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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>ABS-effektivitet på cyklar för säkrare och tryggare cykling : framtagning av en provmatris</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666543</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cyclists are a vulnerable group in traffic, where single accidents account for a significant proportion of accidents, and slippery surfaces are often a common contributing factor. Information about whether and how cyclists braked before losing-of-control (LoC) is often missing. To better understand LoC situations, new naturalistic data are needed that capture the cyclist's behavior a few seconds before the accident. For motorcycles, anti-lock braking system (ABS) is already mandatory within the EU, and several studies have shown that the ABS technology reduces both the number of accidents and the accident severity. For bicycles and e-bikes, however, only few studies exist. Injuries caused by front-wheel-lock, over-the-handlebar accidents, and panic braking on slippery surfaces indicate that ABS could improve traffic safety. The project aims, first, to investigate the potential of ABS for bicycles, particularly e-bikes, since the BikeModel study found that e-bikes increase cyclists' average cycling speed by 7-31 percent and overall cycling speed by about 3.6 km/h compared to regular bicycles. Moreover, an e-bike is approximately 6-10 kg heavier than a standard bicycle, with a total weight of around 20-25 kg for a typical e-bike model. Combined, higher speed and greater weight mean that more braking force is required to achieve the same deceleration as on a regular pedal bicycle. The second aim of the project is to propose a testing strategy that can be used to systematically evaluate ABS technology. Based on the discussions during the workshop the author proposes a stepwise test strategy with three levels: basic tests on asphalt and gravel, intermediate-level tests involving panic braking on slippery surfaces, and advanced scenarios including evasive maneuvers and downhill braking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666543</guid>
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      <title>Sicherheit - Umwelt - Zukunft. Tagungsband der 15. Internationalen Motorradkonferenz 2024</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On the 5th and 6th of December 2024 experts were invited to exchange about the newest findings of research on the topic of safety of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) at the 15th International Motorcycle Conference 2024. The conference proceedings contain the following 21 contributions: Are emergency steering assistance systems the new frontier for further enhancing motorcyclists’ safety? An exploratory analysis based on crash simulations and field testing (Lucci,C et al.); A matter of time: investigation of warning timing for motorcycle rider assistance systems (Will,S et al.); A study of path prediction algorithm for camera-based rider assistance system (Hasegawa,S et al.); A study of riding behavior changes through scoring and advice feedback for PTWs (Onoue,T et al.); The effectiveness of Cornering ABS on motorcycles in reducing real-life crashes, compared to regular ABS (Rizzi,M et al.); The effects of lane filtering on highways for motorcyclists (Lane filtering in Luxembourg) (Schreurs,KV et al.); A maneuver-based hazard theory approach (Improvement of motorcycle rider safety by reducing the rider's mental workload) (Abstract) (Schwabe,K et al.); High-side falls: Analysis of videos and airbag data collected during racing accidents (Cherta-Ballester,O); Comparison of bend-taking on combustion engine and electric motorcycles: qualitative studies (Pignat,C et al.); Influencing the trajectory of motorcyclists through strategic curve markings (Pettirsch,A et al.); Accident data analyses within the Connected Motorcycle Consortium – an international overview of PTW accidents (Miklis,P et al.); Advancement of driver assistance systems for BMW Motorrad through innovative technologies (Werle,A et al.); Motorcycle-specific trajectory prediction based on vehicle dynamics, rider inputs and behaviour information for future assistance systems (Stolle,KL et al.); Improving motorcycle safety: Designing and assessing auditory alert systems for motorcyclists (Atamer,S et al.); Towards full-body motion capture of motorcyclists in situ: A validation study and user report (Kremser,W et al.); Improving motorcyclist safety through hearing in all directions: Survey results concerning a novel protective helmet with earpieces (Morales V, F et al.); Motorcycle registration and motorcyclist fatalities in the U.S. (Abstract) (Lee,C); Comparing riders' experiences in real life crashes with and without airbag jackets (Winkelbauer,M); Navigating the future: Enhancing motorcycle safety with HUD technology (Berger,S et al.); An approach to rider behavior profiling based on naturalistic riding data (Pleß,R et al.); Enhancing helmet safety: Development of a novel tangential impact absorption system using shear thickening fluids (Colombo,D et al.).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 09:53:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551208</guid>
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      <title>Assessing the compatibility between Australian roads and new vehicle technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389455</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The promotion of driver assist technologies are based on a) the impressive effectiveness rates these technologies boast and b) the premise that the technologies will be capable of mitigating technology-sensitive crash types independent of where vehicles fitted with these technologies are driven. Not all roads in Australia, however, have technology-supportive road infrastructure. This research set out to identify how much of the Australian road network is not fitted with the infrastructure that is required for supporting technologies including Lane Keep Assist (LKA), Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and Intelligent Speed Assist (ISA) and the implications of this on road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2024 09:25:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389455</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VSRG research program: benefits of additional vehicle safety technology to novice drivers: Australia and New Zealand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three vehicle safety systems becoming commonly available and likely to provide young driver benefits were investigated: autonomous emergency braking (AEB), lane keep assist / lane departure warning (LKAA/LDW) and electronic stability control (ESC). Novice and experienced driver crash profiles were compared using crash data from five Australian jurisdictions over the crash years 2006 to 2017, and New Zealand over the crash years 2008 to 2018. The effectiveness of ESC, AEB and lane keeping systems were sourced from literature and used to estimate the crashes saved through current and 100% fitment. These savings were adjusted to reflect the relative effectiveness of each technology associated with driver experience which was estimated through generalized linear regression of the light vehicle set of crashed vehicles manufactured from 2013. Based on literature sourced real-world effectiveness alone, a greater proportion of crashes were estimated to be saved for Australian young drivers than for experienced drivers under current fitment scenarios of ESC, AEB and LDW, with large savings when fitment was maximised. Overall, the estimated additional proportion of young driver injury crashes saved under 100% fitment was 14%, which is 75% higher than that for experienced drivers. Compared with effectiveness in the experienced driver crashes of the same type, AEB was found to be up to 60% more effective in young driver targeted crashes depending on the vehicle type, crash severity and crash type. Although ESC, AEB and LKAA/LDW have clear safety benefits for all drivers, this report presents evidence of greater benefits for young drivers which supports policies that encourage uptake or mandate these technologies for young drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2023 15:42:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112880</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An examination of potential exposure measures for vehicle safety technologies in South Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925783</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emerging vehicle safety technologies such as autonomous emergency braking (AEB) and lane keep assistance (LKA) systems are among a number of technologies for passenger vehicles that are likely to have a significant impact on road safety in the future. Their effects though, are highly dependent on those technologies becoming a more common feature in registered vehicles in South Australia (SA). While it is possible to monitor the prevalence of safety technologies on new vehicles sold in SA, a more involved process is required to determine the prevalence of these technologies in a representative sample in the SA registered vehicle fleet. A further, more complex issue is determining the ‘exposure’ of these new safety technologies on the SA road network. That is, even if it were possible to measure the number of registered vehicles in SA fitted with particular safety technologies, there is no accurate method to determine their likely effect until every registered vehicle in SA was fitted with that particular technology. Hence, while waiting for safety technologies to become a common feature of every registered vehicle, potential methods that might allow some degree of monitoring of the prevalence of safety technologies in the interim, are proposed and discussed in this report. While determining the prevalence of various technologies fitted on the registered vehicle fleet that is being driven on the SA road network is potentially feasible, the various processes are expensive and complex in nature, with sampling methods and on-going monitoring being most problematic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Mar 2022 08:43:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925783</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Death and injury in motorcycle accidents: the utilisation of technology to reduce risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1857862</link>
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      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jun 2021 12:31:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1857862</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Safety potential assessment of cornering ABS systems based on riding tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681800</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorcyclists are one of the most endangered users on the road. In order to improve their safety, innovative Advanced Rider Assistance Systems (ARAS) are developed and integrated into motorcycles. One of the latest developed systems is Cornering ABS, which claims to bring the advantages of ABS also during the leaning phase of the vehicle. Nevertheless, due to the recent introduction no study is available to assess the potential of the system. This study aims to assess the potential of Cornering ABS for the accident reduction, with an integrated statistical and experimental approach. At first, the current accident scenarios for motorcycles, based on the data of the Austrian national database of road accidents, were analysed in order to observe the relevance of different crash configurations. Furthermore, about 100 motorcycle accidents were then reconstructed and used as baseline for the evaluation of the system. Insights about the functioning of the analysed system were retrieved by logging and analysing the activation of the systems under riding conditions by motorcyclists with different experience. A model could therefore be developed to evaluate the triggering conditions of the systems. An in-depth analysis of the baseline accidents after the virtual introduction of the system permits to define the potential of the system for the selected cases. The results can then be extrapolated to the entire national statistic in order to evaluate the real potential of the systems. This study helps to define the relevance of the Cornering ABS for the current accidents scenarios and delineate the boundary working conditions of the systems, providing relevant information for possible improvements with the potential to lead to a further reduction of accidents. The project was funded by the Austrian Road Safety Fund (VSF) of the Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2020 09:57:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681800</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Aktive Motorradsicherheit durch Fahrerassistenz - Forschung der BASt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorradfahrer zählen auch heute noch zu den gefährdetsten Verkehrsteilnehmergruppen im Straßenverkehr. Aufgrund der fahrdynamischen Besonderheiten von Einspurfahrzeugen und der Ortslage der überwiegend befahrenen Straßen ist die Schwere der auftretenden Unfälle überdurchschnittlich hoch. Auswertungen verfügbarer Daten der Unfallstatistik zeigen, dass die typischen Motorradunfälle auf Landstraßen in der Regel durch einen Kontrollverlust über das Fahrzeug bedingt sind. Die Vermeidung von Fahrerfehlern in Zusammenhang mit Schräglage und Bremsen in Kurven sind daher vielversprechende Ansatzpunkte zur Reduktion von Motorradunfällen auf Landstraßen. Die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) fördert externe Forschungsprojekte zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr. Sie hat daher im Jahr 2016 den Fokus verstärkt auf Einspurfahrzeuge gelegt und das Forschungsprogramm „Forschungsroadmap-aktive Motorradsicherheit“ ins Leben gerufen, das Grundlagenforschung, fahrzeugtechnische Ansätze und Untersuchungen zum Fahrerverhalten umfasst. Die Forschungsaspekte sind „Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Motorradsimulatoren“, „Motorrad Kurven-ABS“, „Automatische Notbremssysteme für Motorräder“ und „Schräglagenangst“. Aus dem Pkw-Sektor sind Simulatoren zur Erforschung vielfältiger Fragestellungen bereits nicht wegzudenken. Dieses Forschungswerkzeug befindet sich für Anwendungen im Motorradbereich allerdings noch in einem sehr frühen Stadium. Das Ziel im Grundlagenbereich ist es daher zunächst, Anwendungsfelder zu definieren und eine Validierungsmethodik für Motorradfahrsimulatoren zu erarbeiten. Neuartige Kurven-ABS-Systeme sind erst seit kurzem auf dem Markt. Ziel der Forschung ist es, den Nutzen für durchschnittliche Fahrer dieser Systeme zu bewerten. Zusätzlich könnten diese Kurven-ABS-Systeme eine Schlüsseltechnologie für zukünftige automatische Notbremssysteme sein. Für letztere ist es zunächst notwendig, Fahrdynamikbereiche zu identifizieren, in denen gefahrlos automatische Bremseingriffe erfolgen können sowie die bereichsabhängige Höhe der Verzögerung zu erarbeiten. Im Bereich Fahrerverhalten sollen zukünftig über einen möglichst breiten Fahrerquerschnitt gefahrene Schräglagen im Alltag als auch in Gefahrensituationen evaluiert werden. Die entwickelte Methodik soll zur detaillierten Unfallanalyse und zur Entwicklung zukünftiger Trainingsmethoden herangezogen werden können. Mit diesem umfassenden Forschungspaket will die BASt einen Beitrag zur Verkehrssicherheit von Motorradfahrern leisten. Die Erkenntnisse sollen in weitere Forschung an aktiven Fahrerassistenzsystemen, die den Fahrer in kritischen Fahrsituationen unterstützen, einfließen. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Motorcycle riders are one of the most endangered groups in modern traffic. Due to the specific driving dynamics of one-track vehicles and the location of the predominantly driven roads, the severity of accidents tends to be considerably above average. Analyses of available accidentology data showed that the cause for a typical accident with a motorcycle on rural roads is loss of control over the vehicle. Prevention of mistakes by the rider in addition to occurring roll angles and braking while cornering are promising starting points for a reduction in motorcycle accidents on rural roads. The Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) is supporting external research projects for increasing traffic safety. It focused specifically on one-track vehicles in 2016 and established the research program “roadmap – active motorcycle safety” which includes basic research topics as well as vehicle and rider behaviour related approaches. Research aspects include “applications for riding simulators”, “motorcycle cornering ABS”, “autonomous emergency braking for motorcycles” and “roll angle anxiety”. In passenger car development driving simulators are a common tool for various research questions. For applications in motorcycle research simulators are scarcely evaluated. The aim is to determine fields of use and develop a validation methodology for riding simulators. Commercially sold cornering ABS are a new development. The objective is to assess the benefit for average riders. Additionally, these systems could be key technology for future autonomous emergency braking systems. Initially, constraints in driving dynamics to ensure autonomous braking without influence on riding safety as well as possible deceleration levels are to be defined. For rider behaviour, roll angles for different rider profiles in everyday and critical scenarios should be evaluated. The methodology should contribute to detailed accidentology and development of training methods. With the research roadmap BASt aims to contribute to active motorcycle safety. The results are used for further research on Advanced Rider Assistance Systems (ARAS) which support the rider in critical situations. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2020 09:57:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681796</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards a safe system approach to prevent health loss among motorcyclists: the importance of motorcycle stability as a condition for integrated safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Health loss among motorcyclists is a global road safety problem for which innovative countermeasures are needed. While the traditional motorcycle safety approach has focused on protective gear and rider education, the Safe System approach adopted in Sweden and other countries implies that the road, the vehicle and the road user, in conjunction with a safe speed limit, should interact to create a safe road transport system. Motorcycles are intrinsically unstable vehicles and the most likely consequence of instability is the rider becoming separated from the motorcycle. In this case, the only countermeasures to avoid health loss are the rider's protective gear, or a forgiving road infrastructure. The overall aim of this thesis is to understand the chain of events leading to crashes involving motorcycles with Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), compared to similar motorcycles without ABS. This resulted in five studies based on real-life crash data from Sweden, Norway, Spain and Italy. The integrated chain of events was used as a theoretical framework: the chain of events leading to a crash is no longer seen in separate blocks; rather it is a process in which one factor in the early phases of the chain can affect the following ones, thus creating conditions for other countermeasures to be effective. The findings indicated that Motorcycle ABS reduced emergency care visits by 47%. The severity of the crashes that did occur was lower, which reduced the overall risk of sustaining impairing injuries, although leg injuries were not addressed to the same extent. It was also found that almost 90% of fatal crashes with ABS were upright.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:19:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463200</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An estimate of the future road safety benefits of autonomous emergency braking and vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1435939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the consequences of delaying introduction of new technologies on future reductions in fatalities and serious injuries. This was done specifically for Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications, which represent the two most promising technologies in the short-term and medium-term future. The results demonstrate that a delay in introduction, or a slower rate of introduction, can have a significant effect on how long it takes for the benefits to be realised in the greater vehicle fleet.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2016 14:28:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1435939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Increased safety for motorcycle and moped riders: joint strategy version 2.0 for the years 2012-2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1375790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Both motorcycles and mopeds fulfil important transport needs for their users. They are also lifestylerelated vehicles to a large extent, which enrich many people's leisure time. Due to the growing congestion and the demand for energy-efficient transport, they may also meet important future needs in society. The proportion of unprotected road users who die in accidents is predicted to increase up until 2020, primarily due to the continued growth in the number of vehicle-related fatalities. This will lead to increased focus on the area of unprotected road users, which encompasses motorcyclists and moped riders. The joint motorcycle and moped strategy from 2010 has now been developed and modified in accordance with new EU goals and knowledge, as well as the measures of the stakeholders. The objective of the new strategy is to demonstrate how the number of motorcycle and moped fatalities can be halved, and how the number of seriously injured can be reduced by 40% between the years 2010 to 2020. Identified in the strategy are the areas where the greatest possibilities exist for instituting measures in order to contribute to achieving these goals. Deficiencies of knowledge to be remedied have also been identified, which will provide better supporting information for effective solutions in the future. The strategy will constitute an aid for the planning of activities for authorities, organisations and other stakeholders within the area. This presupposes that everybody adopts measures in their activities in order to achieve the road safety goals, individually or collaboratively. It will be a challenge, but it is possible to achieve the set objectives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2015 11:07:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1375790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-lock braking systems on motorcycle safety in Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study sets out to assess the benefits of ABS technology fitted to motorcycles, classification, LC>125cc (no scooters with engine cylinder capacity exceeding 50ml and/or a maximum speed exceeding 50km/h), using Australian crash data, to compare these findings with published international research, and to estimate the likely benefits in reduced crashes and injuries in the years ahead. Importantly, the findings showed that the presence of ABS on these motorcycles resulted in a 33% reduction in all injuries in relevant crash types and a 39% reduction in severe injuries in these crashes. The benefits varied depending on the type of crash, whether it was a single or multi-vehicle crash, occurred at an intersection, and whether the road was wet or not. There was good consistency in these findings across the various Australian states and similar international findings. Consequently there are marked savings in fewer fatalities as well as severe and minor injuries in these crashes and even further reductions are predicted over the next 10 years. It is predicted that these savings would be enhanced by efforts to increase the fitment rate of ABS on all new LC motorcycles in the coming years. The rate of fitment could be accelerated by mandating the fitment of ABS technology for all new LC>125cc motorcycles with associated reductions in crashes and severe injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2015 09:47:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New motorcycle safety technology: an overview for South Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The popularity of motorcycling in South Australia is rising and there have been increasing numbers in registrations and total distance travelled by riders. However, motorcyclists remain vulnerable road users and are at a higher risk of being involved in a serious crash. In 2012, motorcycle crashes were 17.5 times more likely to result in a fatality in SA relative to other vehicles, per distance travelled. There have been considerable improvements to passenger vehicle safety over the last few decades but little has changed regarding safety for motorcycles. This report describes the relatively new technologies of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), combined braking systems (CBS) and traction control systems (TCS) for motorcycles, and the effectiveness of these systems in reducing motorcycle crashes. Mechanisms to encourage uptake of these technologies are also presented. ABS appears to be the most beneficial of these technologies and an analysis of ABS is included, estimating the potential benefit of the technology for South Australian motorcyclists]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2015 16:56:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Motorcycle safety through smart technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1312378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Spend a Sunday meandering your way along the Great Ocean road or through many of the other winding roads, all over Australia and you are sure to encounter dozens of motorcyclists gliding around the smooth curves. The freedom of controlling a machine through the bends accelerating and braking, shifting their weight, picking the best line and leaning into the corners makes a scenic ride even more enjoyable. However with the highs of motorcycle riding come significant risks, many of which can be reduced through intelligent selection of the bike&rsquo;s safety features. A small change in balance or direction when rounding a corner, loose stones or the need to brake suddenly can all lead to loss of control accidents. A motorcycle ABS (Antilock Braking System) enables a rider the necessary time to focus on steering and balance while braking as hard as they can to wash off some of the speed. In an emergency the advanced versions of ABS can modulate the braking proportionally to allow the rider to rapidly reduce speed without worrying about locking a wheel and losing control. Some of these advanced systems also have the ability to detect if the rear wheel is lifting and modulate the brake force to make sure the wheels stay in touch with the road.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2014 10:00:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1312378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NVH caused by ABS and ESP in cold climates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2013 10:43:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265474</guid>
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