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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamic performance and surface characterisation of antifouling coatings after long-term marine exposure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743947</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present paper reports research on the hydrodynamic performance of three antifouling coatings (AFCs) through towing-tank measurements, surface characterisation, and biofouling analysis performed at University of Naples “Federico II”. Three-meter-long flat plates coated with graphene-based, developed by Milano Colori S. p.A. and Eni S. p.A. and commercial biocide-based AFC were tested under clean conditions and after 376 days of natural seawater exposure in the port of Baia, Naples. Considering only the resistance measurements, the graphene-based clean AFC showed 2-3% lower resistance, while the biocide AFC demonstrated superior performance on aged plates. Direct measurements of surface roughness for smooth and fouled flat plates have been performed by 3D scan, by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Hirox microscope for sunny and shaded side of each plate. Analyses of inorganic contaminants and proteomic investigation showing the percentages of algal, bacterial and fungal proteins after one month and one year of aging have been performed. Finally, roughness functions for the three AFCs were assessed and compared with the published data. The obtained results provide new experimental data on the relationship between biofouling, roughness, and frictional resistance, contributing to improved prediction methods for ship resistance under realistic marine fouling conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743947</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Biofouling and Antifouling Performance on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Hulls</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606218</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the early-stage biofouling development on recreational vessel hulls represented with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) test panels under natural marine environments. GFRP test panels, both coated with a commercial antifouling product and uncoated, were immersed in the Black Sea for 10 weeks and monitored for biofouling accumulation using Naval Ship's Technical Manual (NSTM) fouling ratings. Environmental parameters such as seawater temperature, salinity, and weather conditions were also recorded throughout the immersion. Results showed that uncoated panels reached advanced slime accumulation (NSTM rating 20) within approximately 30-35 days and began developing grass filaments (NSTM rating 30) by day 35-40, the coated panels delayed advanced slime formation until nearly day 70. Fouling progression was then effectively modelled using a logistic growth function, enabling prediction of fouling severity over time. The model supports biofouling prediction under different operational profiles and emphasises the importance of antifouling coatings in mitigating hull degradation. Additional correlations between fouling ratings, equivalent sand roughness (ks), and average coating roughness (Rt50) provide a foundation for assessing hydrodynamic impacts and coating performance in recreational marine applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:35:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606218</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Prisma-Based Systematic Review on Future Marine Antifouling Bioagents: Bioprospecting Insights from Corals and Algae and Ship Hydrodynamic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The need for environmentally friendly antifouling coatings to inhibit the growth of biofouling which can disrupt the ship's hydrodynamic system, increase fuel consumption, and contribute to exhaust gas emissions has become increasingly urgent since the International Maritime Organization banned the use of Tributyltin-based antifouling coatings in 2008 due to their toxic nature. This article presents a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, which involves the identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion stages, to examine the structured interrelation between biofouling, ship hydrodynamics, and the role of natural active compounds derived from corals and algae in inhibiting biofouling growth. The analysis of experimental and modeling results concerning biofouling, antifouling coatings, corals, algae, and ship hydrodynamics were analyzed based on selected literature sources. The findings indicate that biofouling can adversely affect a ships hydrodynamic system by increasing resistance due to hull surface roughness and fluid flow imbalances. However, this issue can be mitigated through preventive measures, particularly by applying environmentally friendly antifouling coatings on the ships surface. Several coral and algal species have shown promising potential as antifouling agents. The coral Sarcophyton glaucum and algae species Padina pavonica and Colpomenia sinuosa possess significant natural active compounds with strong antifouling properties, whereas other coral and algal species exhibit varying biological characteristics in inhibiting biofouling growth. Overall, this review emphasizes the substantial potential of corals and algae as natural sources of active compounds for future antifouling agents. Nevertheless, to support their application in marine transportation, continuous research, long-term evaluation, and the development of efficient large-scale production methods are required.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of Antifouling Paint Regulation on Copper and Zinc Loads from Leisure Boats in Swedish Waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Baltic Sea, designated as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, hosts an extensive recreational boating sector, with Sweden contributing a substantial share due to its long coastline and high number of leisure boats. Antifouling coatings used on these vessels are sources of copper and zinc pollution, making it essential to identify where emissions occur and how biocide regulations affect environmental loads. To this end, this study mapped all boat berths along the Swedish coast to determine the number and spatial distribution of recreational vessels. Combined with release rate data for commercially available coatings, current inputs of copper and zinc to Swedish coastal waters from the nearly quarter-million leisure boats were estimated at 22.1 and 17.1 tons/yr, respectively. Copper load distributions varied geographically depending on boat density, permitted paint types and water salinity, with the more saline west coast accounting for the largest share (83%). Comparison with other coastal copper sources revealed antifouling coatings on leisure boats and ships to account for a significant proportion (32%) of the total yearly input. Scenario analysis further revealed that copper loads from current leisure boat products exceed nearly three-fold the maximum permissible level of the environmental risk assessment (8.8 tons/yr) that granted these products market approval (Scenario 1). However, enforcement of the updated European Union environmental risk assessment procedure (Scenario 2) could reduce copper loads substantially (to 8.0 tons/yr), if implemented correctly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691572</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the impact of sailing parameters on ship hull fouling growth: velocity, idle/dynamic cycles and sunlight exposure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the impact of key operational parameters, tangential velocity, idle/dynamic cycling, and sunlight exposure, on biofouling development and coating performance across three commercial marine coatings: an epoxy primer (EP), a copper-based self-polishing coating (AF-Cu), and a silicone-based fouling release coating (FRC). Dynamic immersion tests revealed that AF-Cu performance improved with increasing velocity due to enhanced biocide release, while FRC exhibited optimal performance at moderate speeds, with mechanical damage limiting efficacy at higher speeds. Intermittent exposure profiles demonstrated that longer continuous running phases promote self-cleaning in FRC and stabilize biocide release in AF-Cu, whereas frequent idling reduced coating effectiveness. Shading during idle periods significantly suppressed early-stage algal fouling on EP panels, though barnacle settlement increased later in the season, raising overall fouling ratings due to the disproportionate impact of hard fouling. No shading effect was observed for AF-Cu or FRC. Across all protocols, coating durability and alignment with vessel-specific operational profiles emerged as critical factors in fouling control. These findings emphasize that effective antifouling strategies must integrate both material performance and operational context. The results support the development of more resilient, responsive coatings and encourage operational practices that enhance coating function and longevity under real-world conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Antifouling paint residues in areas impacted by maritime activities along 6000 km of Brazilian coastline</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549801</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Contamination by antifouling paint residues (TBT, DBT, MBT, diuron, Irgarol, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT, and antifouling paint particles (APPs)) was assessed in 113 sediments from 10 regions under the influence of maritime activities (boats/shipyard, traffic zones, marina, and port) along the Brazilian coast. The relatively low levels of butyltins (BTs) in sediments associated with commercial ports (mean of 25 ng Sn g⁻¹), in addition to butyltin degradation indexes pointing to old TBT inputs, confirmed the effectiveness of the IMO Antifouling Systems Convention. However, hotspots of TBT were observed at boat/shipyards (mean BTs of 349.9 ng Sn g⁻¹) and marinas (mean BTs of 118.5 ng Sn g⁻¹) probably due to the presence of APPs. DCOIT, followed by diuron, were the most frequently detected booster biocides (BB), reflecting their current use in antifouling paints. Moreover, APPs emerged as a relevant source of contamination due to high associated concentrations of antifouling biocides (i.e., DCOIT – 43,139 ng g⁻¹; TBT – 311,474 ng Sn g⁻¹). Approximately 75 % of the assessed sites presented TBT and/or BB concentrations above safe values that potentially trigger effects on organisms. In summary, contamination by antifouling paint residues was widespread along the Brazilian coastal areas under the influence of maritime activities. Thus, environmental and governmental agencies must act and seek regulatory and protective measures to reduce potential risks to aquatic organisms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Jun 2025 09:17:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549801</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement of Stripping Ship Bottom Paint Efficiency by Adjusting Adhesion Strength of Ship Bottom Paint</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499138</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main purpose of using bottom paint is to maintain the speed and hull condition of the vessel by preventing marine life from attaching to the bottom of the vessel. When a ship is at sea for a long time, marine organisms are attached to vessel hull below the water line. The problem with removing the paint is that it takes a lot of time and effort, as the attached marine organisms must be removed manually with a spatula or similar tool. The purpose of this research is to improve the efficiency of peeling work by proposing the use of layered paints with different adhesive strengths as ship bottom paint. Adjusting the adhesive strength reduces the effort required for peeling work when docking. First, the authors confirmed that the proposed paint thickness could be used for multiple coatings. The t-test was performed for each coating thickness group, and it was confirmed that the coating could be applied in different thicknesses based on significant differences. Next, the cross-cut method was used to check the relative adhesion strength, and since most of the adhesion strength was rated 0, it was possible to demonstrate that the adhesion strength was suitable for practical applications. A pull-off method was performed to investigate the adhesion of the proposed coating method in more detail. From the relationship between the measured adhesion and film thickness, it was found that sufficient adhesion can be obtained when the undercoat/topcoat film thickness is 0.5. In preparation for future practical use, the authors plan to examine resistance to sunlight and seawater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 11:38:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499138</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the effectiveness of antifouling solutions for recreational boats in the context of marine bioinvasions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2340305</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The recreational boating sector is a major vector for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) via biofouling. Despite applying control measures to prevent the growth of fouling communities, most vessels are NIS carriers. This study assessed the effectiveness of different antifouling strategies in a manipulative experiment by testing two common coating typologies (biocide-based and foul-release coatings), accompanied with simulated maintenance practices. The experiment was carried out in the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy) and samples were collected at two different periods. Results showed significant differences among antifouling treatments regarding community structure, diversity, coverage and biovolume of the sessile component, alongside a significant decrease in the performance of biocide-based coating with time. Interestingly, peracarid NIS/native species ratio was higher for biocide-based treatments, suggesting potential biocide resistance. This study highlights the urgent need to develop common and feasible biofouling management plans and provides insights towards identification of best practices for recreational vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 14:12:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2340305</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mapping the biofouling activities of aged fouling release coating surfaces undergoing underwater cleaning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2343541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effectiveness of fouling release coatings (FRCs) may diminish over time in the seawater. Underwater cleaning of FRCs in service is crucial for biofouling control. This study investigated the effects of cleaning parameters (brush moving speed, cleaning force and frequency) on a silicone-based FRC (SiFR) aged for 2 months (A2-SiFR) and 13 months (A13-SiFR), simulating the short-term and long-term FRCs in service. Fouling resistance, re-fouling and cleaning efficiency utilizing a self-designed automated underwater cleaning system (AUCS) were examined. Moreover, coating surface characterization, including visual appearance condition, roughness, water contact angle were evaluated on the testing surfaces. Field testing at the CoaST Maritime Test Centre (CMTC) demonstrated that underwater cleaning exhibited positive effect on the long-term fouling control performance of aged FRCs. Besides, stronger cleaning force, slower moving speed and biweekly cleaning led to better fouling resistance. No significant damages were observed on A2-SiFR surface, while regular spiral and circular scratches appeared on A13-SiFR surface. The damages led to adverse effects on fouling resistance, re-fouling and cleaning efficiency of algae on the cleaned A13-SiFR surface, affecting the coating performance more than cleaning parameters. Despite these damages, the cleaned surfaces still exhibited a higher fouling resistance compared with the ones without cleaning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 16:38:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2343541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cold Temperature Effects on Spark Plug Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1782236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fouling spark plugs on an internal combustion engine is greatly influenced by cold temperatures, especially at older assembly plants where the vehicle is moved several times because of discontinuities in the assembly line. To transition the vehicle, the operator starts the vehicle, places it in drive and accelerates rapidly, then shuts the vehicle off. This process only lasts ten to fifteen seconds and does not allow the spark plug or engine to get to a high enough operating temperature to evaporate away the fuel, which fouls the spark plugs. A spark plug fouling test is devised and is used to investigate which properties of fuel play the most significant anti-fouling role. Some additives believed to have anti-fouling properties will also be investigated to determine their significance. The anti-fouling fuel will then be implemented at the assembly plants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Feb 2024 16:52:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1782236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emerging marine environmental pollution and ecosystem disturbance in ship hull cleaning for biofouling removal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Numerous marine sessile organisms adhere to ship hulls and increase the sailing resistance. Antibiofouling paints are employed to maintain the ship performance. However, the chemicals employed for antifouling purposes are becoming increasingly diverse, lacking clear toxicological information. Particularly, the imperfect antibiofouling efficacies of these chemicals necessitate periodic hull cleaning to dislodge attached marine organisms. This hull cleaning process inadvertently releases a plethora of hazardous substances, including antibiofouling chemicals, heavy metals, and cleaning agents, alongside exotic microorganisms. This results in profound marine pollution and ecosystem disruption. Specifically, these exotic microorganisms pose a novel ecological threat in coastal waters. However, despite the gravity of ship hull cleaning-related issues, comprehensive investigations have been lacking, and international regulatory measures are gaining attention recently. Aiming to provide solutions to the emerging challenges associated with hull cleaning, this review endeavors to comprehensively address the biofouling organisms and their mechanisms, potential antifouling paint hazards, and effective hull cleaning methodologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260985</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishment of an antifouling performance index derived from the assessment of biofouling on typical marine sensor materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2253550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Marine biofouling, known as the unwanted accumulation of living organisms on submerged surfaces, is one of the main factors affecting the operation, maintenance and data quality of water quality monitoring sensors. This can be a significant challenge for marine deployed infrastructure and sensors in water. When organisms attach to the mooring lines or other submerged surfaces of the sensor, they can interfere with the sensor's operation and accuracy. They can also add weight and drag to the mooring system, making it more difficult to maintain the desired position of the sensor. This increases the cost of ownership to the point where it becomes prohibitively expensive to maintain operational sensor networks and infrastructures.Furthermore, the analysis and quantification of biofouling is extremely complex as it is based on biochemical methods such as the analysis of pigments such as chlorophyll-a as a direct indicator of the biomass of photosynthetic organisms, dry weight, carbohydrate analysis and protein analysis among others.In this context, this study has developed a method to estimate biofouling quickly and accurately on different submerged materials used in the marine industry and specifically in sensor manufacturing like copper, titanium, fiberglass composite, different types of polyoxymethylene (POMC, POMH), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and 316L-stainless steel. To do this, in situ images of fouling organisms were collected with a conventional camera and image processing algorithms and machine learning models trained were used to construct a biofouling growth model. The algorithms and models were implemented with Fiji-based Weka Segmentation software. A supervised clustering model was used to identify three types of fouling to quantify fouling on panels of different materials submerged in seawater over time. This method is easy, fast and cost-effective to classify biofouling in a more accessible and holistic way that could be useful for engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Oct 2023 09:37:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2253550</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comprehensive assessment of metals and organic pollutants in pelagic fishing port sediments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2207925</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fishing ports are among the environments that accumulate pollutants along the coast but often lack environmental data and scientific research. This study investigated 8 metals, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 phthalate esters (APs), and 2 alkylphenols (APs) in the surface sediments of Qianzhen Fishing Port, the largest pelagic fishing port in Taiwan. Indicator compounds, pollution hotspots, potential ecological risk levels, and pollution sources were evaluated. Results showed that copper, zinc, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in surface sediments were pollution indicators posing potential toxicological risks. Metals and PAHs in sediments were mainly from ship-related sources, while PAEs and APs were related to dockland activities. Combining metal and organic pollutants, the sediments had a moderate potential ecological risk, with metals higher than organic pollutants. Cluster analysis and color geographic map of risks indicate sediment pollution hotspots and areas requiring immediate intervention. In the future, sustainable operation and management can be carried out by using metal-free antifouling paint, improving sewage treatment rate, and regular environmental dredging of fishing port.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 14:46:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2207925</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behaviour of coal-fouled elastomeric polyurethane-stabilized ballast under cyclic loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213811</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current study assesses the deformation and degradation behaviour of geogrid and elastomer-stabilized coal fouled ballast under cyclic loading with frequencies (𝑓) ranging from 15 to 35 Hz. Different percentages of coal were added to ballast to have void contamination index (VCI) in the range of 0–45%. Test results confirmed that the deformation and degradation behaviour of ballast was highly affected by the presence of coal fines. The elastomer-stabilized ballast (ESB) exhibited lower deformations and degradation when compared to geogrid-stabilized (GSB) and unstabilized ballast (USB). The effectiveness of geogrid/elastomer in arresting the spread of ballast along its depth is evaluated in terms of the stabilization efficiency factor (𝙎ℯ𝑓, 𝑐𝑦𝑐). The 𝙎ℯ𝑓,𝑐𝑦𝑐 of clean GSB is computed to be 0.107, whereas the 𝙎, 𝑐𝑦𝑐 of clean ESB is 0.811. The 𝙎ℯ𝑓,𝑐𝑦𝑐 of GSB decreased significantly with the increase in VCI but in case of ESB the reduction is only marginal. Further, the resilient modulus (𝘔𝘳) and damping ratio (𝘋) of ballast reduced due to coal fouling. The elastomer has significantly improved resilient modulus (𝘔𝘳) and damping ratio (𝘋) of ballast when compared to GSB. Moreover, the extent of lateral and vertical deformations was found to be influenced by the interface shear strength as obtained under direct shear conditions. In addition, empirical models were developed to predict deformation, breakage and resilient modulus of ballast as functions of loading frequencies and VCI.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Sep 2023 16:12:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2213811</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Attribution of sources to heavy metal accumulation in the anthropogenically impacted Bach Dang River Estuary, Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the present study, concentrations of 10 heavy metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were determined in superficial sediments from 20 sites within the Bach Dang Estuary, Vietnam. An integrated approach including correlation analysis, principal components analysis and positive matrix factorization was successfully applied to identify possible sources of these heavy metals. The results of this study identified four sources of the heavy metals, namely: natural geogenic, mixed anthropogenic, marine transportation and antifouling paint related sources, contributing 34.33 %, 14.80 %, 23.02 % and 27.86 % to the total metal concentrations, respectively. From an environmental impact perspective, these findings could provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of sediment metal pollution. Accordingly, the use of more environmental friendly antifouling paints should be encouraged to minimize metal accumulation in sediments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Sep 2023 16:12:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210473</guid>
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