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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Design and Control of an Implement Leveling System for Crawler Tractors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crawler tractors are essential equipment for modern agricultural mechanization. Most existing mounted implement leveling systems rely on single-cylinder or dual-cylinder structures. These system can only make small-angle leveling and struggle under complex conditions such as large roll angles and asymmetric obstacle crossing. To address this, a modular auxiliary-frame leveling system (MALS) for agricultural implements is proposed. A 3D model of the leveling mechanism is designed, and a fuzzy adaptive PID control algorithm is implemented. The electric cylinder actuator is modeled via a transfer function linking input voltage to mechanical displacement, This provides a theoretical basis for controller design and dynamic performance evaluation. Subsequently, a crawler tractor asymmetric obstacle-crossing simulation model is constructed in Adams and integrated with Simulink to form a co-simulation platform, analyzing system performance under a 220 mm single-side obstacle condition. Simulation results indicate that the MALS achieves an extreme adjustment range of ±25°. Further validation on the integrated prototype confirms the effectiveness of the simulation model and control strategy. This demonstrated that the system can be adapted for use in complex terrain operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:00:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742625</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence on polygon effect with characteristic parameters of guide arc branch of the crawler robot</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aiming at the problem of polygon effect vibration caused by unreasonable matching between track plate and chain link pitch of crawler robot in coal mine, a method is proposed to improve polygon effect by adjusting characteristic parameters of guide arc branch. First, the theory of polygon effect and vibration of chain link is analyzed. Second, the virtual simulation experiments and discussion of the crawler robot with different guide arc branch parameters are carried out by RecurDyn. Finally, the external test is carried out. The results show that with the increase of Dc and Lc, the contact forces between the observed track plate and the idler, and between the mountain damping pad and the road significantly decrease, the vibration displacement of vehicle body correspondingly decreases, and the vibration impact of the crawler robot is weakened, which provides theoretical reference for improving ride comfort of the crawler robot in coal mine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2024 17:04:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing timber transportation planning for timber harvesting using bees algorithm in Malaysia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Suitable extraction technique and the least cost while reducing the environmental impact is the primary concern in timber transportation planning in undulate topography. Two types of extraction machines with unique characteristics to be applied in timber harvest area in Malaysia is combined for timber harvesting with the aim each machine will extract timber suitable to their ability. A Bees Algorithm (BA) was proposed to find an optimum TTP for timber extraction, forest road, and landing locations with grid cell-sized 10 m × 10 m and attributed with fixed and variable costs. The result shows the log fisher (1351 timbers) as a preferable extraction technique with total cost of RM 86,551.73 than the crawler tractor (206 timbers); the timber extraction route is 2630 m for the log fisher and 9860 m for the crawler tractor with total cost of RM 10,453.03. The model finds a suitable timber extraction technique and estimates the extraction costs. Further studies are required to compare the BA with other optimization methods for better results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Sep 2023 09:27:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing Various PM Synchronous Generators: A Feasible Solution for High-Power, Off-Highway, Series Hybrid, Electric Traction Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302702</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article features the design and comparison of different disc-type axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generators for a Caterpillar D7E track-type tractor (TTT) electric drive model. For the given electrical and mechanical specifications, the design of several feasible generators with multiple stators and rotors are completed and, in terms of power density, torque density, loss distribution, efficiency, heat dissipation, volume, inertia ,and weight, are compared with a conventional permanent magnet (PM) generator. Also accomplished to finalize the designs are electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal analyses. The benefits of axial gap PM generators over radial gap generators for a hybrid electric traction application are revealed by the results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2014 09:20:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302702</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An analytical solution to steady-state temperature distribution of N-layer viscoelastic suspensions used in crawler vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analytical method is proposed for solving the steady-state temperature distribution of N-layer viscoelastic suspensions with non-uniform heat generation. To find the temperature distribution laws of the suspension, the heat flow and temperature distribution formulas are derived. Two numerical examples are performed to verify the correction of the derived formulas. The temperature results obtained by the derived formulas are compared with those obtained by Finite Element Method (FEM). The results show strong consistency with each other, which indicates that the proposed method is valid and feasible. The derived formulas can provide reference for the development of high performance N-layer viscoelastic suspensions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 12:45:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243215</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovations in Earthmoving Equipment: New Forms and Their Evolution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/793607</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The technological advancement of earthmoving equipment during the 20th century includes the introduction of at least seven completely new forms. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the introduction of five new forms (track-type tractor, off-highway truck, wheel tractor scraper, hydraulic excavator, and loader-backhoe) and their subsequent incremental improvement. The description of innovation for each machine includes markets and the state of technology at introduction, differences of the new form, and changes during subsequent development. The major findings from this analysis are the key role of new technology for machine systems in the development of the new forms, the continued importance of each form in earthmoving markets, and the significant continued advancement of the equipment through incremental improvements. These findings are relevant for practice to assist in identifying possible improvements in equipment capability and work procedures. The results will also assist educators in courses concerning equipment capability and technical advancement and researchers in considering new equipment forms and capabilities as a part of developing new tools to model and improve equipment-intensive construction operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2006 08:50:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/793607</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPACT CRAWLERS STEP LIGHTLY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/665643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article offers a look at compact track loaders that are available from twelve different manufacturers. These loaders are known for their light weight and their versatility in handling jobs that are traditional tackled by skid-steer loaders. Rubber tracks, easy maneuverability, high lift, long reach, quick-attach mounting capabilities, high flow, high speed, and low ground pressure are some of the features these compact loaders offer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/665643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CENTURY OF EARTHMOVING : CATERPILLAR : A COMPANY THAT WAS GROUNDED IN AGRICULTURE AND SPROUTED TRACKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/694293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a history of Caterpillar, which started as a manufacturer of huge agricultural machines that cut, threshed, cleaned and sacked grain, drawn by as many as 40 draft animals. The famed tracks gave the caterpillar line its name and came out in 1904. The history runs up to 1950 with the first wheeled tractor-scrapers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/694293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRODUCT/EQUIPMENT MARKET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/651878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The release of new products and equipment for the road construction industry for 2000 is in full swing.  Most notably, the John Deere Equipment Company has released new excavators, articulated dump trucks, and crawler dozers, each of which can be used on road construction-based applications.  This feature discusses these products and highlights some of the other new products and equipment for the road construction industry.  They include H-Series dozers from Case Corporation; a less permeable, more durable high-performance concrete; a rebar guard system; a tool carrier; truck-part kits that make orders easier to place; a compact, maneuverable vacuum street sweeper; box strobes; slotted drains; a series of crawler boom lifts; a best rigid universal thumb that is an alternative to traditional grapples and bucket thumbs; six new models of Komatsu's crawler dozer line; and two interactive CD-ROM training modules for welders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Apr 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/651878</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THINGS THAT CREEP AND CRAWL IN THE DIRT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/669142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Customer evaluations have become key to designing state-of-the-art dozers for comfort and functionality.  For Case Corporation, the result of a summer 1999 customer input study was the Case H Series of dozers.  The series includes five machines ranging from 67 hp to 119 hp, whose features include a redesigned transmission and Case's exclusive PowerTurn system.  A major emphasis in dozers from Caterpillar is sophisticated electronic controls.  John Deere Construction Equipment Company added the C Series II to its crawler dozer line.  The dozer lineup from Komatsu America International Company includes the D155AX-5, which is ideally suited for construction, highway, forestry, landfill, small to midsized quarry and woodchip, and coalpile applications.  Its power transmitting system uses a three-element, single-phase, single-stage torque converter, which provides three forward and three reverse speeds.  The new DD80(L) dozer from Daewood Heavy Industries Corporation incorporates many features designed to improve its performance.  The Power Angle and Tilt (PAT) blade of the 72-hp H70 crawler dozer from Hyundai Heavy Industries Company is designed and manufactured for superior efficiency and strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/669142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SHADE LIGHTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/669029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This feature provides an overview of the different excavators on the market today.  It includes descriptions of John Deere's 550 LC and 750; the C Series 300 line from Caterpillar; the 90B Series from Case Corp.; Link-Belt's Quantum series with Intelligent Quantum control; the EC140, EC210, EC240, EC290, EC360, and EC460 from Volvo; Hitachi's Dash-5 machines; the Solar 250LC-V 25-ton crawler-type excavator from Daewoo; New Holland's EC350 and EC240 crawler excavators; Dynamic Acera's hydraulic excavators--the SK210LC, SK250LC, SK290LC, and SK330LC; Bobcat's 322, 325, 328, and 331E compact machines; Gehl's 12 excavator models; and the PC128UU-2 excavator from Komatsu.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/669029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DOWN TO EARTH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/657816</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes various types of earth moving equipment and the tasks they are called upon to perform in road construction projects. Excavators, motor graders, scrapers, and several types of bulldozers are detailed. The functionality of each type of machinery is discussed, and some specific manufacturers and models are mentioned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jul 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/657816</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIRTY-NINE INFORMATIONAL REPORTS ON PERFORMANCE, TIME UTILIZATION, AND COSTS PERTAINING TO EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED ON HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE WORK ARE COMPILED IN THIS PUBLICATION. THE REPORTS ARE GROUPED BY MAJOR CATEGORIES OF WORK: (1) PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVING, (2) BITUMINOUS PAVING, (3) POWER SHOVEL GRADING, (4) SCRAPER GRADING CRAWLER TRACTOR DRAWN UNITS, (6) OTHER EQUIPMENT, AND (7) HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>QUARRYING AND PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS: RIPPERS, PORTABLE CRUSHERS, MIXING BEDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BECAUSE OF THE EFFECT OF VIBRATIONS DUE TO BLASTING UPON SURROUNDINGS OF QUARRIES IT MAY BECOME NECESSARY TO RESTRICT OR STOP THE BLASTING OPERATIONS. IN SUCH CASES, WHEN DEALING WITH SUITABLE AND RELATIVELY LOOSE ROCK, IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO QUARRY THE RAW MATERIAL BY RIPPING AND THEN SHIFTING IT WITH THE AID OF HEAVY CRAWLER VEHICLES. THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CHOICE OF EQUIPMENT ARE THE ENGINE POWER AND THE WEIGHT OF THE CRAWLER VEHICLE. SOME EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF RIPPING IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY IS ALREADY AVAILABLE. WITH PORTABLE CRUSHING PLANTS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVAIL ONESELF OF THE ECONOMIC AND OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS MATERIALS HANDLING IN THE QUARRY AS WELL. A NUMBER OF FAIRLY LARGE INSTALLATIONS ARE IN USE. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS SHOW THAT WALKING MECHANISMS WHEREBY SUCH INSTALLATIONS CAN MOVE FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER ARE GAINING IN IMPORTANCE. CRUSHED STONE STOCKPILES ENABLE THE QUARRYING OPERATIONS TO BE PERFORMED MORE ECONOMICALLY AND ALSO, BY PREHOMOGENISING OF THE RAW MATERIAL, PROVIDE THE CONDITIONS FOR WELL-CONTROLLED KILN RUNNING. THERE ARE VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF STOCKPILING AND RECLAIMING THE MATERIAL, ALL OF WHICH REQUIRE A GREATER OR LESS EXPENDITURE IN RESPECT OF TECHNICAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101580</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYMPOSIUM ON EARTH-MOVING MACHINERY. A SYMPOSIUM ARRANGED BY THE AUTOMOBILE DIVISION 16TH 17TH MARCH 1965</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PAPERS WERE PRESENTED AT FOUR SESSIONS' INTRODUCTORY LECTURE. EARTH MOVING MACHINERY IN MOTORWAY CONSTRUCTION, F.H. ARCHER. SESSION 1' SOIL MECHANICS. PAPER 1' A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANCE OF SOIL MECHANICS IN EARTH-MOVING' P.C.J. PAYNE, D.W. TANNER AND G. SPOOR. PAPER 2' THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF EARTHMOVING MECHANICS' A.R. REECE. PAPER 3' SOIL MECHANICS IN RELATION TO EARTH-MOVING MACHINERY' J.R. O CALLAGHAN AND P.J. MCCULLEN. PAPER 4' MECHANICS OF EARTH- MOVING VEHICLES' L.F. LITTLE. PAPER 5 RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECT OF WET WEATHER ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF EARTH-WORKS' R. NORMAN. SESSION 2' MACHINERY.  PAPER 6' THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF EARTH-MOVING MACHINERY' E.G. ROBSON. PAPER 7' SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EXCAVATOR DESIGN' J.H. PAGE. PAPER 8' DUMPERS AND DUMP TRUCKS' E.B. WATKIN. PAPER 9' CRAWLER-MOUNTED TRACTORS AND ATTACHMENTS FOR SCRAPING AND DOZING' H.A. LAND. SESSION 3' POWER UNITS AND TRANSMISSIONS SESSION 4' OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. A LIST OF DELEGATES, AUTHOR AND SUBJECT INDEXES AND DISCUSSIONS ON EACH SESSION ARE INCLUDED. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107442</guid>
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