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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>CREOSOTING OF TIMBER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/11372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article, digested from a lecture, discusses the preservation of sleepers and other forms of railway timber by the "full cell" process.  Other methods of treatment and a description of Baltic Redwood and its felling, haulage, transport, and manufacture into sleepers are also dealt with, however, as well as a typical creosoting depot and its activities.  The laying of the sleepers and chairing processes are given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/11372</guid>
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      <title>TYPES OF SLEEPERS AND SLEEPER MAINTENANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/6904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wood, steel, and concrete sleepers are compared based on experience to date with each type.  No alternative has been found to the cross-tie or sleeper and timber was almost universally preferred at the time.  Steel sleepers begin to fail from corrosion followed by cracks around the baseplate.  Concrete sleepers may fail through cracking with ultimate exposure of the reinforcement.  On an annual cost basis concrete may prove to be the cheapest sleeper - but this opinion is based on an estimated 50 year life for pre-stressed sleepers and experience is insufficient to justify the estimate.  Preservation of wood sleepers is usualy by creosoting.  The article concludes that treated timber sleepers with fastenings are approximate in cost to steel sleepers, with concrete sleepers costing more than either.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/6904</guid>
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      <title>CREOSOTING SLEEPERS FOR TROPICAL RAILWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/6913</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early in 1943 it was decided to carry out tests to make wooden sleepers impervious to termites.  These were first made in the research department of the Southern Railway in England.  In addition, information on tropical woods in railway systems was supplied by the Sudan Railway.  After nearly three years of trial, it was decided to erect a plant at Zungeru on the Nigerian Railway to treat hardwoods from the Southern Provinces.  Timber are impregnated thoroughly with hot creosote under pressure by wheeling them into long cylinders, pulling a vacuum, and applying creosote at temperatures above the boiling point.  The removal of the air from the wood cells of the sleepers makes easier the work of the pumps in forcing the creosote into the wood.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/6913</guid>
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      <title>INVESTIGATION OF THE DURABILITY OF IMPREGNATED TIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/11239</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The service life of cross ties and the factors which lead to their replacement were studied.  The average life of wooden ties is 14.1 years with a variation of 4 years, depending on tonnage.  The life of ties on curves is 2.4 years shorter than in straight sections.  Tie plates increase this life. Rotting of the ties is less of a problem than cutting by the rails.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/11239</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PRESERVING TIMBER SLEEPERS IN THE TROPICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/11405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1929, keruing and kempas sleepers were laid on lengths of track of the Malayan Railway tracks.  Their estimated service life is 28 years, and they are reported in good condition as of 1955.  Preservation with Tanalith, followed by creosote-oil treatment gave both timmbers a service life claimed to be 10 years longer than that of chengal sleepers. Tanalith gave complete immunity to termite and fungal attack; but in a humid tropical climate extensive splitting of the timber can be caused by the alternation of prolinged rains with a long, hot, dry season.  The creosote-oil treatment seals the timber, and reduces the strain between the dry and shrunken surface and the moist interior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/11405</guid>
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      <title>PROTECTION OF MATERIALS. PRESERVATION OF TIMBER FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/14994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No Abstract.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/14994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIENCE WITH BEECHWOOD SLEEPERS IN A DRY CLIMATE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experience with beechwood sleepers impregnated with tar oil, which have been in use since 1978 on certain sections of track in Saudi Arabia.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Dec 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160383</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE REPORT: PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF WOOD PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT FACILITY AT SEAMAN TIMBER COMPANY, INC., MONTEVALLO, ALABAMA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155636</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Seaman Timber Company, Inc. (Standard Industrial Classification 2491) of Montevallo, Alabama was surveyed on July 26, 1979 to provide information on current and past processes used at the company, to review occupational safety and health procedures, to determine exposure concentrations of creosote (8001589) during routine wood treatment, to determine the need for comprehensive field studies to evaluate long term health effects associated with pressure treating of wood with creosote and chromated copper arsenate (7778418) (CCA), and to collect information for future technical reports. The company employs about 100 workers; 8 of these are actively engaged in wood treating. The company had no formal preemployment or periodical medical evaluation program for wood treatment employees but there was an initial employee orientation on good work practices, safety rules, and precautions, and periodic safety meetings. Two area air samples were taken near bundles of wood that had been unloaded from the processing cylinders after the creosote and coal tar (8007452) treatment, but no valid results were obtained. The authors conclude that inconsistencies in the laboratory procedure, compared with the NIOSH recommendations for evaluating airborne concentrations of creosote, resulted in poor analytical sensitivity, and inaccurate and invalid results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Sep 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155636</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRACK WITH HARD WOOD SLEEPERS IN WEST AFRICAN TROPICAL FORESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/153918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Lamco Railway in Liberia is an interesting experimental area for different sorts of cross ties and different kinds of treatment in tropical forest conditions.  The local wood wore very well when impregnated with a saline solution, while the American oak sleepers treated with tar oil wore less well.  The oil content of the tar oil which seeps through is an important factor.  If it is optimized, beech sleepers treated with tar essence wear well.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/153918</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE TIMBER TIE: TODAY'S STANDBY, ADAPTABLE FOR FUTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/153635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With all U.S. trackage containing over one billion cross ties, the author calculates that a 35-year life for wooden ties would require replacement of 31.5 million annually and notes that the average over the past 30 years has been 25.5 million.  Although the rate has been higher recently, the variations in railroad purchasing levels have forced many tie producers to cease operation; recently tie costs have been escalating at an unprecedented rate.  No timber shortage is anticipated, but tree size may decrease with doweling required to produce the larger cross ties railroads now use.  It is probable recycling of wood ties through reconstitution or lamination will increase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/153635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW METHODS OF IMPREGNATING TIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/147239</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article gives some examples of methods to combat rotting in cross ties such as use of oily antiseptics and deep impregnation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/147239</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WOOD PRESERVATION (CITATIONS FROM FROM THE NTIS DATA BASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bibliography is a compilation of general research on wood preservation. Wood preservatives for use against attack by marine borers, fungus, and moisture decay are described. Wood treatment methods are also cited with some studies comparing their effectiveness. (This updated bibliography contains 117 abstracts, 6 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Oct 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89307</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WOOD PRESERVATION (CITATIONS FROM THE ENGINEERING INDEX DATA BASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89308</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These abstracts of worldwide research contain information on wood preservation. Studies describing the different types of wood preservatives used, treatment methods, and durability of the preservatives are cited. (The bibliography contains 181 abstracts, 13 of which are entries to the previous edition.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Oct 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89308</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEALTH HAZARD EVALUATION/TOXICITY DETERMINATION REPORT 75-117-372, KOPPERS COMPANY, INCORPORATED, NORTH LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Acting on a request received from an authorized representative of employees regarding their concern over the exposure of workers to creosote and pentachlorophenol, a health hazard evaluation was conducted by NIOSH at the wood treating operation of Koppers Company. The results of air sampling revealed that the workers were exposed to potentially toxic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, while exposures to airborne concentrations of pentachlorophenol were not toxic at the levels encountered. Interviews of 9 of the 11 affected workers disclosed an episode of eye irritation and 4 cases of skin discoloration. Examination of the workers skin revealed 2 cases of mild oil folliculitis and 3 workers with pitch warts, both conditions probably due to creosote exposures. About 45% of the workers interviewed and examined had either elevated or borderline elevated blood pressure levels, although definite conclusions could not be drawn regarding the relationship of the pressor phenomena to occupational exposures. Recommendations are made for improving the existing working conditions and for the application of an occupational medical program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57594</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HOW GOOD IS CREOSOTE? CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE MANUFACTURER'S STANDPOINT, ON A CONVENTIONAL WOOD-PROTECTION METHOD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73830</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Comments on the advantages of creosote: protection of long duration against dry rot and insects, ease of application, ease of handling, good insulating qualities, economy.  The drawbacks mentioned are seepage and inflammation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73830</guid>
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