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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>CFD analysis of hydrodynamic penalties caused by hull-mounted sacrificial anodes and their associated scale effects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2710057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hull corrosion poses a persistent threat to maritime vessels, degrading structural integrity and increasing frictional resistance over time. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) systems are widely used to mitigate corrosion; however, the protruding anodes disturb the hull boundary layer and introduce added drag that is often overlooked. This study presents a systematic CFD investigation of the hydrodynamic impact of sacrificial anodes on the KRISO Container Ship (KCS), combining model- and full-scale simulations to explicitly quantify scale effects. It is shown that model-scale simulations significantly underestimate anode-induced drag due to artificially thick boundary layers. Building upon this finding, a full-scale assessment is conducted, evaluating impact of anodes on the resistance, wake characteristics, propeller inflow uniformity, and ship motions. In addition to conventional linear and staggered layouts, a novel streamline-aligned anode arrangement is proposed based on surface flow topology. Results demonstrate that conventional layouts substantially increase resistance through enhanced flow separation and boundary-layer disturbance, whereas the proposed configuration reduces the drag penalty by 1-5% across the tested Froude numbers. The study provides the first comprehensive full-scale quantification of anode-induced drag and introduces a physics-informed design strategy for SACP optimisation, offering practical guidance for improving ship energy efficiency without compromising corrosion protection effectiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 14:36:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2710057</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exhaust Strategy Optimization of Hydrogen Supply System for Vehicle Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have gained extensive applications in transportation due to their zero-emission and high energy efficiency. However, the accumulation of nitrogen at the anode during operation significantly degrades fuel cell stack performance. Conventional anode exhaust strategies, while addressing nitrogen build up, result in substantial hydrogen waste through the venting process. To address this challenge, this study introduces an enhanced hydrogen supply system incorporating both an ejector and a blower for PEMFCs. A hybrid strategy based on a multistrategy improved sparrow search algorithm (MISSA) was proposed to optimize the emission of the hydrogen supply system of fuel cells while minimizing nitrogen accumulation through mathematical modeling of the system dynamics. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with the traditional exhaust strategy, the proposed strategy can significantly improve the performance of the fuel cell stack and reduce hydrogen consumption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lithium plating accurate detection of lithium-ion capacitors upon high-rate charging</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) offer higher power density and longer cycle life compared to lithium-ion batteries, and greater energy density than supercapacitors, making them ideal for applications requiring both high energy and power density. However, during high-rate charging, LIC anodes may suffer from lithium plating, a critical issue that remains unaddressed. To date, no direct analytical technique exists to study lithium plating behavior on LIC anodes. This study is the first to employ a 3-electrode pouch-type LICs, using differential analysis of the anode potential rather than the traditional terminal voltage approach, to accurately detect the charging rates at which lithium plating begins. The authors employed differential charging voltage (DCV), Coulombic efficiency (CE), and voltage relaxation profile (VRP) methods to comprehensively analyze lithium plating behavior. The feasibility of indirectly detecting lithium plating was validated by applying the CE and VRP methods to high-capacity 1,100 F LICs. The study found that lithium plating in LICs begins at a charging current of 20 C. The lithium deposited at currents below 50 C is reversible, while at currents above 50 C, irreversible dead lithium is formed. Furthermore, the study identified two reverse reactions following lithium deposition on the anode: lithium stripping and lithium intercalation. For soft carbon anodes, the potential difference between lithium stripping and intercalation was approximately 20 mV under relaxation conditions, and about 45 mV under constant voltage conditions. This research provides critical theoretical insights and practical guidance for optimizing LIC charging strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2026 10:20:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fabrication technologies of free-standing thin lithium metal anode for high energy density lithium batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) have garnered substantial attention owing to their extraordinarily high theoretical specific capacity and extremely low redox potential. The development of practical lithium metal batteries (LMBs) necessitates LMAs with controllable thickness and free-standing characteristics to maximize energy density and electrochemical performance. This review systematically summarized advanced fabrication technologies for free-standing thin LMAs, including mechanical rolling, physical vapor deposition, chemical thinning, and electrodeposition, while analyzing their respective strengths, limitations, and scalability. It highlighted that constructing lithium-based composite anodes, by integrating Li metal with conductive, dielectric, or conductive-dielectric gradient scaffolds, represented an effective strategy to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of pure LMAs. Specifically, conductive scaffolds (metal-, carbon-, or metal-carbon-based) regulate electron/ion transport and reduce local current density; dielectric scaffolds with polar functional groups homogenize Li+ flux; and gradient scaffolds enable “bottom-up” Li deposition. These mechanisms synergistically suppress dendrite growth and mitigate volume changes to some extent. Under practical conditions, the review evaluated the performance of composite anodes in terms of cycling stability, Li utilization efficiency, and compatibility with high-loading cathodes. Finally, it outlined future directions for scaling up thin LMAs, emphasizing the need for simulation calculation, intelligent manufacturing and intelligent battery technology to bridge the gap between laboratory research and industrial applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647941</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Li-Ion Battery Swelling Force: Multiphysics Coupling Modeling and In-Situ Quantification for Safety Enhancement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion batteries typically exist in modular configurations, where individual cells are subjected to mechanical constraints upon assembled into groups. During charging, volume expansion of lithium-ion batteries induces substantial internal pressure within the battery pack, a phenomenon whose pressure evolution may compromise battery performance and even safety. To effectively manage the mechanical pressure on batteries, precise identification and quantification of the swelling force generated by expansion effects are critical. This study develops a detailed three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupled model, incorporating the actual layered structure of batteries. The model enables not only the visualization of stress distribution and deformation patterns across battery layers, but also the quantitative characterization of macroscopic swelling force dynamics. Its accuracy and reliability are rigorously validated against experimental data. Based on the model, reveal that the turning point of swelling force coincides with the moment when the lithiation rate at position P3 increases significantly compared with other positions. Moreover, due to the difference in Young’s modulus between cathode and anode active materials, the cathode exhibits maximum stress but minimal strain at the end of charging, whereas the anode shows the opposite trend. This work offers guidance for both battery structural optimization and module assembly design, thereby contributing to improved safety of lithium-ion batteries during operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Synergistic Anode Strategy for Fast and Durable Lithium-Ion Battery Capacitors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion battery capacitors (LIBCs) have gained attention as promising energy storage systems that narrow the performance disparity between lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. However, conventional anode materials such as graphite (Gr), suffer from sluggish lithium-ion intercalation kinetics and safety risks at high rates, while soft carbon (SC) faces limitations including low capacity and wide voltage window. To address these challenges, the authors design a Gr/SC hybrid anode that synergistically combines the advantages of both materials. Hybrid anodes with varying mass ratios were fabricated, and their structural features and electrochemical behaviors were systematically investigated. The findings display that the hybrid anodes effectively combine the beneficial characteristics of Gr and SC, offering enhanced conductivity, improved rate capability, and superior cycling stability. Current distribution test was applied for the first time to explore the synergistic effect between two components in hybrid anode, indicating its suitability for fast and durable devices. Moreover, the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) results reveal favorable lithium-ion transport dynamics. The hybrid anode LIBC with a Gr to SC ratio of 1:1 achieves 318.4 Wh kg−1 at 0.09 kW kg−1 and 56.3 Wh kg−1 at 15.6 kW kg−1, with 87.9% capacity after 2,000 cycles, demonstrating excellent electrochemical performance. Anode potential analysis further confirms suppressed lithium dendrite growth and electrolyte degradation, contributing to enhanced operational safety. Overall, this work demonstrates that the Gr/SC hybrid anode effectively resolves the trade-off between power performance and safety in LIBCs, offering a practical approach for next-generation fast-charging batteries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 17:12:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safe, Robust, Zero-Volt-Capable, High-Power Lithium-Ion 6T Batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CAMX Power is developing enhanced safety, high-power, OV-tolerant Li-ion 6T batteries implementing our CELX-RC® chemistry which incorporates our proprietary GEMX® cathode opposite lithium titanate (LTO) anode. The advantages of the CAMX Power 6T battery include high tolerance of severe mechanical, thermal and electrical abuse, exceptional fast charge capability, and extreme low-temperature performance capabilities (e.g., -60 °C). This 6T battery can also be repeatedly discharged to 0V and stored in that condition without maintenance, greatly enhancing logistical management, handling and safety. The CAMX Power 6T battery will provide enhanced performance and safety in extreme environments and operational conditions which cannot be met by 6T batteries made with conventional Li-ion chemistry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604437</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enabling Fast Internal Heating of Lithium-Ion Cells for Electric Vehicles Using Innovative Anode Electrodes With Integrated Resistance Wires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are widely used for a variety of applications, including electric vehicles (EVs), but despite their high energy and power at normal operating conditions, their performance is affected by low temperatures (LTs). EV manufacturers use various methods, such as air heating and liquid heating, in order to maintain the batteries at operational temperatures. However, these methods require extended heating durations and high energy consumption, presenting a low uniformity in temperature across the cells in a battery pack. Herein, we propose a novel method, which is based on cell internal heating, and perform proof-of-concept heating and cycling tests. Heating tests performed on pouch cells showed that the external cell temperature can be increased from 0 °C to 15 °C in only 1.3 min, and from −20 °C to 10 °C in only 3.5 min, while heating from extremely low ambient temperatures of −40 °C up to 0 °C requires less than 7 min. Moreover, when cycled under C/2 and C/3 rates at 0 °C, the heated pouch cells were able to retain more than 90% of their nominal capacity after ~100 cycles, in the contrary to standard cells, which suffered a 30% capacity loss after only 20 cycles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From best practices to port competitiveness: An assessment of Latin America and Caribbean port logistics communities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ports are critical hubs where diverse stakeholders interact to facilitate international and domestic maritime freight transport. Nearshoring represents an opportunity for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ports to become strategic nodes but demands efficient transfer services and streamlined processes. This article aims to build a composite index comprising management practices that can enhance port competitiveness. While extant research on port competitiveness primarily focuses on geographical, infrastructure, and cost-related factors, the proposed index is developed from a strategic management perspective. Six port competitiveness components were identified after a literature review and a qualitative study. Then, specific management practices associated with each index’s component were outlined to propose a measurement framework. Survey data from fifteen LAC ports were statistically analyzed to validate this framework and design a port competitiveness and management index with the support of port experts. Managerial insights and policy recommendations for participant ports are presented based on the index scores.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 08:21:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D-printed honeycomb lithium-silicon alloy anodes for stabilized interface in sulfide all-solid-state batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Solid-state batteries have emerged as a crucial development direction for next-generation energy storage technologies, owing to their high energy density, long cycle life, and excellent safety. However, the most challenging issue of interfacial contact/degradation in solid-state batteries remains unsolved. Herein, a novel Si-C interlocking honeycomb electrode is designed/realized via 3D printing technology. Achieves 98.9 % capacity retention over 2100 cycles at 1C. The honeycomb pore walls form a mortise-tenon structure with the electrolyte to maintain good interfacial contact, while the hard carbon layer isolates the electrolyte from the lithium-silicon interface, thereby stabilizing the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and achieving stress-electrochemical coupling regulation. Moreover, as the honeycomb channels form an interpenetrating structure with the solid electrolyte, a three-dimensional ion transport network is established, shortening the lithium-ion diffusion path, enhancing the interfacial contact between the electrode and solid electrolyte, reducing the risk of lithium dendrite formation, and improving the rate performance of all-solid-state batteries. This approach leverages structural design to enhance material performance, for the first time enabling the compatibility of 3D-printed structured silicon-based anodes with sulfide-based all-solid-state systems, thus providing a scalable solution for next-generation high-energy-density batteries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anodic Cold Start Control of PEM Fuel Cell System With Temperature-Dependent Solenoid Valve Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559191</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Precise supply control is one of the most critical challenges for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) system to implement rapid cold start. Focusing on the low-temperature adaptability, this article proposed a model-based control framework for PEM FC hydrogen system. First, the challenge in anodic cold start control is revealed and summarized through cold start experiments. According to the investigated phenomenon, the solenoid valve model is established with the distinguished characteristic of temperature dependent. It contains three subsystems, namely, the electromagnetic, mechanical, and fluid subsystems, which couples the temperature variable with the electromagnetic part and finally affects the controlled pressure. To copy with this challenge, a model-based feedforward term is incorporated in control framework based on the established model. Moreover, the proposed model-based framework is validated under different strategies, temperatures, and controllers. The resultant model has high accuracy with the error of 3.84%, and the proposed control framework suppresses the pressure overshoot with a 16.75% improvement. The satisfactory results illustrate the effectiveness of the model-based approach in anode control to enhance the cold start capability and durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:33:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559191</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-Situ Estimation of Nitrogen Concentration in Fuel Cell Systems via Anode Pressure Drop Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Optimizing hydrogen supply control is critical to enhancing the efficiency and lifespan of fuel cell systems. Nitrogen permeation across the membrane dilutes hydrogen concentration and increases the risk of hydrogen starvation. However, the absence of real-time, cost-effective methods to monitor or estimate nitrogen concentration hinders efforts to optimize hydrogen utilization and mitigate hydrogen starvation. To address these challenges, this study establishes an anode pressure drop model incorporating key operational parameters, including nitrogen concentration. Then, a series of experiments under various operating conditions are conducted on a 130 kW full-scale fuel cell system to validate the model, with the ultrasonic sensor employed to measure the flow rate and gas concentration within the hydrogen recirculation loop. Finally, a nitrogen concentration estimation algorithm based on the model is proposed and experimentally verified. Results demonstrate that the mean absolute error of the estimated nitrogen concentration is around 1 vol% under steady-state and dynamic conditions. This work employs a mechanistic model based on the relationship between gas composition and viscosity to elucidate the coupled variation of anode pressure drop and nitrogen concentration. Compared with existing solutions, the proposed nitrogen concentration estimation algorithm features high accuracy, low cost, and robustness against stack degradation, and can be implemented in controllers for in-situ nitrogen concentration estimation. These advancements enable predictive hydrogen supply regulation, which is anticipated to improve the system’s durability and efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:05:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Degradation and expansion of lithium-ion batteries with silicon/graphite anodes: Impact of pretension, temperature, C-rate and state-of-charge window</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion batteries with silicon/graphite (Si/Gr) anodes achieve higher energy densities but face challenges such as rapid capacity fade, resistance growth, and complex expansion behavior under various cycling conditions. This study systematically addresses these challenges through a comprehensive test matrix to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature, state-of-charge (SoC) windows, and charge rates (C-rates) on the evolution of expansion, resistance, and capacity behavior over the lifetime of the battery. Increasing the applied pressure between 34 and 172 kPa reduced both reversible and irreversible expansion per cycle, as well as resistance growth over time, without significantly impacting capacity fade. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that increased pressure lowered initial solution resistance and mitigated the further growth of the solution and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance. Elevated temperature (45°C) extended battery cycle life despite an initial increase in resistance. The lifetime impedance increase under 45°C was dominated by SEI resistance. Consistent with prior studies, operating in a narrow SoC window at high SoC minimized capacity loss. Additionally, charge rates up to 2C had a limited effect on the overall degradation trends. Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and differential voltage analysis (DVA) identified lithium inventory loss (LLI) as the primary cause of pre-knee degradation, whereas post-knee degradation resulted from a combination of LLI and anode-active material loss, particularly silicon. The deeper understanding of degradation mechanisms in batteries with Si/Gr anodes provided by this work enables the optimal packaging design and selection of operating conditions for the battery management system to extend battery cycle life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2025 11:26:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Observer-Based Controller of Anode Pressure and Nitrogen Concentration for Fuel Cell System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maintaining an appropriate permeated nitrogen concentration and stable anode pressure is crucial for fuel cell performance. However, direct detection of nitrogen concentration encounters challenges due to measurement limitations, and an abrupt pressure drop occurs during purging. In this article, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) observer is devised based on the lumped model and utilized for the anode side to filter the pressure signal, estimate the nitrogen fraction, and calculate the purge flow. The filtered pressure is utilized as feedback for a linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) to achieve precise anode inlet pressure control. The estimated purge flow serves as the variable feedforward (VF) to compensate pressure fluctuation during purging, triggered by the nitrogen fraction threshold. The analysis between the traditional feedforward proportional-integral controller and the LADRC-VF underscores the better performance of the latter, showcasing a substantial reduction in anode inlet pressure. Finally, the LADRC-VF is validated on a 60 kW fuel cell system, demonstrating an average pressure fluctuation maintained within ±2 kPa and a 13% decrease in root mean square error (RMSE). Meanwhile, the observer-based purge strategy proves advantageous over traditional fixed interval purging, showcasing efficiency in total purge time savings while ensuring a low nitrogen concentration under dynamic load conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 16:54:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Degradation Analysis of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ of Lithium-Ion Battery Under Tram Operating Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium (Li) titanate, as an anode material for energy storage batteries, has outstanding performance in long cycles under high current/high power and safety. In order to analyze the degradation behavior of Li titanate under the specified, in this article, the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) battery cycled under the tram operating conditions is disassembled first. From the tests results based on electrochemical voltage spectroscopy (EVS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), different from cathode degradation resulted in traditional electric vehicle operating conditions such as new European driving cycle (NEDC) and world light vehicle test procedure (WLTP), it is shown that the capacity is degraded and the impedance is increased in the anode of LTO battery with the rupture of active material on the surface. Further investigation, the cause resulting in the degradation of the anode, is that tram operating conditions may alter the electrochemical reactions occurring within the anode, thereby changing the composition of the surface film and weakening the passivation function of the film. Such unstable and loose surface film cannot effectively isolate the contact between the electrode material and the electrolyte, as a result, the internal reaction is exacerbated further leading to capacity degradation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 16:57:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511313</guid>
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