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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Commercial Aviation: Program Aimed at High-Risk Parent Abductors Could Aid in Preventing Abductions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 2000, the annual number of new international parental child abduction cases reported to the Department of State—many of which likely involved air travel—has nearly tripled. Such abductions occur when a parent, family member, or person acting on behalf thereof, takes a child to another country in violation of the custodial parent’s or guardian’s rights. Once a child is abducted, the laws, policies, and procedures of the foreign country determine the child’s return. Thus, preventing such abductions can help keep parents and children from being separated for a long period or indefinitely As requested, this report addresses (1) the policies and measures airlines, federal agencies, and others have to prevent international parental child abductions on airline flights and (2) options federal agencies, airlines, and others could consider for helping prevent such abductions on airline flights, as well as the advantages and limitations of those options. As private sector entities, airlines do not have the authority to verify or enforce court and custody orders in an effort to prevent international parental child abductions and thus, upon request, work in cooperation with law enforcement. The Department of State has measures such as a dual-signature passport requirement and a passport notification program that are focused on preventing abductions before abductors reach an airport. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has measures that are focused on prevention when abductors reach the airport, such as a Prevent Departure list which prevents non-U.S. citizens from departing on an international flight with a child of concern, if certain criteria are met. DHS also checks the National Crime Information Center Missing Persons File and has partnered with other agencies to distribute AMBER Alerts at airports if child abductions meet certain criteria. Two options—a parental-consent letter requirement and a high-risk abductor list—were cited by stakeholders (federal agency, airline, and nongovernmental organization officials) as having potential to prevent abductions, but consent letters may be impractical to adopt while a high-risk list may help prevent some abductions. A consent letter policy could require that children traveling alone, or without both parents, have a note of consent from the nonaccompanying parents authorizing the child to travel. Stakeholders the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) met with and surveyed noted that such consent letters may be effective in deterring some abductions, but the relative ease in forging a letter along with other significant issues indicate that such a requirement is not a practical option. A high-risk abductor list program could operate similarly to the Prevent Departure list program but would apply to U.S. citizens. While stakeholders pointed out certain limitations to such a high-risk abductor list—such as the relatively difficult and time-consuming steps needed to place a child and potential abductor on this list—such a list may be helpful in preventing abductions on airline flights. GAO recommends that DHS consider creating a program similar to the child abduction component of its Prevent Departure program that would apply to U.S. citizens.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2011 14:00:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104888</guid>
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      <title>Biometrics at Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/900813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article discusses developments used by the U.S. Coast Guard in "closing the revolving door" of migrants attempting illegal entry into Puerto Rico from the Dominican Republic on "yolas," wooden fishing boats equipped with outboard engines. The article notes that during the 2004-2005 period, the Coast Guard interdicted approximately 9,000 such migrants attempting entry via the 90-mile Mona Pass strait, 40% of the undocumented migrants the Coast Guard picked up during this same time period. As many of these migrants had no identification or other credentials, they made further entry attempts once repatriated. In 2006, the Coast Guard began to use biometric techniques (e.g. fingerprinting) at sea to begin a systematic tracking system of these undocumented migrants. An important component of this system is a searchable database to allow for cross-checking against immigration and criminal databases. The article discusses these in further detail, along with reviewing current biometric systems. Systems discussed include Automated Biometric Identification System (ABIS, developed by the U.S. Department of Defense), Integrated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS, developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation). A final system reviewed is the United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology Automated Biometric Identification System (US VISIT IDENT, developed by the Department of Homeland Security).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 07:20:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/900813</guid>
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      <title>CHILD CUSTODY RIGHTS: SHOULD AIRLINES BE ALLOWED TO INTERFERE.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/620832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/620832</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIGITAL SENSOR PROVIDES NEW METHOD FOR OIL CUSTODY TRANSFER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/427129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A joint field verification test showed that a digital level sensor was an acceptable alternative in oil custody transfer for tank truck sales. The sensor, manufactured by Remote Operating Systems (ROS) of San Antonio, sends a digital signal that can be transmitted through a telephone modem to any desired office. Union Pacific Resources (UPRC), the operator, conducted the study with Scurlock Permian Corp. (SPC) during 1993. In 1994, the oil and gas division of the Railroad Commission of Texas accepted the digital level controller as an alternative measurement device to tank gauging and lease automated custody transfer in Texas. The sensor is installed in oil storage tanks and consists of a 1.5-in. sealed tube surrounded by a circular float.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/427129</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WHERE THE SALES CONTRACT AND THE TRANSPORTATION CONTRACT MEET: VITAL CLAUSES AFFECTING LNG PROJECT PARTICIPANTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experience in the LNG trade has reinforced rather than diminished the early recognition that the interdependence of seller, buyer and transporter is greater in LNG commerce than in any other international trade.  Consequently, it seems likely that their roles, while remaining functionally separate, must come to be viewed as more contractually interdependent.  This paper examines those matters customarily contained in an LNG sales contract which reflect the unique transportation requirements of the project, and those matters customarily contained in an LNG transportation contract which reflect the unique LNG sale.  Five general areas of common interest to buyers, sellers and transporters of LNG are identified: 1. Physical facilities, namely, the terminal and port, and the vessel; 2. Vessel services, supplies and charges in the port; 3. Cargo custody transfer in the port; 4. Voyage operations and safety regulations; and 5. Excuse and enforcement of contract performance. Implicit in this analysis is a bias in favor of achieving some degree of uniformity in the treatment of common areas of both contracts.  The goal is to reduce risks arising from unintended omission or variation in contract clauses of common interest to all project participants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LNG THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA AND CUSTODY TRANSFER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The work done by the "National Bureau of Standards" (NBS), Thermophysical Properties Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA, to obtain accurate data and develop accurate mathematical models for calculating all the technically important thermophysical properties of LNG is reviewed.  Sampling and instrumentation for cargo transfer is considered.  Order from NSFI as No. 18566.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144492</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSFER OF LNG FROM OFFSHORE TERMINALS TO LNG CARRIERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Studies which examined the effects of transfer system availability (due to wait-on-weather) on carrier operations and the economics of the whole gas recovery system have shown that it is essential to be able to moor the LNG carrier and transfer LNG in sea states of at least 3 m and preferably 5 m significant waves.  Order from NSFI as No. 18627.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CUSTODY TRANSFER SYSTEMS FOR LNG-SHIPS: TANK SURVEY TECHNIQUES AND SOUNDING TABLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89227</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Static measurements of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for custody transfer purposes require an accurate and precise knowledge of the container volume and the volume-height relationship. The extremely low temperatures of LNG (less than 150K) preclude in situ surveys; however, the increasing value of the cargo requires more precise and accurate measurements than previously used for bulk marine cargoes. A description and assessment of the application of photogrammetric techniques to the ambient temperature survey of a 35-meter diameter spherical aluminum container are presented. Sample sounding tables (height-volume) are calculated, and an estimate of error is given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Oct 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89227</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN LNG CARGO SYSTEM SIMULATOR FOR CREW TRAINING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/92158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inevitably the number of ships entering service, the number and variety of ship-operating companies and the number of locations of storage terminals have created a need for professional training of LNG ship crews, and for retraining as ship designs evolve and operating practices change.  Such training should combine actual equipment operation with classroom work.  The purpose of the LNG Cargo System Simulator is to provide an economical opportunity for training on actual equipment without the limitations that would be encountered on an actual LNG carrier.  On the Simulator the ship condition can be chosen at will (loading, voyage, cooldown, etc.) and a ship operation, or a part of an operation can be repeated as often as desired. Ultimately the students gain extensive experience with both normal and abnormal conditions and operations where the consequences of student action or inaction can be demonstrated safely.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/92158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LPG MEASUREMENT AND CUSTODY TRANSFER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/81219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Custody transfer systems are described that are based on shipboard instrumentation, measuring the mass of liquid and vapor in the tanks before and after discharge or loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/81219</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DENSITIES OF LNG FOR CUSTODY TRANSFER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The first section of the paper deals with a project carried out to provide experimental density data for liquefied natural gas components and their mixtures with a total uncertainty of less than 0.1%.  In the second section, several mathematical models for the calculation of LNG-densities for custody transfer are optimized, tested and compared.  Order from NSFI as No. 14967.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76118</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENTS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS IN COMMERCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Cryogenics Divisions of the NBS Institute for Basic Standards is currently involved in a number of programs dealing with liquefied natural gas (LNG).  The objective of these NBS programs is to bring to bear over 20 years of cryogenic experience on certain selected LNG problem areas. A description of the programs is given as well as a summary of progress of this five-year effort.  In addition, the objectives of past, present and projected LNG programs at NBS will be related to one specific LNG problem area, custody transfer, and suggestions will be made about maximum utilization of present and expected research results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SURVEY OF LNG TECHNOLOGICAL NEEDS IN THE U.S.A.--1974 TO BEYOND 2000</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A comprehensive analysis of near and long term research needs has been conducted by the U.S. Gas Industry covering operational areas of Production and Exploration, Synthetic Supply, Transmission, Distribution, Utilization and LNG. Identifiable research needs are reported for the area of LNG encompassing time frames of: 1974-1978 (In detail, year by year); 1979-1985 (In 5 year period); 1986-2000 (As specific as possible); Beyond 2000 (As believed necessary).  A year by year examination of LNG research priorities for the first five years are considered vital to overcome the potential suppression of growth in the LNG industry that could result from lack of available technology.  Assessments of technical LNG needs beyond 1978 cannot, of course, be too well defined and must be examined annually for purposes of updating.  The National Bureau of Standards  Cryogenics Division has become the governmental focal point for LNG research.  A survey of NBS LNG research and how these relate to the future technological growth of the LNG industry are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SIMOS 31. MICROCOMPUTER-BASED INTEGRATED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR SHIPS' MACHINERY INSTALLATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/74367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A description is given of the SIMOS 31 (Siemens Monitoring System), a microcomputer-based integrated system for monitoring a ship's machinery installation and cargo handling with analogue and binary sensors.  The system is modular, so that small or comprehensive monitoring systems can be realised.  Recording equipment for an alarm recorder, data logger, and manoeuvre recorder are provided.  Alarm systems are given by audible and visual indications, transmitted to the bridge, mess, and engineer's cabin in the case of unmanned engine rooms.  The integrated cargo system used on LNG/LPG gas tankers monitors the following conditions: Custody transfer (in co-operation with Simmonds Precision, USA) for accurate tank level, temperature, and density.  Temperature especially of the hull and insulated spaces.  The pressure in the cargo tanks and insulated spaces, and the cargo-pump discharge pressure.  The gas content in the atmosphere in the insulated spaces and service rooms.  The system is also used on reefers and refrigerated containerships for temperature monitoring and data logging for cargo holds and refrigerated containers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 19 Aug 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/74367</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIPBOARD LNG MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) requires special systems and instruments generally not found in other liquid product carriers.  These systems and devices are necessary if the carrier is to comply with the various safety standards, and also, to remain commercially competitive.  A general discussion of the total control system with a more detailed look at the unique instruments used in the cryogenic environments is presented in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 May 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69110</guid>
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