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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Traffic-related distribution of antimony in roadside soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicular emissions have become one of the main source of pollution of urban soils; this highlights the need for more detailed research on various traffic-related emissions and related distribution patterns. Since the banning of asbestos in the European Union, its substitution with antimony (Sb) in brake linings has led to increased inputs of this toxic metalloid to environmental compartments. The objective of this study was to provide detailed information about the spatial distribution patterns of Sb and to assess its mobility and bioavailability. Roadside soils along an arterial road (approx. 9000 vehicles per day) in Cologne (Germany) were studied along five transects, at four soil depths and at seven sampling points set at varying distances from the road (n = 140). For all samples, comprehensive soil characterization was performed and inverse aqua regia-extractable trace metal content was determined being pseudo-total contents. Furthermore, for one transect, also total Sb and a chemical sequential extraction procedure was applied (n = 28). Pseudo-total Sb for all transects decreased significantly with soil depth and distance from the road, reflecting a distribution pattern similar to that of other trace metals associated with brake lining emissions. Conversely, metals associated with exhaust emissions showed a convex distribution. The geochemical fractionation of Sb revealed the following trends: i) non-specifically sorbed Sb was <5%; ii) specifically sorbed Sb was only detected within 1 m distance from the road and decreased with depth; iii) Sb associated with poorly-crystalline Fe oxides decreased with distance from the road; and iv) content of Sb bounded to well-crystalline Fe oxides, and Sb present in the residual fraction remained relatively constant at each depth. Consequently, roadside soils appear to inhibit brake lining-related Sb contamination, with significant but rather low ecotoxicological potential for input into surface and groundwater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:04:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526606</guid>
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      <title>Spatial distribution patterns of four traffic-emitted heavy metals in urban road dust and the resuspension of brake-emitted particles: Findings of a field study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1527172</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the results of a field campaign that was aimed to assess the total amount and the spatial variation in the cross-sectional surface loads of four selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Sb) at three different locations of a downtown street at Budapest, Hungary. The distribution of surface loads were found to be determined by their prevailing emission source: brake wear dominated metals show distinctive cross-sectional gradients (depending on traffic dynamics) and are only above the background values at the curbside, while tire wear dominated ones feature only a weak gradient and are consistently higher than the background values, over the entire road surface. The relative strength of post-precipitation resuspension was further investigated in the case of principally airborne brake-emitted particles by studying the changes in the ratios of selected metals in dry and wet roadside dust samples, in comparison with the typical values for urban road runoff. The results suggest that roughly 70% of brake-emitted metals that are left behind by the curb after a rainfall event will return into the atmosphere by resuspension as the wet dust dries up. The improved insight into this process has important implications on the effectiveness of stormwater treatment technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Aug 2018 17:07:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1527172</guid>
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      <title>Leaching of Arsenic, Lead, and Antimony from Highway-Marking Glass Beads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1258972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Glass beads embedded in pavement markings provide retroreflectivity to ensure safe driving. Recently, elevated concentrations of arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and lead (Pb) have been observed in glass beads imported to the US. After an initial assessment of total concentrations in glass beads, a factorial study was conducted to determine the impact of environmentally relevant factors on leaching: pH (4, 7, and 10), chemicals applied on roadways (NaCl, CaCl2, KCH3COO, and KCl), ionic strength (10−2–10−1  M), particle size (>100 and <37  μm), and time (18 h to 160 days). Additional leaching studies included the US EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). Results demonstrated that the most important factors affecting leaching were pH and time. For anions of As and Sb, leaching tended to increase with increasing pH, whereas for the cation Pb, leaching increased as pH decreased. As expected, leaching increased with a decrease in particle size. Although the TCLP results revealed greater leaching than the SPLP, concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude less than concentrations observed in the factorial experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2013 12:28:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1258972</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Heavy Metal Contamination in Highway Marking Glass Beads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research was undertaken to study the implications of using glass beads containing elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids on roadways. Glass beads are embedded on pavement markings to obtain retroreflectivity which plays a crucial role in the lighting-up effect necessary for safe driving. This report outlines the methods used for measuring the total metal concentrations in the glass beads. The report then proceeds with leaching studies conducted and includes a factorial approach to examine environmentally relevant conditions. Two standard United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) procedures are also used for determining the leaching potential of glass beads: toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). The leaching results are compared against the New Jersey Default Leachate Criteria for groundwater which addresses the potential impact to groundwater that is considered a drinking water source. Results revealed that the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) correlated well with digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis. The most important factors affecting leaching were pH and time. Guidance was developed for metal concentrations in glass beads corresponding to potential exceedance of the criteria: 100 mg/kg arsenic, 100 mg/kg lead, and 175 mg/kg antimony.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 May 2011 16:22:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103110</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leaching Behavior of Coal Combustion Products and the Environmental Implication in Road Construction: Project Progress Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of coal fly ash in road base and sub-base applications can provide better properties and performance, and is superior to it being otherwise disposed and becoming a possible environmental liability. Understanding the metal leaching behavior for various fly ashes can help the construction industry and the energy industry in selecting the environmentally benign fly ash for road construction and for other beneficial use applications, and determining the long term environmental impact of fly ash during road construction. Coal fly ash contains many regulated cationic and oxyanionic elements such as antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium. Due to the implantation of several new air emission control regulations, future fly ash may contain elevated concentrations of volatile trace elements especially oxyanionic elements. Since oxyanionic elements have greater mobility in the environment, being less studied previously, and are generally more toxic than cationic elements, understanding the leaching behavior of oxyanionic elements from fly ash is significant in determining the potential environmental impact of fly ash during disposal or beneficial use, selecting the appropriate fly ash for road construction, and developing methods to control the leaching of oxyanionic elements. This research becomes more urgent due to the implementation of more stringent arsenic standards in drinking water that will become effective in January 2006. This research will focus on the leaching behavior of 6 major oxyanionic elements, antimony, arsenic, boron, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium, for various fly ashes under different management scenarios, using both batch and column experiments. Mathematical models will be developed to quantify the leaching behavior of these elements. Speciation of these oxyanion elements will be determined using the most advanced Perkin-Elmer HPLC-ICP-MS system available at Missouri University of Science and Technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2009 15:07:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884745</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LEAD-ACID BATTERIES IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS FOR MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177192</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 1974, the U.S. Coast Guard has been testing lead-acid batteries in solar photovoltaic-powered systems for aids to navigation. Three types of lead-acid batteries, distinguished by the composition of their grid material, have been tested: lead-antimony grid, lead-calcium grid, and pure-lead grid. This report contains a comparison of the charging characteristics and the charge-discharge cycling behavior of each grid type. All types were remarkably similar qualitatively in their daily as well as annual cycling behavior but the significance of the quantitative differences offer distinctive tradeoffs. This report presents models for water usage, depth-of-discharge, and post-cycle capacity for various levels of voltage regulation. Based on the post-cycle capacity tests, the effect of grid strength, grid thickness, and operating conditions on life expectancy are presented. A final discussion presents the results of a field deployment of solar photovoltaic-powered aids to navigation in the Miami, Florida area. Potential solutions to the battery terminal corrosion and bird guano problems observed are discussed. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177192</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MATERIALS AVAILABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/198554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Factors influencing the availability of materials for automotive component manufacture are identified.  Raw material availability and price are becoming more dependent on a wide range of economic, political, and technological factors.  There are significant variations in reserves of such elemental materials as zinc, magnesium, and antimony, and no precise forecasts can be made regarding the future demand for these materials.  Exhibits are provided to facilitate the construction of profiles for given materials.  Emphasis is on major uses, reserves, international agreements, demand and price projections, purchasing strategies, and government stockpiles. Consideration is also given to imports, political events, production capacity problems, political visibility, cartels, energy, technology, finance, and recycling.  A list of information sources is provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/198554</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF DOE TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At the first DOE Environmental Control Symposium the process of environmental planning, assessment, research and control for the projects of the DOE Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Solar's (ASCS) Office of Transportation Programs (OTP) was presented. In the months since that symposium the process has been in continual use with a large measure of success. To illustrate how well it has worked, the treatment of electric vehicle battery off-gassing is presented here. Further, since most of the environmental activity has been directed toward producing Environmental Assessments (EA), the results of these EAs are also presented. This presentation begins with a short status report. It then illustrates the process by following EV battery off-gassing from its identification as a concern in an early EDP to research centering upon its resolution. The last portion of the paper focuses on the findings of the current EAs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING OF OFF-GASES FROM ELECTRIC VEHICLE LEAD-ACID BATTERIES DURING OVERCHARGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/150863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The potential for generation of toxic gases from lead-acid batteries has long been recognized. Prior to the current interest in electric vehicles, there were no studies specificaly oriented to toxic gas release from traction batteries, however. As the Department of Energy Demonstration Project (in the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program) progresses, available data from past studies and parallel health effects programs must be digested into guidance to the drivers and maintenance personnel, tailored to their contact with electric vehicles. The basic aspects of lead-acid battery operation, vehicle use, and health effects of stibine and arsine to provide electric vehicle users with the information behind the judgment that vehicle operation and testing may proceed are presented. Specifically, it is concluded that stibine generation or arsine generation at rapid enough rates to induce acute toxic response is not at all likely. Procedures to guard against low-level exposure until more definitive data on ambient concentrations of the gases are collected are presented for both charging the batteries and driving the vehicles. A research plan to collect additional quantitative data from electric traction batteries is presented. (ERA citation 05:013862)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/150863</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WATER LOSS OF MAINTENANCE FREE VS ANTIMONY--A COMPARATIVE STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water loss comparisons will be drawn between calcium-lead Maintenance Free batteries, standard antimonial lead batteries, and low antimony batteries at 80 deg F and at elevated temperatures.  Gassing comparisons will also be made between these basic alloy systems at various stages of SAE J240A cycle life.  Gassing characteristics of the three systems will be also explored at various states of charge. /SASI/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 Dec 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76157</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THERMAL/VOLTAGE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE NONANTIMONIAL LEAD-ACID BATTERIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/37868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The critical temperature/voltage relationship for initiation of thermal runaway is characterized for standards antimonial, and nonantimonial automotive lead-acid batteries.  Current acceptance under overcharge conditions over the full range of normal operating temperatures and applied voltages is also reported.  These data quantify the merits of removing antimony from lead-acid batteries. /GMRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/37868</guid>
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