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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>From impact to insight : finite element modeling of real-world head trauma</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traumatic head injuries represent a major global health burden, affecting up to 70 million people annually world-wide. To study head injury mechanisms and evaluate preventive measures, virtual, anatomically-detailed human surrogates, referred to as Human Body Models (HBMs), can be created using Finite Element (FE) modeling techniques. Such FE models can be used to computationally recreate real-world head traumas to study human response to impact and reveal injury mechanisms. However, since FE is an inherently heavy computational task, there are numerous modeling challenges associated with using FE analysis for this purpose: constitutive models need to be appointed to complex biological tissues, models need to be properly validated, the chosen approach should be feasible in terms of time, and so forth. This doctoral thesis aims to address a few of these difficulties. This thesis is composed of four comprehensive studies, each related to the overall objective of developing new methodologies and models, and further developing existing ones, for in-depth FE reconstructions of real-world head trauma. To emphasize their applicability in head injury research, the four studies also feature in-depth reconstructions of real-world injurious events. In the first study, a male and female pedestrian HBM was developed based on an existing occupant HBM, along with an efficient framework for anthropometric personalization. In the second study, a framework for reconstructing head traumas of pedestrians and cyclists in real-world road traffic accidents was developed, validated and exemplified by reconstructing 20 real-world cases. In the third study, a material model for cranial bone was developed and validated, and used for predicting skull fractures in five fall accidents. Lastly, in the fourth study, the material model was applied to a subject-specific head model, used to conduct an in-depth reconstruction of a workplace fatality to assess the protective effect of construction helmets. Together, these four studies highlight how in-depth FE reconstructions, involving geometrically personalized models of the human body, can provide head injury predictions with striking resemblance to real-world data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598605</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mapping the Wolverine Way: Identifying Conservation Corridors and Transboundary Linkages in the Canadian Crown of the Continent region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1651014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Canadian Crown of the Continent (CCoC) is one of three zones where wolverines can move between Canada and the US, providing the last links for recruitment and ultimately gene flow to the highly fragmented population in the US Rocky Mountains. However, a combination of rapidly expanding logging, energy development and motorized recreation, along with a growing road network, threatens to fragment and diminish connections in this critical transboundary linkage between the US and Canada. This report summarizes a project to complete a 3-year sampling effort in the CCoC, which in turn completed a larger 6-year effort over a vast area of the central and southern Canadian Rockies. In 2016, the research team surveyed the last unsampled portion of the Alberta Rockies (south of Kananaskis Country to Highway 3) in addition to a substantial portion of the East Kootenay region of the British Columbia Rockies (BC; >9000 km2). This follow-up effort allowed the team to complete an entire ecoregion-wide wolverine survey in the Canadian Rockies ecoregion, from the US-Canadian border north to Banff and Yoho National Parks. From this data, researchers created density estimates and occupancy models of wolverine distribution and its multiple landscape stressors across an extensive and complex region of the Great Northern Landscape. The report summarizes research findings and makes recommendations regarding management strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2019 15:05:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1651014</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding boundary conditions for brain injury prediction :finite element analysis of vulnerable road users</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1652324</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vulnerable road users (VRUs) are overrepresented in the statistics on severe and deadly injuries in traffic accidents, most commonly involving the head. The finite element (FE) method presents the possibility to model complex interactions between the human body and vehicles in order to better understand the injury mechanisms. While the rapid development of computer capacity has allowed for increasingly detailed FE-models, there is always a benefit of reducing the studied problem. Due to its material properties, the brain is more sensitive to rotational motion than to purely linear, resulting in complex injury causation. When studying brain injuries caused by a direct impact to the head, simulations using an isolated head model significantly increases efficiency compared to using a complete human body model. Also evaluation of head protective systems uses isolated mechanical head representations. It is not, however, established the extent to which the boundary conditions of the head determine the outcome of brain injuries. FE models of both the entire human body and the isolated head were used in this thesis to study the effect of the body, as well as active neck muscle tension, on brain injury outcome in VRU accidents. A pediatric neck model was also developed to enable the study of age-specific effects. A vehicle windscreen model was developed to evaluate the necessity of capturing the failure deformation during pedestrian head impacts. It was shown that the influence of the neck and body on brain injury prediction is greater in longer duration impacts, such as pedestrian head-to-windscreen impacts with an average difference of 21%. In accidents with shorter duration impacts, such as head-to-ground bicycle accidents, the average influence was between 3-12%. The influence did not consistently increase or limit the severity, and was dependent on the degree of rotation induced by the impact, as well as the mode of deformation induced in the neck. It was also shown that the predicted brain injury severity is dependent on capturing the large deformations of fractured windscreen, with the greatest effect near the windscreen frame. The pediatric neck model showed a large effect of age-dependent anatomical changes on inertial head loading, making it a promising tool to study the age-dependent effects in VRU accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2019 10:33:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1652324</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Human Head FE Modelling: Improvement of Skull Geometry and Brain Constitutive Laws</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1084633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traumatic head injuries remain a common cause of death and severe disabilities around the world. FE modelling of the head is a well accepted tool to study head impact biomechanics. This paper investigates improvements to a number of geometrical aspects and material constitutive laws of this complex human segment. The objective of the present study is to improve both the skull and brain modelling. The skull representation is improved at the geometrical point of view in order to simulate skull depressive and linear fractures. On the other hand brain constitutive law improvement is based on original experimental tests focusing on high strain rates and non linear behaviour in order to investigate the influence of the brain material properties in the head model validation procedure against existing experimental brain deformation recording. The main result is a detailed skull geometry including skull reinforced beams and thickness variation validated against existing head impacts involving skull fracture as well as a linear and a non-linear brain constitutive law which permit an accurate validation against brain deformation under impact. For the covering abstract see ITRD E141807.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Dec 2010 08:42:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1084633</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROTECTIVE HELMET AND BRAIN DAMAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTIVE HELMETS IN REDUCING INJURIES TO MOTORCYCLISTS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 17:22:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF THE MEANS OF PROTECTING USERS OF TWO WHEELED VEHICLES (MOTOR-CYCLES ETC)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ACCIDENTS INVOLVING USERS OF TWO WHEELED VEHICLES ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY SERIOUS AND FREQUENT AND IT IS NECESSARY TO MAKE A DETAILED STUDY OF THE MEANS FOR PROTECTING SUCH USERS FROM INJURY. PREVIOUS WORK. AN ANALYSIS OF 200 MEDICAL DOSSIERS OF USERS OF TWO WHEELED VEHICLES INJURED IN ACCIDENTS SHOWED THAT THERE WAS A DEFINITE RELATION BETWEEN THE TYPE OF INJURY AND THE TYPE OF TWO WHEELED VEHICLES INVOLVED. THE TYPE OF INJURY ALSO DEPENDED ON WHETHER THE RIDER WORE A CRASH HELMET OR NOT. THIS CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES ACCORDING TO TYPE ALSO REVEALED THE HIGH RATE OF SKULL-BRAIN INJURY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE WEARING OF A CRASH HELMET. WORK DURING 1976. THE INVESTIGATION IS TO PROCEED WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF THE INFORMATION CONCERNING ACCIDENTS. IT IS PROPOSED TO DEFINE THE KINEMATICS OF 100 MOTOR-CYCLE ACCIDENTS AND TO DETERMINE IN EACH CASE THE CAUSE OR OBSTACLE INVOLVED AND THE POINT OF IMPACT HAVING THE MAJOR INFLUENCE ON THE VIOLENCE OF THE IMPACT. ACCIDENTS WILL BE INVESTIGATED WHETHER A CRASH HELMET HAS BEEN WORN OR NOT. WHEN A CRASH HELMET HAS BEEN WORN IT WILL BE EXAMINED, AND IF POSSIBLE RETAINED, WITH A VIEW TO DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF THE HELMET ON INJURIES TO THE FACE, SKULL OR BRAIN. THE STUDY WILL TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE FOLLOWING: - MEDICAL INFORMATION OBTAINED BY  THE DOCTOR ATTENDING THE INJURED PERSON OR THE RESULTS OF THE POST MORTEM EXAMINATION; - INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THE OFFICIAL POLICE REPORTS OF THE ACCIDENT AND ALSO FROM DATA COLLECTED AT THE SITE OF THE ACCIDENT. - RESULTS OF AN INSPECTION OF THE DAMAGED TWO WHEELED VEHICLE AND THE OBSTACLE INVOLVED (OTHER VEHICLE, FIXED OBSTACLE, SITE OF IMPACT), THIS INSPECTION INVOLVING THE TAKING OF MEASUREMENTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS; - RESULTS OF A DETAILED EXAMINATION OF THE FEATURES GIVING SOME PROTECTION TO THE USERS OF TWO WHEELED VEHICLES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:03:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TOUGHENED AND LAMINATED WINDSCREENS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1067775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS BIBLIOGRAPHIC STUDY IS AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF 47 TEXTS ON TOUGHENED  AND LAMINATED WINDSCREENS, THEIR MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR VARIATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WINDSCREEN. RUPTURE MECHANISMS ARE DESCRIBED IN THE CASE OF EXTERNAL IMPACT OR IMPACT BY A VEHICLE OCCUPANT.  THE SECOND PART EXAMINES THE INJURIES CAUSED BY THE TWO  TYPES OF WINDSCREEN: (1) FRACTURE OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN INJURIES; (2) INJURIES OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; (3) INJURIES TO THE FACE AND EYES; (4) FRACTURE OF THE FACIAL BONES.  THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH TYPE OF WINDSCREEN ARE COMPARED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 10:53:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1067775</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY OF MOPEDS. ACCIDENT SURVEY AND RIDER INJURIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE REPORT CONTAINS A SURVEY OF EXISTING DATA ON MOPED ACCIDENTS ON A NATIONAL BASIS.  THE FIGURES SHOW THAT THIS IS A PROBLEM IN FRANCE.  IT ALSO CONTAINS THE RESULTS OF A MULTI-PURPOSE INVESTIGATION CARRIED OUT BY THE HAUTS DE SEINE DEPARTEMENT IN THE YEAR 1976, WHOSE AIM IT WAS TO INVESTIGATE BOTH OBSTACLES WHICH HAD CAUSED COLLISIONS AND THE KINETICS OF MOPED RIDERS.  FREQUENTLY THE SEVERITY OF THE INJURY AND ITS POSITION IS BEING INVESTIGATED AS A FUNCTION OF ITS CAUSE.  WHERE COLLISIONS HAVE OCCURRED WHICH  HAVE RESULTED IN INJURIES TO THE SKULL AND FACE, A DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN AND REASONS PUT FORWARD WHY AT THE MOMENT CRASH HELMETS ARE STILL OF LITTLE EFFECT IN FRANCE. FOR THE COVERING ABSTRACT OF THE CONFERENCE SEE IRRD NO 307340.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 07:56:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061863</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE BIOKINETICS OF SKULL - BRAIN IMPACT IN CHILDREN. ANATOMICAL - CLINICAL DEDUCTIONS FROM 200 ROAD ACCIDENT INJURIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FROM AN ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT CONDITIONS, THE CLINICAL ASPECTS, PARACLINICAL INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF 100 CASES OF SKULL-BRAIN INJURIES SUSTAINED BY CHILDREN IN ROAD ACCIDENTS, CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN REGARDING THEIR FREQUENCY IN COMPARISON TO ADULTS, THE FREQUENCY AND THE SPECIAL ASPECTS OF INJURIES, THE ACCIDENT MECHANISM AND THE GRAVITY OF NEUROPSYCHIC CONSEQUENCES.  THE STATISTICAL AND ANATOMICAL-CLINICAL DEDUCTIONS ARE ACCOMPANIED  BY PROPHYLACTIC AND CURATIVE PROPOSALS, AS WELL AS PROPOSALS REGARDING THE NECESSITY FOR HOSPITALIZATION OF THE INJURED. FOR THE COVERING ABSTRACT, SEE IRRD ABSTRACT NO. 101794.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 05:46:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1057226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TWO-WHEELER ACCIDENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ISSUE, DEVOTED SOLELY TO THE PROBLEM OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES, CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES: ACCIDENTS INVOLVING USERS OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES (CHICHIGNOUD,B), PSYCHOLOGY OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE RIDERS (GRAVEL,P), CYCLE OR MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN 1974 IN TOURCOING (DEPINOY,M, COMBEMALE,B, AND MULLER,P); BURNS IN TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE ACCIDENTS  (APOIL,A), THE CRANIAL-FACIAL INJURIES AND CYCLE OR MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS  (PIGANIOL,G, MALKA,G, REMY,R AND DEFLASSIEUX,M), ADVANTAGES AND INCONVENIENCES OF CRASH HELMETS IN THE PREVENTION OF CRANIAL-RACHIDIANS INJURIES (BENASSY,J), LATERAL LESIONS, SPECIAL ASPECTS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES (KONSBRUCK,R, COPIN,G AND KEMPF,I).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 03:54:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054359</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NERVE PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF THE ACUTE SKULL-BRAIN INJURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1053741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[COMPLETE NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDY, BOTH MACROSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL WITH PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION. CORRELATION OF THE FINDINGS WITH CLINICAL DATA  AND THE RESULTS OF AUTOPSIES. PATHOGENETIC ANALYSIS. STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE RELEVANT PARAMETERS. PATHOGENETIC VERDICT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 03:33:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1053741</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BELT INJURIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1051879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DURING THE PERIOD NOVEMBER 1977 TO AUGUST 1978, 52 BELTED CAR OCCUPANTS WERE EXAMINED FOR INJURIES AFTER HAVING BEEN INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS, AND THE  VEHICLES INVOLVED INVESTIGATED BY AN EXPERT.  THE INJURIES SUSTAINED WERE ANALYSED WITH RESPECT TO THE EFFECT OF THE SAFETY BELT.  THE FOLLOWING RESULTS WERE OBTAINED: (1) EXISTING SAFETY SYSTEMS MAY PREVENT INJURY SINCE  EACH IMPACT HAS TO BE ABSORBED BY THE BODY; (2) PRESENT DAY (1978) AUTOMATIC THREE-POINT BELTS CLASP THE BODY WELL AND PREVENT SERIOUS INJURIES TO  THE SKULL (ONLY ABOUT 2 PERCENT OF CASES) - SKULL/BRAIN INJURIES SUSTAINED BY UNBELTED OCCUPANTS ARE MUCH MORE FREQUENT; (3) IN 60 PERCENT OF THE CASES STUDIED SERIOUS INJURIES WERE PREVENTED BY THE BELTS; (4) THE NUMBER  OF CASES IN WHICH THE BELT POSSIBLY INCREASED THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE INJURY WAS ESTIMATED AT 3 PERCENT; IN ABOUT 35 PERCENT OF CASES IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE ACCURATELY WHETHER AND TO WHAT EXTENT THE BELT HAD CONTRIBUTED TO DECREASING THE INJURIES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 02:20:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1051879</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERPRETATION OF BRAIN TOLERANCES BASED ON DATA OBTAINED FROM BRAIN INJURIES TO CADAVERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1051857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO DESCRIBE BRAIN INJURIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH NEUROLOGICAL INDICATORS RESULTING FROM THE HEAD TRAUMA.  STUDIES OF MANY BRAIN TRAUMA WILL ENABLE A CHARACTERISATION TO BE MADE OF THE INJURIES  AND CORRELATION WITH NEUROLOGICAL INDICATORS TO BE CARRIED OUT.  THE STUDY WILL BE MADE OF SUBJECTS WHO HAVE SUFFERED A BRAIN TRAUMA, WHETHER OR NOT THEY HAVE DIED.  RESULTS OBTAINED FROM LIVING PEOPLE WILL ENABLE THE SEVERITY OF BRAIN INJURIES SUSTAINED BY DEAD PEOPLE TO BE EVALUATED AND BRAIN TOLERANCES TO BE DETERMINED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 02:19:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1051857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>KNOWLEDGE OF CENTRAL BRAIN INJURIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[WITH REFERENCE TO 6 SELECTED CASES FROM OVER 1300 CASES OF SKULL-BRAIN INJURY WHICH OCCURRED FROM 1960-1978, THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES FATAL, PRIMARY CENTRAL BRAIN INJURIES AND THEIR CAUSE, BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL FINDINGS.  TOGETHER WITH ISOLATED RUPTURES OF THE BLOOD VESSELS SUSTAINED IN SHORT, HEAVY FRONTAL AND LATERAL IMPACTS, HE DISCUSSES THE MECHANISM OF BRAIN RUPTURE CAUSED BY SEVERE ROTATION OF THE HEAD.  2 FURTHER CASES ILLUSTRATE THE PROBLEMS OF RESTRICTING SPONTANEOUS BLEEDING.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 01:51:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050796</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACCIDENT CAUSES AND INJURY MECHANISMS IN BICYCLE ACCIDENTS. POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF RECONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[43 PERCENT OF CYCLISTS INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS ARE ADOLESCENTS BETWEEN 6 AND 15 YEARS OLD, AND 24 PERCENT OLD PEOPLE BETWEEN 61 AND 65 YEARS.  IN 78 PERCENT OF CASES THERE IS INCORRECT BEHAVIOUR OF THE CYCLIST, PARTICULARLY  NON-OBSERVANCE OF PRIORITY.  THE MOST FREQUENT INJURIES ARE TO THE HEAD (85 PERCENT), THE LOWER LEG (58 PERCENT) AND THE THORAX (33 PERCENT).  THE  TYPES OF COLLISION ARE DISCUSSED.  THERE WAS NO RELATION BETWEEN AVERAGE  TYPE OF INJURY AND THE AGE OF THE CYCLIST.  THE TRAINING OF CYCLISTS MUST BE INTENSIFIED AND PRACTICAL CONTROL OF THE BICYCLE IMPROVED.  ALLOWING CYCLISTS AGED BETWEEN 10 AND 65 TO USE THE ROADS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED.  DRIVERS HAVE TO BE MORE AWARE OF SAFETY AND REGARD THE CYCLIST AS A ROAD USER; THIS WOULD AVOID 15 PERCENT OF THE ACCIDENTS.  A LARGE NUMBER OF SIMULATION TESTS ARE NEEDED IF BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF ACCIDENT AND INJURY MECHANICS  IS TO BE OBTAINED.  THE COVERING ABSTRACT FOR THE CONFERENCE IS IRRD NO 311057.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 01:42:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050457</guid>
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