintenance vehicle of the Ohnaruto Bridge by expanding the accessible range to the bridge girder is described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Feb 2021 15:00:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1743836</guid>
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