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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7QWJzb3JiZW50cyZxdW90OyIgb3JpZ2luYWxfdmFsdWU9IiZxdW90O0Fic29yYmVudHMmcXVvdDsiIC8+PC9maWx0ZXJzPjxyYW5nZXMgLz48c29ydHM+PHNvcnQgZmllbGQ9InB1Ymxpc2hlZCIgb3JkZXI9ImRlc2MiIC8+PC9zb3J0cz48cGVyc2lzdHM+PHBlcnNpc3QgbmFtZT0icmFuZ2V0eXBlIiB2YWx1ZT0icHVibGlzaGVkZGF0ZSIgLz48L3BlcnNpc3RzPjwvc2VhcmNoPg==" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Water Diffusion Behavior and Shrinkage Characteristics of Internal Curing Pavement Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Super absorbent polymer (SAP) internal curing agent exhibits applicable water compensation capabilities in response to declining internal relative humidity (IRH) of cement concrete during the initial curing period, thereby inhibiting the generation of shrinkage cracks and enhancing the hydration degree of the cementitious materials. This paper explores the water diffusion behavior and shrinkage characteristics of SAP internal curing pavement concrete. In accordance with the characteristics of pavement concrete, the influence of SAP particle sizes, dosages, and curing conditions on the internal relative humidity (IRH) of concrete was examined by using the MIC-TD-TM temperature and humidity integrated sensor. Additionally, the spatial distribution of IRH at various vertical depths within the concrete was clarified. Moreover, the relationships between different types of shrinkage strain and IRH, temperature with time were also analyzed. The equivalent water diffusivity coefficient (DH) for the internal curing pavement concrete was determined, leading to the establishment of a DH-IRH model. Results indicate that at 28 days, the IRH of C30 and C40 internal curing pavement concrete reached 93.12% RH and 89.78% RH, respectively, representing an increase of 14.21% and 13.82% compared to the control group. Furthermore, the shrinkage reduction rates for the C30 and C40 internal curing groups were 69.83% and 87.62%, respectively, demonstrating that SAP significantly enhances curing effects in concrete with lower water-binder ratios. The incorporation of SAP effectively mitigates the vertical humidity gradient in pavement concrete, leading to a more uniform IRH across all layers, which positively influences the suppression of humidity-induced warping stresses in the road slab. Based on results concerning shrinkage strain, IRH, temperature, and the calculated internal curing water content, three main stages during the 28-day curing period were identified. Notably, the initial DH of the internal curing group was higher than that of the control group, and the decrease rate of DH with IRH was attenuated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 09:48:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Macrocrack Self-Healing Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt Incorporating Cigarette Filters as Microwave-Absorbing Additives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Self-healing technology in asphalt mixtures offers significant potential for reducing construction, repair, and maintenance costs. While microcrack self-healing has been extensively studied, macrocrack self-healing remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the use of discarded cigarette filters, containing heavy metals, as microwave-absorbing additives in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) to enhance macrocrack self-healing. Two incorporation methods, wet and dry mixing, were investigated. The semicircular bending (SCB) test, performed at 25°C and −12°C, assessed the self-healing performance using indices such as peak load (FMax) for microcracks, and fracture energy (Gf), crack resistance index (CRI), toughness index (TI), and balanced cracking index (BCI) for macrocracks. Results showed a 22% increase in Gf and significant improvements in BCI and TI by 25 and 22%, respectively, at 25°C with wet mixing. The wet mixing method demonstrated superior self-healing performance compared to the dry mixing method. Statistical analysis confirmed the significant effects of the mixing method and cigarette filter content on the TI and BCI indices. In addition, self-healing performance was better at 25°C compared to −12°C. Incorporating cigarette filters into SMA offers dual environmental and performance benefits, providing a sustainable solution for asphalt durability and waste management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 08:59:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620547</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Foam-induced viscosity reduction and rheological behavior of SAP/WCO on crumb rubber modified asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the modification effects of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) and Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) on crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA), aiming to enhance its rheological performance across a wide range of service temperatures. A systematic experimental program was conducted, incorporating viscosity testing, foaming behavior analysis, microstructural characterization, and rheological evaluation at high, intermediate, and low temperatures. The results indicated that SAP reduced binder viscosity through water-release-induced micro-foaming, while WCO delayed the foaming process due to the formation of an oil film, resulting in a synergistic viscosity reduction effect. High-temperature rheological tests revealed that SAP significantly increased the complex shear modulus and rutting resistance (G*/sinδ), with more pronounced improvements at higher SAP dosages. WCO, due to its plasticizing characteristics, jointly influenced the complex modulus, phase angle, and rutting factor when applied in combination with SAP. At intermediate temperatures, SAP improved the fatigue performance by increasing the fatigue factor and extending the fatigue life based on Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) testing. The co-modification with WCO further enhanced fatigue resistance. At low temperatures, SAP exhibited limited influence on creep stiffness (S) and the m-value, whereas WCO contributed to improved thermal cracking resistance. Their combined application demonstrated a synergistic effect in enhancing low-temperature performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 09:28:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of high absorbency and lightweight water-retentive semi-flexible pavement for urban heat island mitigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the challenges of urban heat island (UHI) effect and overcome the limitations of conventional absorbent materials, this study developed high absorbency water-retentive semi-flexible pavements (WRSFP) incorporating lightweight foam-modified grout. A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the material properties and pavement performance under varying foam contents (0, 0.5 ×, 1 ×, and 1.5 × the base grout volume) and different porosities (16 %, 20 %, and 24 %) of porous asphalt concrete (PAC). The results indicate that low to moderate levels of foam incorporation effectively balances workability and stability, with flow times ranging from 11.1–13.9 s and sedimentation values of 2.88–4.13 mm. Foam addition increased the water absorption rate by 36.7 %–123.8 %, while compressive strength decreased by 14.14–16.62 MPa, highlighting the inherent limitations of their application in conventional load-bearing structures. Microstructural analysis revealed that higher foam content enhanced pore connectivity, with macropores (> 500 μm) accounting for 30.2 % at the highest foam dosage. Gray relational analysis indicated that specific surface area exhibited the strongest correlation with strength and dry density, while total porosity primarily governed water absorption, with grey relational degrees of 0.789, 0.797, and 0.740, respectively. Additionally, a strong linear relationship (R² ≥ 0.92) was found between grout filling rate and flow time. The optimal formulation demonstrated excellent cooling performance, yielding a 65.8 % increase in water retention and achieving peak temperature reductions of 7.0 °C, 5.6 °C, and 4.9 °C during three cycles of simulated irradiation testing. Based on these findings, it is recommended that PAC porosity be maintained at no less than 20 %, with foam content not exceeding the base grout volume. Key contributions of this study include: (1) pioneering foam-modified grout in semi-flexible pavements; (2) developing a dynamic water retention assessment method, and (3) establishing quantitative structure-property relationships. This research provides a novel approach to developing pavement materials with sustained cooling functions, while also reducing the reliance on cement-based materials. This dual benefit provides significant practical value in mitigating the UHI effect and lowering carbon emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 09:23:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on fatigue life of pavement concrete with superabsorbent polymers under multi-field coupling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585381</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatigue analysis provides insights for emerging materials, but single-factor fatigue testing shows limitations in pavement concrete under complex conditions. This study explores the effects of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and coupled wheel load-water-temperature interactions on the fatigue performance of pavement concrete. Initial concrete properties were characterized through standard tests. Fatigue testing was then performed under controlled environmental conditions using superposition principles. The evolution of fatigue life was investigated in conjunction with probability distribution theory and Python software. Results revealed less strength variation of concrete (<13.8 %) within minimum entrained water content. The environmental factors accelerated concrete deterioration (up to 25.1 %), whereas SAP enhanced fatigue life by up to 16.2 % and improved survival probability by 0.25. The efficacy of SAP became more pronounced with increased stress levels. Moreover, the fatigue life of concrete with SAP under multi-field coupling followed Weibull distributions, and the proposed P-S-N model can be applied to predict fatigue life. SAP has excellent potential to enhance the long-term performance of pavement concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 10:34:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585381</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Large-scale model tests on the moisture and strength evolution of BT-SAP improved subgrade under full environmental cycle conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573260</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subgrade moisture redistribution and strength degradation under coupled thermo-hydraulic cycles pose serious challenges for the long-term performance of transportation infrastructure. To overcome the limitations of small-scale tests and enable realistic assessment, an advanced all-weather environmental simulation platform was developed, integrating rainfall, snowfall, fog generation, temperature control, full-spectrum solar radiation, and real-time monitoring. Using this facility, large-scale trapezoidal subgrade models were constructed with and without bentonite-based superabsorbent polymer (BT-SAP). Two composite improvement schemes: layered and wrapped structures were tested alongside an unimproved control over 6 full environmental cycles. Key performance indicators (internal moisture distribution, surface compaction degree, deformation modulus, and settlement) were recorded. Results show that BT-SAP markedly reduces upward moisture migration, maintains surface compaction degrees within 6.25 % loss of initial values, and the deformation modulus within a 22.6 % loss of its original value, and preserves deformation modulus above 50 MPa after 6 cycles. Layered and wrapped subgrade structures exhibit comparable stabilization performance, with the layered design offering simpler constructability. These findings demonstrate BT-SAP’s capability to mitigate moisture-induced strength degradation and provide a scalable, full-section improvement methodology for enhancing subgrade durability under realistic environmental loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573260</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative Analysis of Performance and Cost of Chemical Stabilizers for Iowa Granular Roads: Field and Laboratory Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the role of surface-layer gradation and evaluates the effectiveness of ionic, enzymatic, and water-absorbent solutions as chemical stabilizers through laboratory measurements and field tests on gravel road test sections in Washington County, Iowa. Materials, including soil samples and surface aggregates, were collected from representative sources commonly used in county road construction. The study monitored six test sections over a 1-year period post-construction, documenting distresses and conducting cost and performance comparisons, revealing that the performance of gradation-controlled sections incorporating balanced mixes of gravel, sand, and fines surpassed that of control sections, showing significant enhancements resulting from chemical treatments in overall performance, dust-emission reduction, and structural strength. Water-absorbent solutions proved the most highly effective in moisture retention, enhancing durability, and suppressing dust, leading to a notable 19.1% reduction in overall construction and maintenance costs compared with conventional untreated sections. Enzymatic stabilizers reduced costs by 14.2% and the volume of ionic stabilizers by 11.0%. The study emphasizes the critical role of optimal blend design and chemical treatment in road stabilization projects, and advocates prolonged assessment and strategic stabilizer application to optimize performance under varying environmental and traffic conditions. Ongoing field-data collection aims to further validate these findings and refine gravel road stabilization methods for enhanced cost-effectiveness and durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2025 17:08:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Research on the Fracture Behavior of Internally Cured Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement by Superabsorbent Polymer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In highway construction projects, the supply of water for external curing often encounters challenges that can lead to reduced concrete quality. This study investigates the effects of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) as internal curing agents on the workability, mechanical properties, and fracture characteristics of roller compacted concrete pavements (RCCPs) under various curing regimes and SAP contents. The research examines the influence of the crack-to-depth ratio and loading rate on fracture toughness (KIc) and fracture energy (Gf). The incorporation of SAP enhanced workability by decreasing the modified Vebe time as a result of increased water content in the cement. Compressive strength tests indicated that higher SAP content generally reduced strength at 28?days; however, specimens with 0.2% SAP and 3 days of external curing exhibited comparable strength to the reference sample, with only a 6.7% reduction. Splitting tensile strength tests showed a downward trend with increased SAP content. Moreover, the indirect tensile strength of all samples ranged from 2 to 4?MPa, which is typically suitable for RCCP applications. KIc and Gf decreased with an increasing crack-to-depth ratio but improved with higher loading rates. The study concludes that internal curing with 0.2% SAP and 3 days of external curing can enhance fracture resistance while maintaining acceptable compressive and tensile strengths, suggesting a potential reduction in water consumption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 16:54:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ferrite Absorbers of Electromagnetic Radiation in Microwave Range</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407731</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study is devoted to the development of compositions and technology for applying a radio-absorbing ferrite-containing coating to the surface of corundum armored ceramics products to ensure radar protection of technical weapons. The results of a study of radio absorption in the microwave range of ferrite absorbers of various crystal-chemical nature are presented. The objects of study were the synthetic compositions of hexaferrites and ferrites of the spinel group, including industrially manufactured ferrites of the 6000NM1, 3000NMS, 2500NMS, and 600NN grades. The most technological in manufacturing and reproducibility of properties are barium, barium - zinc, lithium and nickel-zinc ferrites. In the frequency dependence (from 8 to 18 GHz) of absorption of electromagnetic radiation of various ferrites, blurred extremums are found. The characteristic frequency dependence of the radio-absorbing properties of the investigated types of fillers indicates a single mechanism for the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. The research results are interpreted from the standpoint of the structural type of ferrites, the nature of the material formed by the microstructure and electromagnetic parameters. It is shown that magnetically soft and magnetically hard ferrites in terms of their physicochemical nature, crystal-chemical type and electromagnetic parameters correspond to the greatest extent to the requirements for active fillers. To ensure broadband absorption of an electromagnetic signal, soft magnetic and hard magnetic ferrites in combination with carbonyl iron and discrete carbon fibers should be used as active absorbers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 10:12:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407731</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs) as concentration preservers in brine deicers for enhanced ice melting capacity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rock salt brine deicers are among the most prevalent solutions for ensuring safe vehicle operation in snow-prone regions. The efficiency of this solution, however, decreases at extremely low temperatures as it is diluted by melted ice. The objectives of the current study are: 1) to enhance the ice melting capacity of salt brine at extremely low temperatures (0 °C, − 10 °C, − 20 °C, and − 30 °C) using super absorbent polymers (SAPs), and 2) to measure the reduction in the skid resistance of pavements when the SAP-brine solutions are applied on the surface. Five commercially available SAPs are explored for their potential to maintain concentration during the ice melting process. Three weight fractions of SAPs are introduced into traditional sodium chloride (NaCl) brine: 5% by weight replacement of NaCl along with 5% and 10% addition of SAPs in salt brine solution. The experimental work includes quantifying swell rates and capacities of each SAP in saline solution employing a tea-bag method, measuring the ice melting capacity of brines with SAP additives using an in-house ice melting test setup, and assessing reduction in skid resistance employing British Pendulum tester. The results showed that the addition of 5% large particle-sized SAPs enhanced the ice melting capacity by up to 80% compared to the brine solution at − 30°C. Such improvement in ice melting capacity occurred by preserving the salt concentration in the SAP absorbed water. Moreover, the results of the skid resistance test revealed a negligible reduction in skid resistance (up to 2% compared with dry pavement) when 5% large-sized SAP-brine solutions are applied on both Portland Cement Concrete and asphalt pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2025 09:42:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Superabsorbent Polymers In Concrete to Improve Durability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2508876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Internal curing is the practice of providing small, well-distributed reservoirs of water throughout a concrete section such that the w/cm of the mixture can be kept low, but the water can later be delivered to hydrating cement as the system dries out. Internal curing has been reported to be effective in reducing shrinkage cracking, improving potential durability of concrete mixtures, and most notably, reducing warping and associated cracking in pavements and slabs on grade. Currently, the use of light-weight fine aggregate (LWFA) is the most common practice in the United States to produce internally cured concrete. This method, however, necessitates pre-saturation of aggregate at concrete batch plants in accordance with a set timeline. This may increase costs related to stockpile management in addition to the costs and emissions associated with production and hauling the LWFA. The use of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) as a means of internal curing can address such problems, while still promoting hydration and reducing the risk of early age cracking. However, there has been relatively little work conducted in the US on these materials. The aim of the work described in this proposal is to conduct laboratory work to address some remaining questions:
• How should SAP products be specified?
• How much is needed?
• Can SAPs be dry batched with additional water in the mixture without compromising performance? • How are mixtures affected by their use?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2025 18:40:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2508876</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects and mechanism of oil-absorbing organogel as a novel modifier on the performance of bitumen mixture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2474563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The unstable thermochemical properties of conventional polymer bitumen modifiers lead to a gradual invalid of effects on the bitumen performance in real service environments. As a novel modifier, the oil-absorbing organogel has been shown to enhance the properties of bitumen due to its superior stability and ability to absorb bitumen components. However, its effects and mechanisms on the performance of bitumen mixtures remain unclear. In this study, the oil-absorbing organogel polystyrene-stearyl methacrylate (P(S-SMAL)) was synthesized and used to prepare modified bitumens and mixtures. Rheological tests on bitumen and mechanical tests on the bitumen mixture indicated that P(S-SMAL) could enhance the high-temperature properties of bitumen and the mechanical properties of the bitumen mixture, while maintaining the low-temperature performance of both. With 5 % P(S-SMAL) added, the modified bitumen deformation resistance improved by 22.25 %, permanent deformation reduced by 47.65 %, and the anti-rutting properties of the modified bitumen mixture improved by 111.22 %. The enhanced performance of the bitumen mixture is attributed to the improved properties of P(S-SMAL) modified bitumen, resulting from the "supporting" and "hardening" effects of P(S-SMAL), as well as the hydrophobic nature of the modified bitumen film within the aggregates, driven by the lipophilic characteristics of P(S-SMAL).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jan 2025 09:09:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2474563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Graphene/tourmaline composites as a filler of hot mix asphalt mixture: Preparation and properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2473380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses how to reduce the emission of asphalt smoke in the construction process of traditional hot mix asphalt mixture. The graphene/tourmaline composites were prepared based on tourmaline having the effect of adsorbing pollutants. The basic properties of composites and their adsorption effect on asphalt smoke were analyzed. Then, the composite powder was added into the environment-friendly asphalt mixture as filler. And the pavement performances and emission reduction performance of asphalt mixtures were studied. The results indicated that the basic properties of composite powder meet the requirements of specifications about filler in asphalt mixtures. Composite powder could be used to replace part of mineral powder, and the optimum replacement content was 17–20 wt%. The environment-friendly asphalt mixtures can effectively reduce asphalt smoke emission. The reduction rate of emission can reach 76.9–80.5%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2024 09:58:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2473380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CO₂ Absorption Method in the Exhaust Gas by Droplet Impingement/Atomization Control of Absorbent using Surface Texturing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2359096</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The atomization method by spraying and droplet impingement of the CO₂-absorbing liquid into the exhaust pipe was investigated as a new low-cost emission technology and a new approach for CO₂ absorption. First, it confirmed the theoretical possibility of CO₂ absorption by an aqueous MEA solution. Next, CO₂ absorption experiments were carried out with the surface dimple texture on impingement plates. Furthermore, the relationship between the absorption rate of the aqueous MEA solution and the total surface area was investigated from the droplet size and particle number analysis results after atomization, and the possibility of CO₂ absorption by droplet spraying into the exhaust pipe was investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 09:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2359096</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and performance verification of a water-retaining semi-flexible pavement material based on alkali-activated slag system incorporating superabsorbent polymers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2356524</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water-retaining semi-flexible pavement (WRSFP) can effectively mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect by reducing the pavement temperature through water evaporation. To reduce environmental impacts and enhance the water retaining capacity and mechanical properties of WRSFP, this paper investigated the effect of proportion of water-retaining grout (WRG) on workability of fresh WRG, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of hardened WRG based on alkali-activated slag (AAS) system. The optimal proportion of WRG was recommended. The microstructure of the hardened WRG was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which allowed for a better characterization and understanding of the degree of hydration and mechanical properties of WRG. The WRSFP specimens (WRSFP-20%, WRSFP-25% and WRSFP-30%) with different porosities of porous asphalt mixture (PAM) were tested for moisture susceptibility, rutting resistance and low-temperature cracking resistance. WRSFP-25% had the best moisture resistance and rutting resistance, and the worst low-temperature cracking resistance. The maximum difference of upper surface temperature between WRSFP and stone mastic asphalt (SMA), which is commonly used in pavement, was 13.3 °C. The time to reach 60 °C on the upper surface of WRSFP was 3.4 times longer than that of SMA, which showed an excellent cooling effect of WRSFP.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:38:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2356524</guid>
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