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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>GROUTED CUTOFF AT ROCKY REACH DAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PREFORMANCE IS DESCRIBED OF A CUTOFF THROUGH OPEN WORK GRAVELS UNDERLYING THE LEFT ABUTMENT OF THE ROCKY REACH DAM WHICH WAS CONSTRUCTED BY GROUTING. THIS TECHNICAL NOTE PRESENTS A FIGURE WHICH SHOWS THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE CUTOFF AND ITS RELATION TO THE SPILLWAY OF THE DAM. OBSERVATIONS OF PIEZOMETRIC LEVELS RECORDED IN THE GRAVELS UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE CUTOFF HAVE SHOWN NO DETECTABLE CHANGE IN ITS EFFECTIVENESS DURING THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF ITS SERVICE LIFE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CLOSURE ON FOUNDATION CUTOFF WALL FOR ALLEGHENY RESERVOIR DAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122576</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE NEED TO ASSURE ADEQUATE CLEAN-UP STRESSED BY LANE IS DISCUSSED.  THE SPECIFICATIONS REQUIRED A MINIMUM TRENCH DEPTH OF 2 FEET INTO ROCK, TO BE CHECKED BY CORE DRILLING EITHER PRIOR TO EXCAVATION, OR SUBSEQUENT TO EXCAVATION OF OVERBURDEN IN A GIVEN PANEL.  THE LATTER METHOD, WHICH WAS USED, PROBABLY RESULTED IN SOME OVER-EXCAVATION BECAUSE IT WOULD HAVE CAUSED CONSIDERABLE DELAY TO SET UP THE DRILL RIG MORE THAN ONCE OVER A GIVEN PANEL.  ONCE IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE OVERBURDEN HAD BEEN REMOVED, THE ELEVATION OF THE REQUIRED BOTTOM OF TRENCH WAS KNOWN.  FINAL CLEANING OF THE BOTTOM OCCURRED FROM ONE HOUR TO FOUR HOURS PRIOR TO THE BEGINNING OF CONCRETING.  THIS CLEANING OPERATION WAS INDIFFERENTLY SUCCESSFUL.  TO ASSURE THE MOST THOROUGH TRENCH BOTTOM CLEANING PRACTICABLE, A REVERSE CIRCULATION OF SLURRY SHOULD BE PERFORMED THROUGH A 4-INCH PIPE TERMINATING IN A FUNNEL-SHAPED INLET.  ADDITIONAL PIEZOMETER DATA WERE REQUESTED BY LANE.  FIGURES ARE PRESENTED WHICH GIVE THESE DATA.  BUSH AND BARES DESCRIBED DIFFERENCES IN THE ALLEGHENY OPERATION AND THAT OF THE INSTALLATION AT ARROW DAM ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER, AND PRESENTED SOME INTERESTING RESULTS OF PERSONAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE USE OF A LEAN CONCRETE MIX IN LIEU OF THE BENTONITE SLURRY.  THIS INFORMATION RELATIVE TO TYPES OF BENTONITE WHICH ARE SATISFACTORY SHOULD BE HELPFUL TO THOSE IN OTHER WORK OF THIS NATURE. CONCERNING THE USE OF CLAMSHELLS WITHOUT PRELIMINARY HOLES, TIME REQUIRED FOR EXCAVATION AT DEPTHS OF IN BOULDERY SOIL, ASSURING ECONOMY AND CONTINUITY OF THE WALL, IS A PROBLEM. IF A UNIFORM MIX OF THE WEAK CEMENT SLURRY CAN BE ASSURED SUBSEQUENT TO EXCAVATION, THE PROPOSAL FOR ITS USE FOR BOTH THE WORKING SLURRY AND LATER, THE WALL, APPEARS TO HAVE MERIT. REFERENCES: FOUNDATION CUTOFF WALL FOR ALLEGHENY RESERVOIR DAM, G. A. FUQUAY, JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, PROCEEDINGS PAPER 5231, MAY 1967.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122576</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISCUSSION OF FOUNDATION CUTOFF WALL FOR ALLEGHENY RESERVOIR DAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[REFERENCES: GARTH A. FUQUAY, JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, PROC. PAPER 5231, MAY 1967.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:43:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEEPAGE UNDER A RECTANGULAR DAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/118353</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 01:53:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/118353</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RAISING THE COFFERDAM TO RESIST FLOODS IS NEXT AT THREE GORGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/474881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The civil works constructed so far for the monumental Yangtze River diversion at the site of the 2,300-m-long gravity dam in Hubei province have been well within the experience of Chinese contractors.  But the 1,617-m-long, five-stage shiplock and shiplift already begun at the dam site with a 175-m-deep channel being carved into rock presents technical challenges that may lead to a search for international expertise.  The concern is that the shiplock is carved so deeply into the mountain that geologic stresses will be released that will cause deformations after the excavation.  Work next focuses on raising the upstream and downstream cofferdams to be able to resist a one in 50-year flood.  A concrete cutoff wall is being built through the cofferdams penetrating the large boulders in the riverbed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/474881</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VISUAL AIMING OF LOW-BEAM HEADLAMPS: EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE AND AMBIENT LIGHT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/573213</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently there has been a considerable amount of interest in formally adopting visual aiming for headlamps in the United States.  Because if this interest, several studies have been made of how the sharpness of the cutoff affects the accuracy with which a low-beam headlamp can be vertically aimed.  The present study was undertaken to address two of these issues: 1) how background light on the aiming screen affects visual aiming, and 2) whether the training and experience of the person doing the aiming affect aiming performance.  Two experiments on visual aiming were conducted.  The results demonstrate clear effects of ambient illumination of the aiming screen on the mean position set by visual aiming, but provide no evidence for an effect on variability of visual aiming up to the maximum level examined, 108 lux.  The effects on mean aim, although highly significant statistically, are not large relative to estimates of the current variability of headlamp vertical aim in the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/573213</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UPLIFT FAILURES OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/453137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Surveys of county engineers in Iowa revealed that between 1970 and 1975 and between 1983 and 1988 corrugated metal pipe (CMP) uplift failures occurred at a rate of six per year.  A similar survey of North American Departments of Transportation (DOTs) revealed only nine failures between 1987 and 1992.  All failures involved pipes with diameters greater than 1.83 m.  Fifty percent of the agencies responding to the second survey indicated they had standards for end restraint.  About 6% of the agencies avoid uplift problems by not using CMP and about 12% of the agencies limit the diameters of CMP.  Eight agencies provided data that allowed calculation of end restraint force as a function of pipe diameter.  The forces provided by the end restraints range from about 50 to 300 kN for a pipe 2 m in diameter.  A simplistic and very conservative analysis that treats the CMP as a beam was conducted as a basis for comparison.  Six standards recommend forces lower than the analysis whereas three agencies actually recommend resisting forces greater than that provided by the analysis.  Two CMPs that failed in uplift were analyzed and the apparent force that caused failure was backcalculated.  For one pipe that had no tiedown, the calculated failure force was below all of the standards; however, the presence of a cutoff indicates that cutoffs by themselves are not effective countermeasures to uplift.  In the second case history where end restraint was provided, the calculated failure force was greater than that required by six of the nine agency specifications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/453137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLURRY WALLS: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND QUALITY CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/369296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication contains papers from the first International Symposium on Slurry Walls:  Design/Construction/Quality Control, held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on June 27-28, 1991.  The purpose of the symposium was to bring together an interdisciplinary and international group of engineers and scientists to:  (1) provide a forum to exchange experiences and findings related to the design, construction, and quality control methods for slurry walls; (2) learn from both successful and unsuccessful case histories; (3) promote technology transfer between the various disciplines and countries represented; and (4) provide an education resource for those attending.  Eighteen papers presented at the sumposium and twelve other papers that were not presented due to time constraints, are included in this volume.  The papers are grouped into four main categories: State-of-the-Art Papers; Hazardous Waste; Seepage Cutoffs; and Structural.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 May 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/369296</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRACTICAL EVALUATION OF MOISTURE DAMAGE CUTOFF SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/351165</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an application of the University of Idaho Asphalt Concrete Moisture Damage Analysis System program on field performance prediction to (1) classify asphalt concrete mixture moisture susceptibility, (2) predict cutoff ratios, (3) compare predicted cutoff ratios to currently used ratios, and (4) apply the practical aspects of the results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 May 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/351165</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPTIMIZATION OF THE LOW BEAM PATTERN OF ILLUMINATION. SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS RELATED TO THE ILLUMINATION ABOVE CUT-OFF</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/343892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Visibility distances to targets on the road have been measured in simulated full-scale opposing situations between two passenger cars on low beams.  The level of low beam illumination above the cut-off was varied in four levels from half the normal to four times the normal illumination of European low beams.  The results show that the optimum (absolute)level of illumination above the cut-off is related to the reflection properties of the visual targets.  The most important parameter seems to be the relation between the level of illumination just above and just below the cut-off.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/343892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LEVEE UNDERSEEPAGE SOFTWARE USER MANUAL AND VALIDATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/298858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A FORTRAN 77 Computer program (LEVSEEP) was developed to analyze levee underseepage on IBM PC compatible microcomputers with an 8087 math coprocessor.  The software and associated equipment plot cross sections and piezometer data; calculate seepage flow and substratum pressure; analyze landside berm, river side blanket, cutoff and relief well control measures; and finally, estimate the construction cost of these alternatives.  The results of example computer calculations agree favorably with hand solutions.  The procedures for berm and relief well analysis reflect the current CE guidance in EM 1110-2-1913.  The method of fragments is used for the analysis of cutoff. Riverside blanket analyses are based on procedures presented in the WES Technical Memorandum 3-424.  The products are recommended for practical use by Corps' Districts having seepage problems with flood control levees.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/298858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY OF A CONSTRUCTED FACILITY: GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS--DISCUSSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/180683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pate notes there are some problems in using fault tree analysis in the safety assessment of dams because of the continuous nature or fuzzy definition of the events involved (e.g. High Permeability State for Dam Soils).  Fault trees lay out relationships among events and not directly among probabilities, contrary to event trees.  The output of a logical gate (e.g., OR and AND) has to be exactly equal to the corresponding function of the inputs.  The failure made Excessive Flow through Dam cannot exactly be described as Poor Cutoff AND High Permeability unless these events are precisely defined.  By contrast, the probability of occurrence of this failure mode could be computed by using an event tree that allows introduction of continuous random variables (e.g., Permeability) and of failure probabilities conditional on each value of these variables.  The authors defend their use of fault trees by voting that precise definition of events leading to failure of a dam is not possible.  Whether a high permeability state exists is, in fact, fuzzy and imprecise, but a geotechnical expert can generally deal with such impression to the extent necessary to identify the controlling events leading to failure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/180683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOIL-BENTONITE SLURRY TRENCH CUTOFFS DISCUSSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/173738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The discusser presents equations that make it possible to obtain the filter care permeability to thickness ratio directly from care formation tests. Thus, it is not necessary to use the full procedure outlined by the author of forming the care for the required time, decanting excess slurry, and then permeating the care with water under constant head. The fact that during a care formation test there is slurry above the care, and that during permeation there is just water, will not affect the value of the ratio obtained, as filter care formation is controlled by the permeation of water through existing care.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/173738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALTERNATIVES TO FILM SEALANTS BETWEEN CONCRETE ARCHES OF ROAD TUNNELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/172933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research project considers, from the technical viewpoint, the intermediate sealing with synthetic film compared to other sealing methods.  Reference is made in the case of synthetic films to inadequate knowledge of the material's long term behaviour and to its capacity for repair.  The customary loosely located sealing skin used in the "new Austrian tunnelling method" is not valid as a sealant to water under pressure; the possibilities for eliminating the incision-deficiencies of film sealants are shown.  All other methods of sealing externally, intermediately and internally and of diverting water and also mountain water drainage are described.  Suggestions for improvement are concerned with the mechanical rear-filling of excavated arches, in particular drainage and cut-off layers and also annular injections.  In back filling, drainage material should be placed in the annular space between the rock soffit and the supporting construction arch.  Drainage and cut-off layers using permanent materials such as bitumen and bentonite should be used for the external sealing.  Injections into the annular space are thought of as primary sealing- and space filling-methods as well as secondary re-sealing processes.  The research project has concerned itself with barrier concrete, leaching of concrete by mountain water and the concrete contraction process.  To consider the use of barrier concrete AS External cladding, crack surveys were made in the arches of 9 Austrian road tunnels and these are reported on, together with deformation measurements and details of the temperature movements in the tunnel tubes.  To positively aid in the use of barrier concrete recommendations are given with reference to constructional development, concrete technology and the concreting process.  Suggestions are made in respect of the development of dummy- and expansion-joints.  A computer program for the estimation of the expected temperature movement in the tunnel tube has been designed and the results compared with actually measured values.  As a special alternative to intermediate film sealing a roof lining solution is valid.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/172933</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLURRY WALLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/141805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Of use to practicing engineers, architects, contractors, students, and owners of underground installations, this book details the current practices and techniques of slurry (diaphragm) wall construction, an innovative engineering solution to many problems in underground construction.  The methods presented here, which were developed in other countries and recently introduced in the United States, are compatible with normal procedures in any construction project.  Starting with background and historical notes, the author covers conditions of trench and cut support in such mediums as clay and sand; soil-slurry interaction, preparation, uses and control, all of geotechnical import; excavation and equipment; cutoff walls (slurry-trench, semirigid and rigid); concrete technology and construction; construction fundamentals of slurry walls; various wall systems (prefabricated, bored-pile, composite, post-tensioned, buttressed and arches); and load carrying capacities and foundations.  Remaining chapters discuss numerous uses, applications, and related analysis and design topics, both geotechnical and structural. Practical examples and review problems clarify the data throughout.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/141805</guid>
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