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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Sustainable activator: the usability of anodizing cleaning solution for the synthesis of alkali-activated soil-fly ash</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2118414</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research is to investigate the usability of a recycled NaOH solution remaining after the anodizing procedure to modify subgrade soil, where its uniaxial compressive strength value must be at least 1033 kPa to meet the minimum resilient modulus. Different percentages of fly ash, i.e., 10% to 50%, were used to evaluate the influence of fly ash/solid and activator/fly ash ratios on the performance of the activator at room temperature. The results of uniaxial compressive strength and indirect tensile strength illustrate that the anodizing cleaning solution works well to develop alkaline activation processes. Its best performance was observed for the fly ash/solid and activator/ash ratios equal to 20% and 1.146, respectively. Indeed, a higher activator content/fly ash associated with a lower Si/Al and fly ash/solid ratios lead to maximum mechanical improvement for a low Na concentrated activator. Microstructural analyses showed binding gel formation along with clay minerals transformations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Mar 2023 17:17:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2118414</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROGALVANIZED STEEL PANELS EXPOSED TO AN ACCELERATED CORROSION ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrosion resistance is an important property requirement for materials applications in the manufacturing of automobiles. Zinc is widely used as coating of carbon steels, due to its anticorrosive properties. The most relevant application of zinc is zinc-galvanizing to protect steel from rusting acting as sacrificial anode. In the present study, the corrosion behavior of electrogalvanized steel panels by different thickness of zinc were studied under cyclic corrosion testing (CCT) and vehicle test. The CCT tests exposed the samples in a series of different environments in a repetitive cycle, these exposures consist of cycling between salt fog, dry and wet conditions. For the vehicle test, the steel panels were attached to the car exterior then exposed to corrosion and durability inputs with a variety of road surfaces for automotive testing and validation. Vehicle test is a large-scale laboratory test and is performed in facilities well designed by the automakers with the purpose of test complete vehicles and qualify them for real world application. The corrosion rate was investigated by electrochemical measurements such as open circuit voltage and potential dynamic polarization curves using the Tafel extrapolation method. The results suggests that the cyclic corrosion test has a more controlled corrosion environment, and the corrosion resistance is mainly related to the zinc thickness of the samples. The corrosion rate of the panels exposed to the vehicle test demonstrated that the position where the panels were attached to the car is the key factor to investigate their corrosion resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919237</guid>
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      <title>Maskless electrochemical texturing of automotive cylinders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In internal combustion engines, friction between the rings and the cylinder liner is responsible for considerable energy losses. The surface topography of the contacting surfaces has direct effects on lubrication and friction. Different techniques for surface texturing have been used, such as laser and photochemical texturing. In this work, a recently developed technique is adapted to texture gray cast-iron diesel cylinder liners. This technique, called maskless electrochemical texturing (MECT), features great simplicity, low cost, high speed, and low complexity of the apparatus involved. The tool is cathodic and the workpiece to be textured is anodic under pulsed voltage. The electrolyte passes through perforated microcavities in the tool, resulting in texturing of the workpiece. This work aimed to adapt MECT to texture cylindrical surfaces and to find adequate texturing parameters for gray cast iron cylinder liners. The process variables investigated in this work and how they affect the depth of features, the amount of overcut, and the anodic dissolution localization were the distance between the tool and workpiece, the voltage, and the texturing time. Patterns containing arrays of chevrons were successfully produced in cylinder liners.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2018 15:29:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571556</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrochemistry of Accelerated Corrosion Testing Using an Impressed Current</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accelerated corrosion testing using an impressed current is widely used in research to simulate corrosion-induced damage of concrete within a practical time frame. Faraday’s Law is often used to estimate the mass loss of corroded anodic steel bars. Researchers have used different applied voltages and wetted specimens with water having different chloride concentrations. A comprehensive experimental investigation was performed to establish guidelines for accelerated corrosion testing that can help future researchers perform the test based on an understanding of the electrochemistry, and such that Faraday’s Law can be used to estimate the mass loss accurately. Faraday’s Law does not predict the mass loss accurately for all conditions, and the percentage error increases with increasing current. Competing reactions take place at the anode, especially at low chloride concentrations and high current, and only a part of the impressed current corrodes the anode.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 07:26:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091853</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE USING DISCRETE ANODE STRIPS: CASE HISTORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/703860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A condition assessment performed on a substructure of a balance bridge revealed reinforcement corrosion had been initiated by chloride penetration and carbonation. For the east wall, cathodic protection with impressed current was proposed to protect the reinforcing steel. A cathodic protection system was designed based on discrete titanium anode strips, inserted perpendicular to the concrete surface. An average of 10 strips per sq. meter of concrete surface was placed in holes drilled to a depth of 35 cm in order to achieve a uniform distribution of protective current to the steel. The substructure was divided into 2 independently controlled anode zones. During installation several problems were revealed regarding electrical continuity within the reinforcement network and electrical contact between the reinforcing steel and the anode system. Results of additional monitoring of the performance of the cathodic protection system revealed a pronounced non-uniform current distribution over the concrete surface and a high current demand in 1 of the zones. Eventually, this resulted in an anodic current density exceeding the FHWA limit. Frequent monitoring is needed to verify if this high current output will decrease with time. This research shows there is a strong need for quantitative information regarding anodic and cathodic current distribution as affected by local condition of the embedded steel, concrete resistivity, and cover thickness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/703860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF THE MOISTURE CONDITION OF CONCRETE ON STEEL CORROSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/665301</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, various electrochemical measurements were carried out using reinforcement in concretes with the moisture content adjusted to various values to evaluate the corrosion tendencies of the reinforcement. By this means, the effect of the moisture conditions of concrete on reinforcement corrosion were studied. The anodic dissolution current was found to increase as the moisture content of concrete increased, aiding the corrosion tendencies of the reinforcement. With a relative moisture content of 60% or less, reinforcement corrosion is markedly suppressed even when chloride ions are present at a rate of 5.0 kg/m-sup-3. Within the range of this study, the critical relative moisture content, above which reinforcement corrosion is significantly accelerated, fell into the range of 50-60%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/665301</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-term Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection Systems on Highway Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/660862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has concluded, on the basis of extensive research, that cathodic protection (CP), the technology used to mitigate corrosion of metals embedded in concrete, is the only rehabilitation technique that has proven to stop corrosion in salt-contaminated bridge decks regardless of the chloride content of the concrete.  This technology is based on the principle of applying an external source of current to counteract the internal corrosion current produced in reinforced concrete components.  During CP, current flows from an auxiliary anode material through the electrolyte (concrete) to the surface of the reinforcing steel.  Various materials in various configurations are used as auxiliary anodes for CP, resulting in various types of CP systems.  The selection of the anode material and its configuration is paramount to the success of the system.  The primary objective of the 5-year study was to determine the effectiveness of various materials and configurations when used as auxiliary anodes on highway structures during a long-term evaluation.  Twenty highway structures (19 bridges and 1 tunnel) protected by one or more CP system(s) were included in this study.  The structures were located in 11 States and 1 Canadian Province.  These structures were protected by a total of 19 impressed current and 5 galvanic CP systems.  Most of the structures were selected by FHWA based on previous studies performed under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP); this study was funded under the continuation of the SHRP program.  The findings of the study summarize the protection provided by the systems evaluated and estimate the expected service life for the anode materials in similar environments.  On some structures, the systems were operated at insufficient output current and this resulted in poor performance.  If these systems had been operated at higher output currents, their performance would have been rated higher.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/660862</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THERMAL SPRAY FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/734444</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reinforced concrete (RC) structures, such as bridges and highway overpasses, are particularly subject to corrosion in deicing salt or marine environments. Problems develop when the salt penetrates the concrete and reaches the surface of the rebar. A number of approaches have been used to minimize rebar corrosion in chloride-contaminated RC structures. However, cathodic protection (CP) is one of the only technologies proven to stop corrosion of reinforcing steel, regardless of the chloride ion content in the concrete. In 1994, the Federal Highway Administration funded an intensive research and development program to develop new sacrificial anode materials for CP of RC and prestressed concrete bridge substructures. As part of this research, a new galvanic anode was developed for corrosion control. The study identified an aluminum-zinc-indium alloy capable of providing improved CP to steel embedded in chloride-contaminated concrete. This article describes the development/use of this thermally sprayed anode, shown to provide a degree of CP superior to thermally sprayed zinc, in delivering corrosion protection via CP to rebars.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/734444</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON MACROCELL CORROSION IN CHLORIDE-CONTAMINATED CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/468335</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the large dimensions of real structures most practical problems of reinforcement corrosion usually involve some kind of macrocell action in which anodic and cathodic regions on the steel surface are spatially separated. The existence of macrocells is a phenomenon usually not encountered in the small test-sized specimens that are normally studied in the laboratory. Despite the practical significance of macrocell corrosion to reinforced concrete deterioration, relatively little effort has been directed towards investigating this type of corrosion. In the following experimental investigations are described aimed at elucidating and quantifying macrocell corrosion in chloride-contaminated concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/468335</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CATHODIC PROTECTION OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS USING TITANIUM MESH ANODES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/654084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anodes are a critical component of cathodic protection systems. A continuous research effort in Virginia is being aimed at searching for the most suitable anode for use in cathodic protection of the various types of concrete bridge components that are exposed to intrusion by chloride ions.  As part of this effort, three different catalyzed titanium mesh anodes were tested, side by side, in a cathodic protection system that was designed and constructed (in conjunction with the rehabilitation of several concrete deck spans) to prevent further reinforcement corrosion-related damage to these structures.  The purpose of this study was to determine whether this type of new anode is suitable for application in bridge decks, and if any of the three mesh anodes tested in this study excels over the other. It was observed during construction that the installation of these mesh anodes is compatible with the normal construction procedures involved in the rehabilitation of bridge decks. Observations made during the first four years of operation indicated that, among all the different types of anodes tested to date for bridge decks, the three mesh anodes tested in this study were the most effective.  These newly tested anodes probably have a considerably longer service life than other anodes that have been tested to date.  Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the operational characteristics of the three mesh anodes tested in this study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jul 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/654084</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GALVANIC CORROSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Galvanic corrosion, often termed bimetallic or dissimilar metal corrosion, is the phenomenon whereby direct contact between two metals can accelerate the corrosion of one of them.  Painted steel structures in particular can be vulnerable to such corrosion in moist and immersed service.  Galvanic corrosion occurs because of an electropotential difference between the metals in contact.  The electropotential difference causes a current to flow between the metals when covered by an electrolyte (a chemical solution in water).  This electrolyte may be quite dilute; in fact, potable water usually contains enough dissolved salts to cause a problem under the right conditions.  Thus, one metal (the cathode) is protected at the expense of the other (the anode), which corrodes at an accelerated rate.  Four causes that are important in determining the rate of galvanic corrosion are discussed:  electropotential, the environment, proximity of anode and cathode, and cathode to anode ratio.  Suggestions are offered for ways to reduce or eliminate galvanic corrosion:  selecting metals close together in the electrochemical series, coating the cathode, cathodic protection, and modifying the environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE OF A CONDUCTIVE-PAINT ANODE IN CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR INLAND CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS IN VIRGINIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/472283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of efforts to identify effective and durable anodes for use in cathodic protection of different reinforced concrete members, a water-based conductive paint was tested in two cathodic protection (CP) systems that were built, one 8 years ago and the other 6 years ago, to protect the concrete piers of twin inland bridges in Virginia.  Measurements made at various times of circuit current, voltage, rebar potential, and 4-hour polarization indicated that the CP systems were providing more than sufficient protection to the rebars.  Natural paint deterioration (peeling, cracks, stains, etc.) that was observed in the conductive paint ranged from 0% to 0.37% in the older system and 0% to 0.14% in the newer system.  Most of the deterioration was located at the exposed ends of the pier caps. Overall, the performance of the conductive paint indicated that (1) earlier prediction by some experts of premature failure of the paint once it is polarized is unwarranted, and (2) barring any extremely rapid paint deterioration in the future, it is a reasonable estimate that the service life of the conductive paint is at least 15 years--especially if minor paint deterioration is touched up as early as possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/472283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATIONS OF SACRIFICIAL ANODES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/422287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Laboratory evaluations were carried out on a series of anode materials, including aluminum, magnesium, and zinc alloys. Anode/steel couples were placed in simulated concrete environments consisting of sealed containers filled with silica sand treated with a mixed alkali-chloride solution. Measurements of current flow, circuit resistance, potential, and depolarization were made over a period of 18 weeks.  Based on results obtained, aluminum and zinc anodes were found to hold the most promise for use as galvanic anodes in reinforced concrete bridge decks.  A series of reinforced concrete test slabs were produced for evaluation of the candidate materials. Normal-weight structural concrete, structural lightweight concrete, free-draining concrete, and free-draining latex-modified concrete overlays were placed over the anodes to serve as riding surfaces.  Performance of the cathodic protection (CP) systems was evaluated using current flow and depolarization techniques.  For aluminum anodes overlaid with normal-weight and lightweight concretes, current densities reached fairly stable values after about 3 months of exposure. Zinc anodes were not functional when overlaid with normal-weight or lightweight concretes.  All anodes showed high current outputs when placed under free-draining overlays, but potential problems with freeze-thaw durability preclude their use in actual installations at this time.  Based on these data, field trials are recommended using aluminum anodes overlaid with either normal-weight or lightweight concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jun 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/422287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGNING A CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Author explains the principles of impressed-current and sacrificial cathodic-protection systems, and describes the characteristics and merits of the two types.  Some practical aspects of these systems are then discussed, including relative costs and the choice of anode material for impressed-current systems.  Data are given on anode materials, current densities, and characteristics of thermo-electric generators (a possible power source for low-power requirements).  Some recommendations are given on choice of system.  Design procedures and the various steps to be taken in designing the systems are listed. Order from BSRA as No. 54,921.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CATHODIC PROTECTION OF STAINLESS STEELS AGAINST CREVICE CORROSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/168505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crevice corrosion on stainless steel instrument components has been a problem affecting designers and operators of marine instrumentation packages for many years.  A cathodic protection study of preventing crevice corrosion on stainless steel Types 316 and 17-4 PH was performed in flowing filtered seawater.  Aluminum and low carbon steel anodes were used on the stainless steel panels installed with Delrin  crevice-nut assemblies with both bare and partially painted panels.  Results are presented in terms of percentage of crevice sites attacked, crevice pit depth, and separate metal rest potentials.  Stainless steel Types 316 and 17-4 PH are frequently used in many sections of the marine environment.  They are susceptible to both crevice corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement.  This paper presents information to the designer about effective methods of preventing crevice corrosion in seawater without the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.  Both the aluminum and steel anodes prevented crevices corrosion at all sites.  Rest potentials indicate that the aluminum anode samples present the risk of overprotection and hydrogen embrittlement.  Comparison with previous data demonstrates the effects of dissolved oxygen on the crevice corrosion severity of attack.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/168505</guid>
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