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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Comparison of Injury Severity Prediction Using Selected Vehicles From Real-World Crash Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2202103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advances in automotive telemetry technology have the potential to predict occupant severity from vehicle conditions at the time of an accident, and appropriate triage, as well as transport to a trauma center, can greatly improve subsequent treatment. The National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS: 1999-2015) was used to filter for new case selection criteria based on vehicle type and matched to Subaru vehicle categories. The authors have proposed four types of injury severity prediction algorithms that were matched with the categories of Subaru vehicles. Specifically, 1) ISP model that categorized the principal direction of force (PDOF) into four impact directions (front, left, rear, and right) , 2) ISP-R model that considers the effect of the right-front passenger in addition to the four impact directions, 3) ISP-f1R model that represents PDOF as a continuous function using periodic basis splines, called functional data analysis, and 4) ISP-f2R model in which the knot position was modified in 3). In this study, five-fold cross-validation was performed within the training data (NASS-CDS 1999-2015) to evaluate the performance of these four models. In addition, external validation was performed using the National Automotive Sampling System Crash Investigation Sampling System (NASS-CISS: 2017-2019). The results of the cross-validation showed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the model performance, which was 0.854 for the ISP model and 0.862 for the ISP-R model, indicating that the ISP-R, which considered the influence of the right-front passenger, was more accurate. The AUC values were 0.847 for the ISP-f1R model and 0.856 for the ISP-f2R model using a continuous function for the direction of impact, indicating that the ISP-R model had the highest AUC value among the models. On the other hand, the validation results with NASS-CISS were 0.817 for the ISP model and 0.828 for the ISP-R model, and 0.831 for the ISP-f1R model and 0.828 for the ISP-f2R model, indicating that all models had AUC values above 0.8. The important factors for the occupant injury prediction algorithm were delta-V, belt use, age, and crash direction, and the presence of a right-front occupant was a significant injury risk modifier, especially in side impact crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jul 2023 16:38:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2202103</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determination of Injury Distribution in Vehicular Occupants Using the Abbreviated Injury Scale in Real-World Accidents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For further reduction of vehicular occupant fatalities, the authors must establish the vital body regions requiring protection for future safety technological developments. This study aimed to understand the main body regions affected in serious or fatal injuries of vehicle occupants during traffic accidents. The authors analyzed the detailed distribution of body regions using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) codes from the database of the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (2001–2015) in the USA. Based on the analysis results, the head (cerebral injury) and thorax (multifocal rib fracture and lung injury) are frequently injured in AIS 4 (severe injury) and AIS 5 (critical injury). In particular, elderly people are more likely to have thorax injuries in AIS 4 and 5 due to decreased bone mineral content. As the general population ages, the authors propose that future development of safety devices should be focused on both the prevention of body movement and reduction of the load on the thorax during activation of the inertia force in a vehicular cabin.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 09:49:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186105</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Side Impact Airbag Performance in NASS CDS (Third Report)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2143386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Near side crashes make up a large component of fatal crashes. Side airbags protect vehicle occupant in near side crashes. In previous reports, the author analyzed the effect of side airbag and found that the effect of the torso protection side air bag is less than the roll over curtain air bag, and most injured location was the torso, but the actual injury was not analyzed. In this report, the actual injuries in the fatal side crashes are analyzed and found that the most frequent head/neck injury is brain stem injury followed by skull fracture, and the most frequent torso injury is severe rib fracture followed by aorta laceration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2023 09:09:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2143386</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Injury Severity Prediction based on Select Vehicle Category of Real-World Accidents Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2068463</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An injury severity prediction algorithm for AACN was developed using a logistic regression model to predict the probability of sustaining an Injury Severity Score (ISS) 15+ injury. National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS: 1999-2015) and model year 2000 or later were filtered for new case selection criteria, based on vehicle body type, to match SUBARU vehicle category. Moreover, presence of the right-front passenger and its interaction with crash direction were considered, which affected risk prediction significantly especially in the side-impact crashes. Variable selection techniques were used to construct the final ISP algorithm with relevant features. In this paper, the authors presented results of injury prediction algorithms, which do consider the effect of a right-front passenger were proposed. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUCs) was used as the metric to evaluate model performances, AUC was 0.862 with the model for cross-validation. Delta-V, seat belt use, and crash direction were important predictors of serious injury, and moreover, the presence of right-front passenger was a significant injury risk modifier, especially for side impact crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2022 14:15:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2068463</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Post-collision fires in road vehicles between 2002 and 2015</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1888979</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Loss of life from post-collision fires remains a significant problem. The majority of these deaths are due to smoke inhalation, as opposed to burn injuries. This study analyzed several databases for statistics on post-crash vehicle fires for the period 2002 to 2015. The databases included were the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), Crashworthiness Data System (CDS), and National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from the U.S., and the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) Incident Recording System from the U.K. The authors also completed a literature review for relevant research in the U.S. and Sweden. It was found that newer vehicles have an increased combustible load and higher potential to release toxic fumes. In addition, survivable collision energy continues to increase with a corresponding increased probability of post-crash fires. Thus, vehicle occupants might survive a high-energy collision but risk fire-related injuries or death. Standardized reporting methods among databases and countries is needed in order to perform more precise analysis of collision-related fire events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Dec 2021 12:09:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1888979</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Injury Prediction Method for Occupants Using Vehicle Body Deformation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate occupant injury prediction is important for Advance Automatic Collision Notification in accidents. In previous report, it was found that vehicle body deformation information was needed to improve injury prediction. This paper studied vehicle body deformation factor for occupant injury prediction in side impact crashes using an accident database in the U.S.(NASS-CDS) and constructed injury prediction model using those factors. As a result, roof deformation factor is found to be important for improving injury prediction model. The analytical method using photos of deformed vehicles was considered to measure the roof deformation in NASS-CDS accident cases. Roof deformations with 30 cm and above have a higher odds ratio of 2.944 compared to those below 30 cm. Therefore, this factor is considered to be included in injury prediction model with sensitivity improved to approximately 88% from the conventional model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Nov 2021 17:23:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882961</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incidence and Mechanisms of Head, Cervical Spine, Lumbar Spine, and Lower Extremity Injuries for Occupants in Low- to Moderate-Speed Rear-End Collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive accidents and subsequent personal injury claims incur substantial costs annually. While seat and head restraint design continue to evolve and improve, occupant safety and injury risk assessment in rear-end collisions remain at the forefront of automotive innovation. In this study, the authors combined statistical analyses of nine years (2007-2015) of data from the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database and one year (2017) of data from the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS) database with data acquired from vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests conducted with instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD) occupants. Together, these analyses were used to compare and relate field injury rates with potential mechanisms underlying head, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremity injuries in low-to moderate-speed rear-end collisions. First, the authors performed statistical analyses of the NASS-CDS and CISS databases to estimate the rate of AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremity injuries, as well as a subset of AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ internal head injuries, including recorded unconsciousness and concussion. The results of these analyses were then compared to measured occupant loading data from rear-end crash tests performed at delta-Vs ranging from 5.6 to 19.5 km/h, using restrained, nominally positioned, and instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile male ATDs. Kinematic and kinetic data for the head, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremities collected in the low- to moderate-speed rear-end crash tests were well below injury thresholds. Analysis of the NASS-CDS and CISS databases demonstrated low rates of injury to the head, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremities in low- to moderate-speed rear-end collisions. Review of these rear-end crashes revealed that, outside of collision speed and crash severity, potential muscle activation, occupant age, and occupant compartment configuration may play a role in increasing the likelihood of injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2021 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incidence and Mechanism of Head, Cervical Spine, Lumbar Spine, and Lower Extremity Injuries for Occupants in Low- to Moderate-Speed Frontal Collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive accidents and subsequent personal injury claims incur substantial costs annually. While three-point restraint usage, dual-stage airbags, and knee bolster and side curtain airbags have become more ubiquitous and, in some cases, governmentally mandated for front seat occupants, occupant safety and injury risk assessment continue to be at the forefront of automotive innovation. In this study, teh authors combined analyses of the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS; 2007-2015) and the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS; 2017) with data acquired from vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests conducted with instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD) occupants. Together, these analyses were used to compare and relate field injury rates with potential injury mechanisms in low- to moderate-speed frontal collisions. First, low- to moderate-speed (delta-V ≤ 24 km/h) frontal crash data from NASS-CDS and CISS were analyzed to estimate the rate of AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremity injuries, as well as a subset of AIS 2+ and 3+ head injuries including recorded unconsciousness and concussion. The results of these analyses were related to occupant loading data from comparative frontal crash tests, conducted at delta-Vs ranging from 6 to 19 km/h. Kinematic and kinetic data for the head, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and femur collected in the frontal crash tests were well below injury thresholds. Analysis of the NASS-CDS and CISS data demonstrated low rates of injury to the head, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremities in low- to moderate-speed frontal collisions. Review of these frontal crashes revealed that several factors, outside of collision severity, may affect injury likelihood, including muscle activation, seatbelt status, frontal and knee bolster airbag deployment, seat track position, out-of-positioning, age, gender, interaction with vehicle interior structures, and vehicle-to-vehicle impact orientation, which includes both degree of overlap and obliquity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2021 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856345</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Injury risks and crashworthiness benefits for females and males: Which differences are physiological?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study compares frontal and side crash injury risk between female and male vehicle occupants. It controls for crash and vehicle differences to isolate risk differences due to physiological factors.   Analysis was based on National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) cases, 1998-2015. In addition, logistic regression was used to calculate changes in male/female injury risk due to crashworthiness improvements in vehicles. Previous findings indicated that female drivers in front crashes had higher estimated overall and body-region-specific risks of a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) ≥ 2 injury and a MAIS ≥ 3 injury. This study found that after controlling for crash and vehicle differences, the odds of serious (MAIS ≥ 3) non-extremity injury were essentially equal for males and females. Females did remain at higher risk of moderate severity injuries (MAIS ≥ 2), especially extremity injury. Improved crashworthiness benefits were similar or greater for females than for males for most injury outcomes. It is suggested that female-specific crashworthiness improvements may provide additional protection against extremity injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2021 10:04:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effect of Obesity on Rollover Ejection and Injury Risks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Obesity rates are increasing among the general population. This study investigates the effect of obesity on ejection and injury risk in rollover crashes through analysis of field accident data contained in the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database. The study involved front outboard occupants of age 15+ years in 1994+ model year vehicle rollover crashes. Occupants were sorted into two BMI groups, normal (18.5 kg/m2 = BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) and obese (BMI =30 kg/m2). Complete and partial ejection risks were first assessed by seating location relative to roll direction and belt use. The risk of serious-to-fatal injuries (MAIS 3+F) in non-ejected occupants were then evaluated. The overall risk for complete ejection was 2.10% ± 0.43% when near-sided and 2.65% ± 0.63% when far-sided, with a similar risk for both the normal and obese BMI groups. Complete ejection was highest for unbelted occupants, irrespective of BMI, and uncommon for belted occupants with a risk of 0.2% or less for all belted groups. The risk of partial ejection was greater for obese compared to normal BMI occupants. For near-side occupants, the overall risk of partial ejection was 2.24% ± 0.70% for normal BMI and 3.56% ± 0.50% for obese occupants (p>0.10). The corresponding risk for was 1.27% ± 0.31% and 3.42% ± 0.83% for far-side occupants (p<0.01). Belt use was effective in reducing ejection risks for all occupants. The effectiveness was lowest for obese near-side occupants. The risk of serious-to-fatal injury for non-ejected occupants was lower when belted than unbelted, irrespective of BMI group. The overall risk was higher for obese than normal BMI occupants, especially for the near-side position. The results of this study suggest differences in occupant responses with increasing BMI for individuals involved in a rollover crash. Further research on the effects of increased BMI on occupant responses is needed.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Laminated Side Window Glazing Coding and Rollover Ejection Mitigation Performance Using NASS-CDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Occupant ejection has been identified as a safety problem for decades, particularly in rollover crashes. While field accident studies have repeatedly demonstrated the effectiveness of seat belts in mitigating rollover ejection and injuries, the use of laminated glass in side window positions has been suggested as a means to mitigate occupant ejection. Limited data is available on the field performance of laminated glass in preventing ejection. This study utilized 1997-2015 NASS-CDS data to investigate the reliability of the glazing coding variables in the database and determine if any conclusions can be drawn regarding the effect of different side window glazing types on occupant ejection.         An initial query was run for 1997-2016 model year vehicles involved in side impacts to evaluate glazing coding within NASS-CDS. Sixteen individual cases were identified where the first-row side window glass was coded as both laminated and as in-place and holed, out-of-place and not holed, out-of-place and holed, or disintegrated from impact. NASS-CDS case summaries and photographs were reviewed and compared against original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications for the involved vehicles. The results demonstrated that the presence of laminated side window glass was incorrectly coded in 11 out of the 16 cases.         The coding definitions were revised to query NASS-CDS for vehicles known to be equipped with standard or optional laminated glass in the first-row side windows based upon sources including the National Auto Glass Specifications (NAGS) database and vehicle manufacturer information (e.g., sales brochures, press releases, and other specifications). The new definitions were used in conjunction with the 16 previously identified side impact cases and found to correctly differentiate between the cases with and without laminated first-row side window glazing.         Based upon this revised coding strategy, another NASS-CDS query was run to evaluate glazing type as it relates to rollover crashes involving 1997-2016 model year vehicles to determine the rate and frequency of front seat occupant ejection by glass type. This query resulted in a weighted 2,785,988 front seat occupants involved in a rollover, of which only 0.5% (13,640) occupants were in vehicles equipped with standard laminated front door window glass. Using the weighted occupants counts, there were 193 completely ejected and 277 partially ejected front seat occupants in vehicles equipped with standard laminated front door window glass; these numbers were based on unweighted samples of 10 or fewer. The sample sizes were too small to draw any statistically significant conclusions regarding ejection rates in rollover as a function of glazing type.         The results of this study indicate that NASS-CDS glazing coding alone is not appropriate to identify the presence of laminated glass in specific vehicle window portals. This study also demonstrates that the resulting sample of field accidents is too small to assess the effectiveness of laminated glass in reducing the incidence of occupant ejection. The revised coding strategy may, however, be expanded with newer data and may be used in other databases such as Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). It should be noted that, given the increased implementation of side curtain airbags in the vehicle fleet, it may become increasingly difficult to assess any individual contribution of laminated glass to occupant containment versus ejection.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:16:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702217</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Likelihood of Spinal Disc Herniations in Occupants Involved in Real World Side Impacts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1701578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prevalence of spinal disc herniations in people with no spinal symptoms have been reported to increase with age; from about 20% in those below 40 years to about 30% in those above 40 years. Spinal disc herniations are usually associated with degenerative changes. Though rare, spinal disc herniations can also be caused by trauma. With an increasing number of older people on U.S. roads with a concomitant increase in the probability of getting injured in a vehicle collision, it is reasonable to expect that some of these occupants can present with clinical findings of spinal disc herniations after a side impact, and attribute these findings to the impact. In this study, we looked at the relationship between real world side impacts and the occurrence of spinal injuries, in particular disc herniations, in occupants involved in such impacts. We examined the reported occurrence of all spine injuries in side impact crashes in the National Automotive Sampling System - Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database from 1993 through 2014. There were over 8,400 adult raw case occupants, corresponding to a weighted number of approximately 4.7 million that fit the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the most common spine injury in side impact is acute muscle strain of the cervical spine, followed by acute muscle strain of the lumbar spine. The total number of occupants with reported spinal disc herniations was only three; all from near-side impacts. The low prevalence of reported spinal disc herniations stands in sharp contrast to a background prevalence of 20% to 30% in asymptomatic individuals. The findings from the real world data in this study, in light of known spinal responses in experiments conducted on post-mortem human subjects (PMHSs) and anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) exposed to near- and far-side impacts, suggest that side impacts do not present a mechanism of traumatic disc herniation.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:16:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1701578</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accident Statistical Distributions from NASS CDS - An Update</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1701573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) contains an abundance of field crash data. As technology advances and the database continues to grow over the years, the statistical significance of the data increases and trends can be observed. The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad-based, up-to-date, reference resource with respect to commonly sought-after crash statistics. Charts include up-to-date crash distributions by Delta-V and impact direction with corresponding injury severity rates. Rollover data is also analyzed, as well as historical trends for injury severity, belt usage, air bag availability, and the availability of vehicle safety technology.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:16:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1701573</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle Rear Impacts and Spinal Disc Herniations in Occupants: Is there a Basis for Causation?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disc herniations in the spine are commonly associated with degenerative changes, and the prevalence increases with increasing age. With increasing number of older people on U.S. roads, we can expect an increase in clinical findings of disc herniations in occupants involved in rear impacts. Whether these findings suggest a causal relationship is the subject of this study. We examined the reported occurrence of all spine injuries in the National Automotive Sampling System - Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database from 1993 to 2014. There were over 4,000 occupants that fit the inclusion criteria. The findings in this study showed that, in the weighted data of 2.9 million occupants, the most common spine injury is an acute muscle strain of the neck, followed by strain of the low back. The delta-V of a rear impact is a reliable indicator of the rate of acute cervical strain in occupants exposed to such impacts. The number of disc herniations was small in all three segments of the spine: five in the neck, none in the thoracic spine, and two in the lumbar spine for the 4,348 raw cases, compared to a background prevalence of 20 to 30 % disc abnormalities in asymptomatic individuals. Kinematic analyses of human volunteers, post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) and anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) from other studies show that the known experimental mechanism of causing a traumatic lumbar disc herniation by hyperflexion and axial compression is not operative during a rear impact. Taken together, the findings from the real world data in this study, the occupant kinematic analyses from other studies in conjunction with the known experimental mechanism to produce a traumatic disc herniation all appear to support the hypothesis that there is a lack of a causal link between rear impacts and traumatic disc herniations in the spine.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2020 11:13:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Side Impact Taxonomy for USA Field Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An eleven-group taxonomy was created to classify real-world side crashes from the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) component of the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS). Three steps were taken to develop the classification scheme: (1) side-impact towaway crashes were identified by examining 1987-2016 model year light passenger vehicles with Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) data from the 1997-2015 calendar years of NASS; (2) case reviews, engineering judgments, and categorization assessments were conducted on these data to produce the eleven-group taxonomy; and (3) taxonomic groups were reviewed relative to regulated crash test procedures. Two of the taxonomic groups were found to have the most frequent crash types, each contributing approximately 22% to the total, followed closely by a third taxonomic group contributing approximately 19%. This third-most frequent group was also the most highly represented crash type for vehicles with at least one seriously-injured occupant. The taxonomy provides a consistent way to categorize side impacts beyond that afforded by the CDC itself. Moreover, it provides the basis for potential future studies (e.g., more comprehensive crash and injury risk assessments and related countermeasure designs).       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 2020 11:52:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561621</guid>
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