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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Reliability Analysis of Anchor-Reinforced Slopes Based on Nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Slope stability is crucial to engineering safety, and traditional single safety factor design methods fail to account for parameter variability and nonlinear strength characteristics. This study employs the nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) failure criterion to establish safety factor and reliability index constrained optimization models for searching potential slip surfaces. It also proposes a theoretical analysis method for reinforcing slopes with anchor bolts based on reliability theory. The study reveals that potential slip surfaces vary under different failure criteria, with those derived from the nonlinear M-C failure criterion exhibiting deeper slip surfaces. The nonlinearity of strength parameters and their variability significantly impact anchoring force calculations, resulting in notable discrepancies between anchoring forces determined through reliability theory analysis and traditional deterministic analysis. Incorporating the variability and nonlinearity of parameters is of importance for geotechnical engineering computations and design practices. When reinforcing slopes based on reliability theory, it is essential to search for slip surfaces corresponding to the minimum reliability index to ensure slope safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Three-Dimensional Direct Solution Method for the Elastoplastic Analysis of Deep-Buried Soft Rock Tunnels Considering the Volumetric Force of Anchor Rods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The theoretical analysis of deep-buried soft rock tunnels with anchor rod support in the past generally employed simplified methods such as strength superposition or dividing anchorage zones into n microelements, which resulted in a certain discrepancy between the theoretical solutions and the field measurements. In this study, based on the positioning of anchor rods in tunnel dynamic construction, the differential equation for the equilibrium of the anchorage elastic zone was regarded as a nonhomogeneous Euler equation. Combining this with the Taylor series to simplify the complex second-order differential equation, a direct solution method for three-dimensional excavation of surrounding rock in deep-buried soft rock tunnels with elastoplastic behavior was proposed. Subsequently, the feasibility of the theoretical analytical method was verified through numerical simulations. It was found that using grouting anchorage and increasing the length of anchor rods can significantly reduce the displacement of the surrounding rock and the deformation of the surrounding rock wall, and the support pressure is also reduced accordingly. The pretightening force of anchor rods can alleviate the deformation and support pressure of the surrounding rock and prevent anchor rod failure. The method of composing anchor rods and surrounding rock into a composite load-bearing structure by equivalently treating the strength of anchor rods as the strength of surrounding rock is excessively conservative and should not be utilized. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance for the elastoplastic analysis of deep-buried soft rock tunnels with anchor rod support.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:34:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612957</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Temperature-Induced Cyclic Loading Effects on Rail Anchor Slip Force</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, continuous welded rail (CWR) systems have been widely adopted due to their enhanced ride quality, reduced maintenance requirements, and extended service life for both rails and rolling stock. However, the elimination of joints in CWR introduces challenges, particularly in managing thermal expansion, which can lead to track buckling. A critical factor in maintaining track stability is the Rail Neutral Temperature (RNT) — the temperature at which rails are free of thermal stress. Anchors, which resist longitudinal rail movement, play a key role in managing RNT and ensuring track integrity. While previous studies have largely focused on the static behavior of rail anchors, this research emphasizes the importance of cyclic longitudinal loading, which can simulate daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Unlike static loading, cyclic longitudinal loading on the rail-anchor under different temperatures can potentially lead to gradual degradation in anchor performance, slip initiation, or cumulative displacement over time. These effects may be more critical to track stability than static forces alone, especially under service operating conditions. This study will conduct full-scale laboratory testing to investigate the impact of cyclic temperature-induced longitudinal loading on slip force performance for various rail anchor types. By simulating temperature cycles and measuring anchor slip under controlled conditions — including different anchor geometries, installation tightness, and environmental parameters — this research aims to provide an understanding of the long-term reliability of rail anchoring systems under thermal cycling. Also, this study addresses the need to construct a 15-foot full-scale track segment on ballast and wood ties to replicate in-field conditions for the future studies to be performed for this project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 19:42:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Special Cases of Longitudinal Resistance in Continuously Welded Rail (CWR)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573194</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuously welded rail (CWR) is the standard for North American freight railroads due to its advantages in ride quality, fatigue life, and reduced maintenance costs, despite concerns about rail buckling and breaks. Longitudinal rail resistance is a critical parameter for re-establishing rail neutral temperature (RNT) after rail breaks and for mitigating potential rail failures caused by vehicle loading, temperature changes, and maintenance activities. This proposed research builds upon a previous year project and continues the effort to refine and enhance the Finite Element (FE) modeling of rail longitudinal resistance. Specifically, it aims to improve the representation of realistic rail and anchor conditions by integrating new experimental data into the FE models. The research will develop efficient 2D and 3D FE models in ABAQUS that incorporate rail-to-tie friction, anchor slip forces, and tie-to-ballast restraint, using both experimental results (e.g., anchor slip behavior under varying load conditions) and historical data (e.g., rail-sleeper friction and sleeper-ballast resistance). The models will accommodate various rail profiles, tie materials, and geometric configurations, and will be applicable to a wide range of track conditions including frozen ballast, frozen structures, turnouts, crossings, and loading scenarios from vehicles and maintenance activities. The proposed project will be executed through four key interconnected areas of research: (1) Effects of sleeper-ballast on models larger than 4-ft in length using FE modeling in ABAQUS, (2) experimental testing in the laboratory for anchor slippage with various anchor types, (3) sensitivity analysis, and (4) model analysis with various track conditions. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 19:49:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573194</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Grid Frame-Type Railroad Derailment Containment Provisions with Drop Weight Impact Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553734</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the structural performance of newly designed and fabricated grid frame-type railroad DCPs (derailment containment provisions) classified as DCP type I, compatible with rapid assembly construction and maintenance on gravel tracks in railway service lines. Previous research only reviewed the durability of the structure under static loading conditions. However, this study proposed an evaluation method considering the importance of assessing the impact performance of the DCPs assembly structure subjected to dynamic impact loads from continuously colliding train wheels; this involved a drop weight test to analyze the behavior of the DCP assembly structure under accumulated impact energy applied to different collision positions. To this end, drop-impact weight tests were conducted to verify the structural performance of the derailment protection system connected to concrete sleepers using post-installed anchors. A test specimen and jig were fabricated to evaluate the structural performance and impact resistance of the anchoring connections. 15 drop weight impact tests were performed, and the resulting behavior under impact energy was analyzed.The results indicated that when a derailed train wheel collides with the DCP frame section, dominant loads act on the base plate anchor, resisting through shear and bearing strength of the anchor bolts. The DCP assembly structure demonstrated sufficient derailment containment performance, even under significant accumulated energy (21.0 kJ; six repeated impacts), with collision loads and displacement levels within acceptable limits. For repeated impact loads (3.5∼7.0 kJ; 1∼2 occurrences), the impact load absorbed by the DCP connection anchor averaged 241.22 kN, and the vertical displacement at the collision point averaged 14.23 mm. This value is 2.62 times (162%) greater compared to the case of a collision on the DCP frame and approximately 13% lower than the impact load that the DCP frame can absorb. Additionally, when a derailed wheel collided directly with the side of the base plate, the embedded anchors in the sleeper were identified as a relatively weak point. Therefore, reducing the base plate width (from 500 mm to 480 mm) to guide collisions toward the DCP frame section, which could absorb greater impact loads, was a more effective design. The test results demonstrated that the newly developed steel grid frame-type DCP combination structure sufficiently resists the impact loads from derailed wheels of high-speed trains traveling at 300 km/h. It effectively restricts excessive lateral movement of derailed trains and provides guiding capability. Furthermore, the drop weight test for the newly proposed DCP combination structure, which also considers impact energy, is deemed more suitable for analysis than conventional testing methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2025 14:15:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553734</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research of Parameters Affecting the Column-Foundation Joint Ductility and the Frameworks Frame Stress-Deformed Condition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the calculation results for the transverse frame of the framework of an industrial building with overhead cranes. Calculations are made with regard and without regard to the joint’s flexibility. Consideration is given to the parameters that lead to a change in the final stiffness of the connection: the anchor bolts arrangements in the plane, anchor bolts arrangements from the moment action plane, anchor bolts diameter, the base plate thickness. Results of this researched to determination of extent of influence of each on the final rigidness of the column-foundation connection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 09:28:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407785</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility Study of Capacitor-Based Smart Washer Sensor Systems for Highway Sign, Luminaire/Light, and Traffic Signal Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to provide an improvement on the current inspection methods for anchor bolts used in highway sign, luminaire/light, and traffic signal (SLTS) support structures to reduce the risk of structural failure as well as human labor costs. A feasibility study on a capacitance-based smart washer system was conducted. The capacitor-based sensor system design combined with customized polylactic acid three-dimensional printed attachments was proposed and tested. Laboratory tests on multiple sets of sensors were performed through initial testing and tightening–loosening testing; results have shown that the performance of the sensor system follows the working principle of the capacitor and, with a less than 5% error tolerance, a capacitance–pretension relationship was developed in the laboratory. Then the sensor system was installed at a sign structure specimen for long-term evaluation; the 12-month consecutive monitoring results show that the sensor system was able to perform steadily with a proper waterproof cover applied. The change of the capacitance was found at ±5% of the reference value, and torques were applied to verify the measurement results from the sensor system, indicating that the minor capacitance change was caused by a change of temperature. The results have proven the feasibility of this capacitor-based smart washer system that detects the pretension change inside the anchor bolts and performs steadily in a controlled on-site environment with a high durability. In summary, this study provides the possibility of improving the monitoring methods for anchor bolts in highway SLTS structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Nov 2024 16:43:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development Length for Anchor Bolts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarizes finding of a research program to study design criteria for the proper lengths for anchor bolt embedment into drilled shafts. The program included a series of tests on 36 anchor bolts ranging from 1 1/4 to 3 in. in diameter which were embedded near the edge of a square shaft specimen and were under a combination of flexural tension, bond, and splitting conditions approximating those in the prototype. Loaded-end slip behavior was determined at nominal working loads, at first yielding, and in many cases at ultimate capacity. Important trends affecting design practices are indicated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 16:56:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431694</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Slope Stabilization of Twin-Tubes Tunnel Portal by Anchor Bolts Support System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2240284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is not known in the literature why the behavior of rocks incurs the tunnel excavation and it remains unclear for what has been calculated in the initial studies. That's why the most important thing to consider in tunnel construction works is to monitor rock mass behavior. The finite element method (FEM) can also analytically represent the static and dynamic behavior of the rock mass. Concretely, this makes it possible to calculate the behavior of very complex objects numerically. The present study embraces a geophysical prospecting which was carried out by the method of surface seismic tomography to reveal the lithology of the different formations and their geometry and the variation in speed of the subsurface formations at the level of the South portal of the Texana tunnel on Jijel province, in Algeria. The paper also consists in making a two-dimensional numerical study of the stability of the tunnel portals with the Phase.2 2D program. On the other hand, the calculation results will be compared with in-situ surveying to strengthen the numerical modeling. It can be concluded that the Anchor Bolts Support System gives good results in terms of displacement of the rock mass and satisfactory stability in terms of collapse analysis of the tunnel portals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 2023 11:45:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2240284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study of the Reinforcement Mechanism for the Tunnel Support Structure in Weak Rock Masses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to comprehensively investigate the reinforcement mechanism of the tunnel support structure and its supporting characteristics in layered and weak rock tunnels. Uniaxial compressive tests were carried out to study the mechanical and deformation characteristics of anchored rock with the system anchor bolt and the steel floral pipe. Besides, a three-point bending test of the steel–concrete composite beam was conducted to investigate the bending capacity of the grilles and I-beams. The experiment showed the following results: (1) The anchor bolt achieved the anchoring effect by improving the stress state and the strength of the surrounding rock. The improvement of the anchorage strength to the surrounding rock was reflected by the effect of the compression zone of preload, the healing effect of the anchorage agent on the surrounding rock, and the reinforcement effect of the anchor bolt on the density and strength of the anchor bolt. (2) By the CT scanning of the anchored samples after the experiment, it was found that the crack was blunted and arrested within the anchorage zone, and the crack-arresting effect was related to the range of the anchorage zone. The larger the anchorage zones, the better the crack-arresting effect. (3) The steel arch could effectively improve the ability of concrete antideformation. Compared with the lattice girder, the coordination ability of steel arch and concrete deformation was relatively weak. Its coordinate deformation stage was shorter than that of the lattice girder and earlier into the debonding stage. However, the stiffness of the steel arch and concrete was greater than that of the lattice girder after debonding and showed a strong bearing capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 09:34:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practical Solutions for the Seismic Retrofit of the Steel Towers and the Deck Hinges of the San Mateo-Hayward Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2149635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews a number of practical and innovative solutions for the seismic retrofit of the steel towers and the deck hinges of the San Mateo-Hayward Bridge. Emphasis is put on the interrelationship between the concept, design and detailing development steps and the importance of addressing constructibility issues during all these steps. The seismic retrofit strategy for the steel towers of the bridge was to increase their overall ductility and to achieve a desirable distribution of strength and stiffness based on failure mode criteria. One of the important retrofit measures used was the addition of anchor bolts at the tower base connection to increase connection strength, ductility and redundancy. The new anchor bolt connection assemblies included a lower yield steel bar above the column base plate to control the location of yielding, and a steel sleeve around the bar to improve rocking behavior by forcing the bars to resist compression if they have previously experienced tension yielding. They were detailed to fit within the limited clearance between the existing anchor bolts. Another cost-effective measure for improving tower base behavior was the addition of a concrete fill at the base of the columns. The retrofit of the deck hinges presented a special challenge in view of their inherent vulnerabilities, high and uncertain seismic demands and clearance constraints, and the need to maintain movement capacity. To limit excessive hinge openings, a relatively simple high-capacity longitudinal rod restrainer system that used conventional marine type fender units was developed. It was found that well defined performance and retrofit criteria along with retrofit concepts and details compatible with the existing bridge configuration, easily constructible, and with ample tolerances can have a significant impact on the cost and the effectiveness of the retrofit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Apr 2023 17:17:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2149635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of the Guidance on the Tightening of Large Anchor Rods of Support Structures for Sign and Luminaires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2115535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Across the United States, various state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) are finding that the base anchor-rod nuts on critical support structures for overhead signs are coming loose. Retightening loose nuts imposes a significant drain on state DOT resources. In addition, the loosening of these nuts increases the failure risk of tall and overhanging structures. In many of the inspection engineer’s observed cases, anchor-rod nuts were loose immediately after installation. Even after tightening, it was found that anchor-rod nuts had consistently come loose just 2 years after retightening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance to the loosening of anchor-rod tightening procedures proposed by Chen et al. and to develop improvements to the procedures based on stakeholder feedback. To achieve this objective, field deployment of the previously developed procedures was conducted on multiple sites. After field deployment, improvements to the Chen et al. procedure were investigated on a full-size laboratory specimen to ensure revisions did not affect connection performance. Overall, it was found that the pretension levels proposed by Chen et al. were effective, and the revised procedures only use torque, or force-controlled tightening, as opposed to displacement-controlled turn-of-nut.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2023 12:00:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2115535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Smart Installation and Monitoring System for Large Anchor Bolts of Support Structures Made with 3D Printing Enhancement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2110235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anchor bolts, as a connection system used at the base of most highway support structures, commonly suffer from loosening effects that may impose high risk on collapse of these support structures. The current inspection method on loose anchor bolts only stops at the manual level. By punching the washers beneath the nuts with hammers, if the washer moves, then the bolts are considered loose. However, for each inspection team, there may be hundreds, or even thousands of structures using anchor bolts, so with an average of more than 8 anchor bolts implemented at the base of each structure, the inspection work can be extremely time-consuming. Furthermore, when the washer moves under punching, the tension inside anchor bolts can be as low as less than 20% from the required value. In this case, the support structure can already have anchor bolts that have lost most of pretension from installation. Thus, the stability of the supporting structures can be at great risk before inspection. This project aimed to develop a capacitance-based smart washer system to serve as an efficient way to monitor the tension inside the anchor bolts before the loose anchor bolts could cause severe stability issues. After several design trial and errors, the final prototype of the smart washer system consists of  the following components: a top direct tension indicator (DTI) washer, a middle smaller sized spacing washer, a bottom plain washer and a rubber ring as dielectric material, a couple of copper rings attached to top and bottom washers, and 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) attachments as insulation layer. From the results and observations of two stages of the project, the concept and prototype of the smart washer system have been proven efficient, and the sensor system was able to detect change of tension inside the anchor bolts. With the proper modification for outdoor use to eliminate the environmental interruptions of the data transmission system, this smart washer system can be a potential candidate for the inspection method on the anchor bolts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2023 18:34:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2110235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis and Full-Scale Testing of New MASH TL-4 Bridge Rail for William P. Lane, JR. Bridge, Annapolis, MD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2036106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this project was to analyze and test a new combination concrete and metal bridge rail for the William P. Lane (WPL) Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay east of Annapolis, Maryland, U.S., to Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Test Level 4 (TL-4) specifications. The new combination bridge rail is 50?in. in height and anchors to an 8?in. thick segmental precast concrete deck. The bridge rail was anchored to the deck using widely spaced 1?in. diameter bent anchor bolts that were cast into the concrete parapet sections. The length of the parapet and deck sections were approximately 150?ft. The deck sections were constructed with tongue and groove joint connections. The single tube metal rail, which bolted to the top of the concrete parapet sections, was anchored to the concrete using conventional cast in place anchor bolts. The transverse reinforcement in the deck, in the immediate area of the MASH TL-4 impact, was instrumented with strain gages to measure the strain and force in the transverse deck reinforcement. In addition, load cells were applied to the 1?in.?diameter anchor bolts in the parapet to measure the anchor forces from the MASH TL-4 impact. This paper summarizes the results from the bridge rail analyses, measured forces in the transverse deck reinforcement and anchor bolts from the crash loads, and the results from the full-scale testing program. The new combination bridge rail performed very well with respect to the MASH TL-4 specifications. Details of the design and testing of the combination bridge rail are provided in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Oct 2022 16:56:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2036106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Frost heave force analysis of pre-embedded dowel in the high-speed railway ballastless track</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1904727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The connection between the anchor bolt and the pre-embedded dowel largely determines the reliability of the railway fastener system. However, the failure of the pre-embedded dowel and the uplift of the anchor bolt are found in the process of railway operation. Therefore, a finite element model is established based on the frost heave force test of the pre-embedded dowel. Not only the relationship between the geometric size (height and diameter) of the space filled with water and the frost heave force is obtained when the water in the pre-embedded dowel is frozen, but also the theoretical formula of radial frost heave force is modified based on the empirical equation. The results show that the maximum vertical frost heave force of the pre-embedded dowel in WJ-7 fastener system is about 28.73kN when the anchor bolt is completely screwed. In order to protect the reliability of the fastener system, the waterproof measures should be strengthened to prevent water from infiltrating into the pre-embedded dowel in the cold region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1904727</guid>
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