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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Improved Method for Determining Rheological Parameters of Composite Materials during Creep under Torsional Deformation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686140</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an improved method for determining rheological function parameters of viscoelastic-plastic materials, demonstrated through creep under torsional deformation. The approach is based on the heredity theory (Boltzmann’s principle), using curve fitting to identify parameters (A, a, and ß). The improved method from previous studies uses precise graph construction via computational tools, with curve alignment performed using a least square–like approach. An extended database of theoretical rheological function graphs and tables, developed from complex mathematical models and prior research, was employed in the analysis. Importantly, the study highlights that modern aircraft structures, where a significant portion of elements are made of advanced composite materials, are exposed during flight to complex, time-dependent loading conditions. Under these conditions, creep phenomena may develop within structural components, leading to residual deformations and gradual degradation of mechanical properties over time. Even with initially high safety margins, such effects can eventually cause the failure of critical elements after prolonged operation. Therefore, the presented method provides a scientific and practical tool for assessing and predicting the long-term viscoelastic–plastic behavior of aviation composites, ensuring structural integrity, flight safety, and an extended operational lifetime of aircraft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 2026 10:30:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686140</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Short-Term Aging Response of VG40 Bitumen Using Conventional and Rheological Binder Parameters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Short-term aging of bitumen significantly influences the durability of flexible pavements by altering binder stiffness and deformation characteristics during construction. The present study investigates the short-term aging response of viscosity-graded binders using physical, chemical, and rheological parameters, including viscosity ratio, ductility, and Superpave rutting indicators. Twelve VG40 paving bitumen sources were evaluated, and chemical characterization was performed using SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes) fractionation to determine the Gaestel Index of each binder. The results show that ductility measured after short-term aging exhibits a consistent response to variations in binder chemistry, whereas viscosity ratio demonstrates comparatively weaker and less systematic sensitivity to source-dependent variability. Rheological indicators, namely the rutting factor (G*/sin δ) and non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr) obtained from the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test, show trends that are coherent with chemical characterization and support the observed response of ductility. The findings provide insight into the relative response of existing short-term aging parameters used for VG40 bitumen and indicate that reliance on viscosity ratio alone may be insufficient to capture source-dependent aging behavior. Improved interpretation of aging-related test results can contribute to a more reliable evaluation of binder aging susceptibility under Indian conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Case History: Finite Element Analysis of Time Dependent Settlement of Lake Jessup Bridge Embankment in Central Florida</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2192012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed to evaluate time dependent settlement of a three-stage approach embankment of Lake Jessup Bridge in Central Florida. The subsoil consisted of fine silty to clayey sands with interbedded shallow clays. FEA was performed utilizing Mohr-Coulomb and Soft Soil Creep models, which captured settlement and pore water pressure profiles during construction stages. The Soft Soil Creep model provided better predictions for the long term secondary settlement. Settlement plates were installed to monitor the in-field settlement during and after construction. The monitoring program continued for 8 months, at which, settlement rates substantially decreased. The recorded settlement-time profile was in general agreement with the settlement profile predicted using numerical analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:24:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2192012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation and multi-scale Mori–Tanaka modeling of viscoelastic asphalt mastic with imperfect interfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2645977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt mastics, comprising asphalt binder and mineral filler, play a critical role in determining the performance of asphalt mixtures. This study examines the viscoelastic behavior of mastics composed of two asphalt binders and three fillers (gabbro, quartz, and hydrated lime) with varying particle sizes. Repeated Creep and Recovery Tests (RCRT) were conducted to evaluate the influence of filler type and concentration on mastic strain response. Then, a modified multi-scale Mori–Tanaka model was successfully employed to predict the viscoelastic properties of the mastics. The model parameters were found to be influenced by the filler type and size, as well as by imperfections at the binder–filler interface. Results show that mastics containing hydrated lime exhibit higher moduli, particularly at high filler content (40% by volume), with significantly lower final strain in RCRT compared to those with gabbro or quartz. This enhanced performance is attributed to the high surface area of hydrated lime and its chemical interactions with the asphalt binder, which promote the formation of a network structure within the mastic. While the proposed model effectively captures the physical interactions in asphalt mastics, it requires further refinement to account for the additional influence of chemical reactions between fillers, such as hydrated lime, and the asphalt binder.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:47:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2645977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic prediction of long-term deflection in prestressed concrete bridges considering uncertainties in environmental effects, prestress relaxation and traffic-induced cyclic creep</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excessive long-term deflection poses a major threat to the serviceability and safety of prestressed concrete (PC) bridges. Although previous studies have applied deterministic and Bayesian inference (BI)-based probabilistic methods to improve long-term deflection prediction, most rely on simplified forward models (e.g., B3 or CEB-FIP) that neglect site-specific environmental conditions, traffic loads, and prestress relaxation—factors that significantly affect deflection evolution. Consequently, existing approaches may yield biased estimations and unreliable predictions under coupled multi-factor influences. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a comprehensive probabilistic inference framework that integrates a physics-informed forward model with Kriging surrogate modeling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. The forward model explicitly incorporates the combined effects of environmental hygrothermal variations, traffic-induced cyclic loading, and prestress relaxation, enabling dynamic representation of concrete shrinkage and creep under realistic service conditions. By assimilating observed deflection data, the framework achieves simultaneous updating of multiple deterioration parameters, effectively mitigating modeling uncertainty and improving predictive reliability. Compared with existing BI-based studies limited to material uncertainties, the proposed framework establishes a multi-factor coupling and data-driven updating mechanism that enhances the interpretability and robustness of long-term deflection prediction. This work provides a new basis for reliability assessment and maintenance decision-making of PC bridges under complex service status.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 08:38:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672077</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on the triaxial creep behavior of red-stratum mudstone soil-rock mixture with different rock contents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Red-stratum mudstone, due to its wide distribution and convenient availability, has been widely used in high-fill subgrade projects in western China, but its low strength and susceptibility to fracturing make the problem of creep deformation particularly prominent. In this paper, a series of triaxial creep tests on red-stratum mudstone soil-rock mixture were carried out, focusing on the influence of rock content and stress state on creep behaviors. The development of axial and volumetric creep strains, the effect of rock content on the viscoplastic flow direction was clarified, and the time-dependent evolution of particle breakage was further analyzed. The results show that creep strain develops rapidly in the initial stage, then gradually slows down and tends to stabilize, and the overall curve exhibits a hyperbolic feature. At the same time, the final axial creep strain decreases first and then increases with the increase of rock content, with the optimal range being 0.5–0.7. Moreover, the volumetric creep path differs significantly from the conventional shear path, meaning the traditional dilatancy equation cannot directly describe the viscoplastic flow direction. Finally, particle sieve tests reveal that creep behaviors depend not only on particle breakage but also on the internal pore structure of the mixture. A denser pore structure will weaken the contribution of particle breakage to macroscopic creep deformation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 09:48:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rutting behaviour of cold bitumen emulsion mix containing alternate fillers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of different fillers on the rutting resistance of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixes (CBEM). Five fillers were used: stone dust, cement, lime, fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). A wheel-tracking rutting test was performed at 40, 50 and 60 °C. The results showed that all treated CBEM samples had improved rutting resistance compared to the untreated sample. However, FA and GGBFS were less effective than cement due to their slower rate of hydration. Adding lime to FA and GGBFS resulted in a synergistic association, with GGBFS-lime and FA-lime treated CBEM exhibiting greater rutting resistance. The results of the multi-stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test on the cold bitumen emulsion mastic (CBEMa) were consistent with the wheel-tracking rutting data. XRD analysis revealed that improving rutting resistance was associated with the formation of hydration products in the CBEMa containing alternate fillers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 14:58:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring random vehicle load information-based time-varying reliability analysis of PC bridge considering concrete cyclic creep effects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the long-term service periods of Prestressed Concrete (PC) continuous girder bridges, structural time-varying reliability will degrade due to cyclic creep induced by dynamic vehicle loading, which increases the risk of structural failure. This paper provided a time-varying reliability prediction method for the prestressed concrete continuous T-girder bridge considering random vehicle load information and cyclic creep information. Firstly, the random vehicle load information is simulated with Monte Carlo random simulation method and MATLAB software based on the monitored data obtained from weigh-in-motion (WIM) system. Then, the concrete shrinkage strain model, concrete static creep strain model, concrete cyclic creep strain model and the overall strain model are respectively provided by combining the CEB-FIP model with concrete cyclic creep theory. Finally, by using a numerical model of prestressed concrete bridge, a time-variant reliability analyzing approach of prestressed concrete T-girder bridge considering the limit state of load carrying capacity and the limit state of serviceability is investigated in detail by integrating the random vehicle loading information with the concrete cyclic creep information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 11:59:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640671</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A DEM creep contact model with damage evolution for frozen soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Frozen soil creep is a key factor in the settlement of cold region subgrades. Clarifying its macro and micromechanical deformation and damage mechanisms is essential for mitigating subgrade distress. To overcome the limitations of the existing creep contact model in PFC for accurately simulating the non-attenuating creep behavior of frozen soil, this study proposes a new discrete element creep contact model that incorporates damage evolution. By introducing a variable-stiffness damage element, the model effectively captures the third-stage creep behavior of frozen soil. Using the central difference method, the study derives the mechanical response equations for each stage of the contact model and compiles a dynamic link library (DLL) in C++ for direct use within the PFC3D software. A comprehensive description of the model development process is provided, and the contact model is validated using a double-sphere model, reproducing the non-attenuating creep curve and revealing the influence of new parameters on creep behavior. As a representative case, a series of triaxial creep tests on frozen subgrade soil under varying temperatures, confining pressures, and deviatoric stresses are conducted, leading to the establishment and calibration of a corresponding discrete element method (DEM) model. The results demonstrate that the model can accurately reproduce the creep mechanical properties of frozen soil across all stages under complex conditions. Furthermore, microscopic analysis of frozen soil reveals the evolution of particle displacement, damage development, internal structure, and pore distribution during different creep stages. The findings extend the application of DEM in studying the mechanical properties of frozen soil and provide a more precise contact model for DEM simulations of creep in frozen soil. It can be further applied to engineering-scale DEM studies of creep in cold region subgrades.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640872</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of natural zeolite in enhancing rutting behaviour of bituminous binder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the current scenario, the pavement industry focuses on incorporating sustainability and use locally available materials for road construction. Generally, road construction done using Hot Mix Asphalt requires high working temperature ranges. Warm Mix Asphalt is one of the ways that can be used to reduce the working temperature by adding suitable modifiers. This study aims to investigate the effect of locally available materials such as Natural Zeolite (NZ) to reduce the working temperature of mixes and in addition improve the performance of the pavement. Four dosages of NZ were used and the base binder was Viscosity Grade 30 (VG30).The modified binder was subjected to short-term aging and was tested for rutting performance using Multiple Stress Creep Recovery. With a low Jₙᵣ value of 0.1234 and 0.1364 along with higher value of percentage recovery of 31.77 and 25.45 for both stress levels of 0.1kPa and 3.2kPa respectively, it was concluded that adding 5% NZ to VG30 effectively enhanced pavement rutting performance and promoted sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 13:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Triaxial creep test and damage model study of coarse-grained materials from red-bed soft rocks under freeze–thaw cycles: A multiscale analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Red-bed soft rocks are widely distributed worldwide, including in high-altitude regions like the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Coarse-grained materials (CGMs) derived from them have been increasingly used as filling materials for subgrades subjected to seasonal freeze–thaw cycles. However, their creep behaviour in climatic conditions, especially under freeze–thaw cycles, has not been studied despite being crucial for analysing the long-term performance of subgrades. In this study, comprehensive triaxial creep tests were conducted on red-bed soft rock CGMs, manipulating the gravel content, water content, and the number of freeze–thaw cycles. Moreover, X-ray CT tests were carried out to provide insights from the mesoscopic perspective. The results demonstrated that the creep behaviour of red-bed soft rock coarse-grained materials occurred in four distinct stages. As the gravel content increased, the creep deformation at various stress levels first decreased and then increased, showing the same trend in its effect on long-term strength. A higher initial water content led to a greater creep deformation and lower long-term strength. The freeze–thaw cycles significantly affected creep behaviour, expanding and linking internal pores while fragmenting large particles. The grey relational analysis findings revealed a robust link between the long-term strength and maximum pore radius, and changes in mesostructure sped up macroscopic mechanical properties loss. Additionally, an extended Nishihara model of red-bed soft rock CGMs considering the effects of F-T cycles and sustained stress-induced damage was proposed. The proposed model exhibits a good fit to the experimental data across all creep stages, with its parameters directly derived from the data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:28:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636296</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-temperature performance investigation of epoxy asphalt based on fractional viscoelastic model: Flexural creep behaviour and evaluation indicators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643690</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates suitable methods for evaluating the low-temperature performance of thermosetting epoxy asphalt (EA) and epoxy asphalt mixtures (EAM), given that conventional indicators used for thermoplastic asphalt are insufficient. Three EAs were tested with the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), which revealed inconsistencies in using creep stiffness (S) and creep rate (m) as evaluation indices. A generalized fractional viscoelastic model was then applied to construct master curves of flexural creep stiffness, from which the creep compliance rate (J′) and dissipation energy ratio (DER) at 60 s were derived as new evaluation indicators. For EAM, low-temperature cracking resistance was analyzed using three-point bending and semi-circular bending (SCB) tests. Results showed that fracture surface morphology affected three-point bending indicators, while the SCB test, through controlled fracture surfaces, enabled reliable characterization with fracture energy (Gf). Grey entropy correlation analysis demonstrated that Gf at −5 °C was strongly correlated with DER at −6 °C (correlation coefficient 0.99). Therefore, DER at −6 °C is recommended as a reliable parameter for assessing the low-temperature performance of EA and predicting the cracking resistance of EAM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643690</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical behavior of ballastless track-simply supported girder under coupled effects of shrinkage, creep, and temperature</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shrinkage and creep of concrete (CSC) and temperature are key factors affecting the service performance of the ballastless track-bridge structure. Through secondary development, calculations for CSC and temperature effects were carried out, and a finite element model of the CRTS Ⅲ slab ballastless track-simply supported girder system (track-girder system) was built. Then, the deflection coordination characteristics of the track-girder system and the variation patterns of fastener forces were studied. Results indicated that temperature gradient is the key factor inducing uncoordinated deflection in the track-girder system. When combined with CSC, the deflection of the track-girder system changes significantly, with an increase in uncoordinated deflection. At 20 years, the maximum differences between the long-term deflection of the girder and rail under different temperature application modes and those induced by CSC are 4.63 % and 5.75 %, respectively. Thus, temperatures have a limited impact on the long-term deflection of the track-girder system. The prediction of rail deflection requires consideration of the randomness of creep camber of the girder and temperature gradients. Maintenance requirements for the long-term deflection of rails are primarily focused on routine maintenance and minor scheduled repairs. Furthermore, the vertical forces in the fasteners were far below the uplift capacity limit, whereas the longitudinal forces at the girder ends reached the ultimate value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:21:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Proprietary Rejuvenators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scope of this study included a thorough evaluation of the short-term and long-term performance of Spray-on Rejuvenators (SORs) to assess their effectiveness in extending asphalt pavement life. Laboratory testing on cores extracted from field included a modified Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) to measure creep stiffness at different temperatures (20°C, 4°C, and -10°C) at multiple aging conditions. Results showed that SORs had the greatest impact at 20°C, while differences between treated and control sections were less significant at lower temperatures. In the MnROAD28 section, most SORs reduced creep stiffness after one year, with some remaining effective for two years. By the third year, only Reclamite, ARA1 Ti, CRF, and RPE-R showed lower creep stiffness than control. In the MnROAD34 section, microcracks initially increased stiffness due to a bridging effect, but softening effects became dominant over time. Field studies assessed permeability, surface friction, albedo, and mean texture depth (MTD). SOR applications reduced pavement marking reflectivity and increased Albedo over time. MTD remained relatively constant for most sections, except for CRF and GSB-88, where the MTD values increased due to fine sand/gravel applications, but later decreased. Friction measurements showed minor reductions immediately after application, but most SORs regained or exceeded initial values after one year. Both field and lab results also indicated that SORs had minimal impact on permeability, rutting and skid resistance. The findings suggest SORs slow pavement aging, though their effectiveness diminishes over time, requiring reapplication within two to three years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:19:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of rheological properties of asphalt-based materials under physical hardening</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Physical hardening is widely recognized to significantly deteriorates the low-temperature performance of asphalt-based materials. However, the response mechanisms and patterns of physical hardening under the influence of multiple variables remain insufficiently understood. In this study, a Bending Beam Rheometer was employed to investigate the response of asphalt-based materials to physical hardening, taking into account storage temperature, storage time, aging degree, and additives. Temperature-related performance indicators were statistically analyzed, and master curves for both stiffness modulus and stiffness modulus change rate were established. The results indicate that the deterioration of low-temperature performance in asphalt-based materials due to physical hardening is influenced by the incorporation of filler and SBS modifiers, which play negative and positive roles, respectively. Additionally, during the construction of stiffness modulus master curves, a ‘tail drift’ phenomenon was observed in some asphalt-based materials. Based on the competitive relationship between physical hardening and material relaxation characteristics, this study proposes a quantitative criterion to identify the occurrence of this phenomenon. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development and characterisation of asphalt-based materials suitable for cold regions, and are expected to establish a three-dimensional predictive model considering storage temperature, storage duration, and loading time in future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643721</guid>
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