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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7QW5pbWFsIGJlaGF2aW9yJnF1b3Q7IiBvcmlnaW5hbF92YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7QW5pbWFsIGJlaGF2aW9yJnF1b3Q7IiAvPjwvZmlsdGVycz48cmFuZ2VzIC8+PHNvcnRzPjxzb3J0IGZpZWxkPSJwdWJsaXNoZWQiIG9yZGVyPSJkZXNjIiAvPjwvc29ydHM+PHBlcnNpc3RzPjxwZXJzaXN0IG5hbWU9InJhbmdldHlwZSIgdmFsdWU9InB1Ymxpc2hlZGRhdGUiIC8+PC9wZXJzaXN0cz48L3NlYXJjaD4=" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The effect of vessel noise on behavior and physiology of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) under conditions with and without artificial lighting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anthropogenic disturbances have significantly transformed the ocean soundscape, with vessel noise being a primary factor that overlaps with fish hearing ranges, thereby substantially affecting marine life. Meanwhile, artificial light at night (ALAN) is an emerging stressor that can disrupt the natural rhythms of marine organisms. Despite extensive research on the individual impacts of noise and ALAN, marine organisms are often concurrently exposed to both stressors in natural environments. However, studies on their combined effects remain limited. The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), a large marine bony fish found in tropical and subtropical Pacific-Indian regions and highly sensitive to environmental changes, serves as an excellent model for assessing marine ecological risks. This study employed laboratory simulations to investigate the effects of vessel noise on fish behavior under different lighting conditions (natural light cycles vs. ALAN) over short- (1 week) and long-term (6 weeks) exposures. Transcriptomic analyses of the brain and head kidney were conducted to further explore the physiological impacts. The results indicated that groupers exhibited differential behavioral responses to vessel noise under varying lighting conditions. Transcriptomic data revealed that vessel noise disrupted neural development, immune function, and endocrine regulation. Moreover, the analysis showed that under ALAN, vessel noise had a more pronounced effect on the immune system. Overall, this study demonstrates that vessel noise can disrupt both the behavior and physiology of orange-spotted groupers, underscoring the importance of considering the combined effects of multiple anthropogenic stressors when evaluating their cumulative impacts on marine life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2025 09:57:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582303</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>At-Sea Measurement of the Effect of Ship Noise on Mussel Behaviour</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anthropogenic underwater noise is an increasing form of pollution that negatively affects biota. The effect of this pollutant on many marine species is still largely unknown, especially those that are more sensitive to particle motion than to sound pressure. In these cases, experiments at sea are necessary, due to the difficulty of recreating the particle movement of a real acoustic field under laboratory conditions. This work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the effect of ship noise on the behaviour of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), performing measurements at sea on a real mussel cultivation raft for the first time. The study is carried out on cluster-forming individuals living in the rafts where they are cultivated. Their behaviour is monitored by means of valvometry systems, which measure the magnitude of shell opening using a High-Frequency Non-Invasive (HFNI) system. Simultaneously, the acoustic field generated by the abundant traffic in the area is measured. The results show cause-and-effect relationships between ship noise and valve closure events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 09:52:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582319</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Rerouting of a major shipping lane through important harbour porpoise habitat caused no detectable change in annual occurrence or foraging patterns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2359520</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shipping is one of the largest industries globally, with well-known negative impacts on the marine environment. Despite the known negative short-term (minutes to hours) impact of shipping on individual animal behavioural responses, very little is understood about the long-term (months to years) impact on marine species presence and area use. This study took advantage of a planned rerouting of a major shipping lane leading into the Baltic Sea, to investigate the impact on the presence and foraging behaviour of a marine species known to be sensitive to underwater noise, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Passive acoustic monitoring data were collected from 15 stations over two years. Against predictions, no clear change occurred in monthly presence or foraging behaviour of the porpoises, despite the observed changes in noise and vessel traffic. However, long-term heightened noise levels may still impact communication, echolocation, or stress levels of individuals, and needs further investigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2024 17:07:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2359520</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of a behavioural response method to assess the risk of collision between migrating humpback whales and vessels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the substantial increase in many large whale populations, paired with the rise in global shipping and recreational vessel activity, it is not surprising that negative interactions between whales and vessels are increasing. Here, the collision risk between migrating groups of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and vessels was assessed by determining if changes in their movement trajectories in response to an oncoming vessel translated to vessel avoidance. It was assumed groups would implement an escape response strategy, using cues such as the vessel speed, trajectory, proximity, and received level of noise to inform their response magnitude. However, many groups were unresponsive to an approaching vessel such that the vessel had to take evasive action. This study shows that humpback whales are not likely to take sufficient avoidance action when there is a potential for a vessel and whale to collide. Therefore, when developing a risk management strategy, mitigation measures that reduce the encounter rate between whales and vessels are likely to be the most effective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2024 09:22:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anthropogenic noise predicts sea turtle behavioural responses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anthropogenic noise is a pollutant of global concern. While the effects of underwater noise pollution have been frequently studied in fish and mammals, the authors' understanding of how this anthropogenic stressor affects marine reptiles is scant. Using a multichannel data logger equipped with a camera and hydrophone, the authors quantified behavioural responses of a free-ranging green turtle (Chelonia mydas) to vessel noise in the Galapagos Archipelago, an important nesting site in the eastern Pacific. The authors found that while travelling the turtle increased its vigilance with increasing vessel noise. However, when on the seabed the turtle did not increase its vigilance with increasing noise levels. The authors' findings illustrate that noise pollution has the potential to alter overall time budgets of animals. Identifying real-time responses of wild animals illustrate how in situ approaches allow to assess the effects of human activities on marine systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 15:56:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterising underwater noise and changes in harbour porpoise behaviour during the decommissioning of an oil and gas platform</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2340278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many man-made marine structures (MMS) will have to be decommissioned in the coming decades. While studies on the impacts of construction of MMS on marine mammals exist, no research has been done on the effects of their decommissioning. The complete removal of an oil and gas platform in Scotland in 2021 provided an opportunity to investigate the response of harbour porpoises to decommissioning. Arrays of broadband noise recorders and echolocation detectors were used to describe noise characteristics produced by decommissioning activities and assess porpoise behaviour. During decommissioning, sound pressure spectral density levels in the frequency range 100 Hz to 48 kHz were 30–40 dB higher than baseline, with vessel presence being the main source of noise. The study detected small-scale (< 2 km) and short-term porpoise displacement during decommissioning, with porpoise occurrence increasing immediately after this. These findings can inform the consenting process for future decommissioning projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 14:12:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2340278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inter-site variability in the Cape fur seal's behavioural response to boat noise exposure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The impact of man-made noise on wildlife is recognised as a major global concern affecting many taxa in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with the degree of impact varying among individuals or species. Understanding the factors inducing intra-species differences in response to noise is essential for the development of adapted and effective mitigation measures. This study compares the behavioural response of Cape fur seals to boat noise exposures at two study sites showing differences in their level of exposure to anthropogenic activities, and individual composition. Increased vigilance was found for Lambert's Bay seals exposed to high noise level (70–80 dB) compared to those tested at Cape Town harbour. Comparisons with a similar study performed in Namibia were made. Intrinsic factors such as individuals' age-class, sex or arousal state as well as extrinsic factors such as the ambient noise and the nature/extent of human-seal interactions were suggested to induce such variation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260492</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wildlife-aircraft collisions at US airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2221857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Exploiting unprecedented reductions in aircraft movements caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors investigated the relationship between air traffic volume and the frequency of wildlife-aircraft collisions, or wildlife strikes, at the 50 largest airports in the United States. During the COVID-19 months of 2020 (March-December), both air traffic volume and the absolute number of wildlife strikes were reduced. The net effect of these two movements, however, was an increase in the wildlife strike rate from May 2020-September 2020. This increase was found to be most pronounced at airports with larger relative declines in air traffic volume. The authors concluded that the observed increase in the wildlife strike rate was, at least in part, generated by risk-enhancing changes in wildlife abundance and behavior within the airport environment. That is, wildlife became more abundant and active at airports in response to declines in air traffic volume.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Aug 2023 09:03:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2221857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lockdowns and other policies reducing human movement during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 also affected animal behavior. In this article, mammal movement patterns are analyzed using global positioning system (GPS) data from Europe and North America tracking 2300 individual mammals from 43 different species. Movements and road avoidance were compared pre-lockdowns (2019) and post-lockdowns (2020). It was found that for locations in strict lockdown, mammals seemed to travel longer distances. In addition in more highly populated areas, terrestrial mammals traveled closer to roads, 36% closer, during lockdowns. The research highlights the impact of human mobility on wildlife behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jun 2023 17:55:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ungulates and trains – Factors influencing flight responses and detectability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1944402</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wildlife-train collisions can have deleterious effects on local wildlife populations and come with high socio-economic costs, such as damages, delays, and psychological distress. In this study, the authors explored two major components of wildlife-train collisions: the response of wildlife to oncoming trains and the detection of wildlife by drivers. Using dashboard cameras, the authors explored the flight response of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and moose (Alces alces) to oncoming trains and explored which factors, such as lighting and physical obstructions, affect their detection by drivers. In a majority of cases, roe deer and moose fled from an oncoming train, at an average flight initiation distance (FID) of 78 m and 79 m respectively. Warning horns had unexpected influences on flight behaviour. While roe deer initiated flight, on average, 44 m further away from the train when warned, they usually fled towards the tracks, in the direction of danger. FID of moose, however, was unaffected by the use of a warning horn. As train speed increased, moose had a lower FID, but roe deer FID did not change. Finally, detection of wildlife was obstructed by the presence of vegetation and uneven terrain in the rail-side verge, which could increase the risk of collisions. The authors' results indicate the need for early detection and warning of wildlife to reduce the risk of collisions. The authors propose that detection systems should include thermal cameras to allow detection behind vegetation and in the dark, and warning systems should use cues early to warn of oncoming trains and allow wildlife to escape the railway corridor safely.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Aug 2022 16:14:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1944402</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behavioural responses of wild Pacific salmon and herring to boat noise</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is growing concern about impacts of ship and small boat noise on marine wildlife. Few studies have quantified impacts of anthropogenic noise on ecologically, economically, and culturally important fish. The authors conducted open net pen experiments to measure Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) and juvenile salmon (pink, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, and chum, Oncorhynchus keta) behavioural response to noise generated by three boats travelling at different speeds. Dose-response curves for herring and salmon estimated 50% probability of eliciting a response at broadband received levels of 123 and 140 dB (re 1 μPa), respectively. Composite responses (yes/no behaviour change) were evaluated. Both genera spent more time exhibiting behaviours consistent with anti-predator response during boat passings. Repeated elicitation of vigilance or anti-predatory responses could result in increased energy expenditure or decreased foraging. These experiments form an important step toward assessing population-level consequences of noise, and its ecological costs and benefits to predators and prey.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2022 15:42:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Bayesian Space-Time Interaction Models for Deer-Vehicle Crash Hotspot Identification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1939739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research was to identify and prioritize deer-vehicle crash (DVC) hotspots using five years of crash data. This study applied Bayesian spatiotemporal models for the identification of the DVC hotspots. The Bayesian spatiotemporal model allows to observe area-specific trends in the DVC data and highlights specific locations where DVC occurrence is deteriorating or improving over time. Census Tracts (CTs) were used as the geographic units to aggregate DVC, land use, and transportation infrastructure related data of Minnesota (MN) for the year 2015 to 2019. Several tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the hotspot identification methods. The result showed that Type-I spatiotemporal interaction model (Model-2) outperforms other four space–time models in terms of predicting DVC frequency in CTs and hotspot identification performance test measures. Results showed that forest area, vegetation, and wetland percentages were positively associated with DVC frequency, whereas the percentage of developed land use was negatively associated with DVC frequency. The findings of this study suggest that the deer population plays an important role in DVCs, which indicates that deer population management is necessary to minimize the DVC risks. Using the final Type-I spatiotemporal interaction model, 65 “High-High” CTs were identified, where both the posterior mean of the decision parameter (potential for safety improvement) and the area-specific trend were higher. The distribution of the identified hotspots showed that the risk of DVCs was more in suburban areas with mixed land use conditions. These CTs represent high-risk zones, which need immediate safety improvement measures to reduce the DVC risks. As DVC can occur at any roadway segment location, DVC hotspots information is important for safety engineers and policymakers to implement area specific countermeasures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2022 09:39:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1939739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behavioural reactions to oncoming vehicles as a crucial aspect of wildlife-vehicle collision risk in three common wildlife species</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1920045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) strongly impact road safety. While technical aspects of collision risk and the effects of roads on animal populations are well studied, knowledge about wildlife behavior prior to and during contact with oncoming vehicles as a crucial aspect of collision risk is still lacking. The authors analyzed 28,400 hours of video data (thermal network cameras at 14 road sections in south-west Germany) with 2,841 animal-vehicle encounters (1,960 roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, 696 red fox, Vulpes vulpes and 185 wild boar, Sus scrofa) and classified animal behavior before and during contact with a vehicle. The authors fitted two sets of models to the data. In the first step, the authors modelled the intensity of the behavioral reaction exhibited by the animals as a function of behavioral and environmental predictors using ordinal Bayesian mixed-effect regression models. In a second step, the authors modelled the probability of a positive vs. a negative behavioral response in terms of WVC risk using binomial mixed-effect regression models. Both the intensity of behavioral reactions as well as the degree of risk during the interaction with oncoming vehicles differed among the species and as a function of road section layout. The results showed that animal attentiveness, the behavior a priori, access to cover, vehicle type and biological seasonality were important predictors of an animal’s response to oncoming vehicles. More specifically, roe deer reacted to oncoming vehicles mostly with short movements away from the road, foxes often reacted unpredictably and wild boar behavior appeared to be least affected by oncoming vehicles. Thus, the authors suggest that collision risk for common European mammals is shaped by the interplay of vehicle type, the road layout as well as the species-specific behavioral repertoire including the attentiveness of the animal and the behavioral state prior to an approaching vehicle. In addition, wildlife warning reflectors, a frequently used technique in WVC mitigation, did not alter behavioral reactions and thus failed to reduce WVC risk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Mar 2022 09:58:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1920045</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrating large mammal behaviour and traffic flow to determine traversability of roads with heterogeneous traffic on a Central Indian Highway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roads impact wildlife in multiple ways, most conspicuous amongst which are animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs). Mitigation measures to reduce AVCs at the local scale are often centered on species-specific crossing zones and collision hotspots. However, at the road network scale, consideration of interactions among road, species and traffic characteristics influencing AVC occurrence is required to design effective mitigation strategies. The authors modeled traversability - the probability of an animal successfully crossing a road - across an Indian highway for six large mammal species under different scenarios of road and traffic characteristics. Among the study species, group-living and slow-moving animals had higher AVC probabilities that increased significantly with increasing traffic volume and proportions of heavy vehicles in the traffic flow. The risk of AVC was higher for species that were active near roadside habitat during peak traffic hours. The approach could help identify roads that pose potential mortality risks to animals using empirical data on animal and traffic characteristics. Results suggest that regulating traffic volume and heterogeneity on existing road stretches could potentially reduce animal mortality and barrier effect. Mitigation on roads expected to carry heavy traffic loads passing through ecologically-sensitive areas should be prioritized to ensure traversability for animal communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Nov 2021 09:07:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing vessel noise increases foraging in endangered killer whales</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881224</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disturbance from underwater noise is one of the primary threats to the critically endangered southern resident killer whales (SRKWs). Previous studies have demonstrated that SRKWs spend less time feeding when vessels are present. In 2018, the authors measured the effects of a voluntary vessel slowdown action in SRKW critical habitat to assess whether ship speed (and related source level) affects foraging behaviour. Observations of SRKWs and ships were collected from land-based sites on San Juan Island, WA, USA, overlooking the Haro Strait slow-down area. Exploratory analyses found little support for a linear relationship between ship speed and SRKW behaviour, but strong support between received noise level from ships and the probability of SRKWs engaging in foraging activity. Reducing ship speed, and therefore ship noise amplitude will help decrease the probability of ship noise disrupting SRKW foraging activity and may help to increase the proportion of accessible salmon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:27:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881224</guid>
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