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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of Work Zone Crash Modification Factors for Iowa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automated queue warning systems are a common safety countermeasure deployed in Iowa work zones. This report documents the development and evaluation of crash modification factors (CMFs) for Iowa work zones with automated queue warning systems. The study utilized crash data from 2016 to 2023, focusing on crashes in smart work zones equipped with queue warning systems. Data were collected from multiple sources, including the Iowa Traffic Critical Project (TCP) program, law enforcement-reported crash data, and the Iowa Roadway Asset Management System (RAMS). The TCP program provided detailed historical data on work zones during the study period and the various devices deployed as part of smart work zone systems. Crash data included spatial coordinates and dates, which were used to identify work zone-related incidents, while RAMS provided roadway characteristics relevant to CMF development. Two buffer zones around the work zone’s dynamic message sign (for smart work zones) or around the start of the work zone location (for work zones without a queue warning system) were analyzed: a 1 mi upstream and 0.5 mi downstream buffer, and a 0.5 mi upstream and 0.5 mi downstream buffer. The evaluation involved the development of multiple regression models, specifically the negative binomial-P (NB-P) and Sichel models, which are well suited for handling overdispersed count data. These models were selected based on their log-likelihood values and cumulative residual (CURE) plots. The results indicate that the presence of a queue warning system leads to a slight decrease in total crashes (up to 3.1%) and a significant reduction in fatal, major injury, and minor injury (KAB) crashes (up to 31.9%). The impact is more pronounced for the 1 mi upstream and 0.5 mi downstream buffer, suggesting that the queue warning system influences vehicle speeds around 1 mi upstream of the work zone. The reduction in crash severity is likely due to decreased vehicle speeds in the presence of a queue warning system. This study also explored connected vehicle data to assess speed profiles across four work zones and found consistent patterns of speed reduction in most of these work zones compared to periods without construction. Despite promising results, the study acknowledges several limitations, including potential discrepancies in work zone location and duration data and the need for more precise data collection. In conclusion, implementing queue warning systems in work zones presents a viable strategy for mitigating work zone crash severity and enhancing road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:51:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727278</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing the impact of road lighting on reducing severe nighttime crashes: A case-control study on rural roads in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721783</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The disproportionate share of nighttime road crashes, despite lower traffic volumes, highlights the need for effective safety measures. Road lighting is a proven countermeasure, yet its high cost and long implementation timelines require rigorous evaluation. This study applies the case–control method, an epidemiological approach suited to rare events, to estimate the impact of road lighting on severe nighttime crashes on rural roads in Iran. Three case-control approaches—simple, stratified, and matched—produce Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) of 0.39, 0.40, and 0.53, respectively, indicating substantial crash reductions. The reliability of the estimates is assessed using the star quality rating approach, achieving a 4-star rating out of 5 and indicating relatively high confidence. By providing multiple, reliable CMF estimates, the study supports evidence-based decision making, helping transportation agencies prioritize investments, optimize resource allocation, and strengthen the empirical literature on nighttime road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:29:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721783</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of Safety Performance Functions for Urban and Suburban Multilane Highways in Georgia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the findings of the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) Research Project 25-04 which concludes Research Project 22-27, which aimed to develop Georgia-specific safety performance functions (SPFs) and estimate crash modification factors (CMFs) to evaluate the safety effectiveness of different median treatments on urban and suburban multilane highways. Leveraging six years (2016–2021) of crash, roadway, and traffic data—with a focus on 2018–2021 data—the research developed segment-level and corridor-level SPFs and estimated CMFs to quantify the impacts of three median types on crash frequency and severity: undivided/no median, flush medians (two-way left-turn lanes [TWLTLs]), and raised medians. SPFs were developed separately by median type and crash severity (all crashes [KABCO] and fatal and injury crashes [KAB]), incorporating key variables such as traffic volume (annual average daily traffic [AADT]), truck percentage, access point density, intersection density (corridor-level), land use, and area type (urban versus suburban). Findings indicate that raised medians consistently provide the greatest safety benefits in high-volume and high-conflict settings (e.g., AADT > 25,000, dense intersections), and TWLTLs are effective under moderate traffic conditions (AADT 15,000–25,000) with low truck percentages. Undivided/no-median highways are generally suitable only in low-volume, low-conflict environments (AADT < 20,000). CMF-informed policy recommendations were developed to support GDOT in making context-sensitive, data-driven decisions about median design for urban and suburban multilane highways across Georgia, aligning with the department’s design guidelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:53:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Performance of Centerline Raised Pavement Markers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Centerline raised pavement markers (RPM) have emerged as a justifiable rural road safety countermeasure for preventing run-off-road (ROR) and opposite-direction crashes. These devices supplement lane markings, enhance positional guidance, alert drivers to changes in roadway geometry, and reduce encroachment. This research evaluated the safety effect of centerline raised pavement markers (RPM) installed on rural roads in Indiana and proposed a practical and systemic approach for identifying road segments that require more attention. To support the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) in this task, the study develops a set of Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) that reflect the safety effects of installing raised pavement markers on the target crashes. The analysis is based on crash data collected from Indiana rural two-lane roads during the 2015-2023 period, which comprised more than 20,000 crashes across over 8,000 roadway segments. In addition to the effect of RPMs, the study also investigated the joint safety effects of RPMs and other countermeasures, including rumble strips (RS) and shoulders and lane widths. The results help determine the joint effect of any combination of these road cross-section features on reducing the crash occurrence and severity. A panel analysis (cross-sectional combined with before-and-after analyses) through a negative binomial model with random effects was implemented to safety-related data from two-lane rural roads during the studied nine-year period. The safety effects across sites with and without raised pavement markers were estimated while controlling local factors such as traffic volume and road geometry. This study confirmed a statistically significant reduction in ROR crashes associated with the implementation of raised pavement markers (RPMs) equal to 15% at daytime and 11% at nighttime on average across the treated Indiana roads. The opposite-direction collisions, including head-on and opposite-direction sideswipe crashes, were significantly reduced at nighttime by nearly 22%. The daytime opposite-direction crashes showed no significant change after RPMs implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:38:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective Shoulder Width on Rural Highway System Related to Roadway Departure Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway design plays a crucial role in traffic safety, particularly on rural roads. This research investigates the safety effectiveness of shoulder width on Indiana’s rural two-lane highways, and to use this understanding to provide a basis for more effective shoulder improvement programs. Although previous studies have established the benefits of shoulder widening in other states, limited research has been conducted in Indiana conditions. This research aims to evaluate the safety effectiveness of shoulders on rural roads in Indiana and to propose a practical and systemic approach to identifying road segments that require additional attention and possible need for shoulder improvements. A negative binomial model with random effects was implemented to evaluate run off road crash frequency on two lane rural roads in relation to shoulder width. Nine years of crash data from 2015 to 2023 from over 5,000 miles of Indiana rural highways was used. This model incorporates geometric factors including shoulder width, traffic exposure, and the presence of rumble strips to quantify the impact of shoulder width on crash frequency. Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) were developed based on the existing combinations of shoulder and lane width, and proposed design alternatives. This allows for a comparison among different configurations. Findings indicated that increasing shoulder width generally reduces crash frequency. Installing a 5- or 6-foot shoulder in a location that previously did not have a shoulder resulted in the highest reduction in crashes according to CMFs. Shoulders equal to or exceeding 7 feet showed diminishing safety benefits when compared to shoulders of 5–6 feet. This is potentially due to the additional risk-taking by drivers under seemingly safer conditions. The presence of roadside rumble strips was found to reduce run-off-road (ROR) crashes by 9.1%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:02:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Safety Impact of Roadway Rightsizing in Jefferson County, Kentucky</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research provides a safety assessment of rightsizing projects that took place in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Rightsizing has become increasingly popular as a solution for multimodal access improvements and enhancing roadway safety. A cross-sectional before–after analysis was applied to a 15-year panel dataset from 2010 to 2024 to estimate the impact of rightsizing on crash frequency. A matched control group was developed using traffic volume and segment length using nearest-neighbor approach. Negative binomial safety performance functions were estimated with untreated sites and adjusted with annual calibration factors for seasonal changes consideration. Empirical Bayes methods were applied to correct for regression-to-the-mean bias and estimate counterfactual crash frequencies. Crash modification factors (CMFs) were calculated and disaggregated by crash type (all, bicycle, pedestrian, and intersection-related) and severity level (KA, BC, O). The analysis reveals that rightsizing treatments were associated with a 32% reduction in fatal and severe injury crashes, and consistent crash reductions at intersections. However, elevated CMFs across all severity levels for bicycle crashes suggest increased risk, potentially because of higher exposure without corresponding protective infrastructure. Pedestrian findings varied by severity level. The findings highlight crash severity reduction potential for rightsizing while indicating a requirement for including facilitative infrastructure for protection of vulnerable road users. The study includes practical recommendations for transportation agencies considering rightsizing as part of a broader safety and multimodal mobility initiative.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:01:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709128</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Pavement Friction Management Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to develop a comprehensive framework for statewide pavement friction management and safety-oriented decision-making for IDOT. The project was structured into several key tasks. First, a literature review was conducted to synthesize existing research on pavement friction measurement, friction-crash relationships, investigatory levels, and friction-based treatment strategies. Second, a survey and an assessment of current agency practices were carried out to understand how friction data are collected, processed, and incorporated into project selection and maintenance decisions across peer states. Third, statewide friction data were compiled, cleaned, and spatially integrated into databases for roadway and intersection peer groups to evaluate friction coverage, measurement density, and variation across facility types. Fourth, safety performance functions were developed with explicit consideration of pavement friction and other roadway and intersection characteristics to support risk-based safety evaluation. In parallel, a new life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) framework was established to integrate friction and other pavement surface condition measures (such as the IDOT Condition Rating Survey) into a unified treatment selection model, explicitly accounting for pavement deterioration, treatment effectiveness, and traffic loading. This LCCA framework was further extended to network-level site screening and prioritization through a decision-tree-based approach. In addition, IDOT-specific aggregate policy was assessed with an emphasis on incorporating friction performance into mixture design considerations. Digital image processing techniques, including the Aggregate Imaging Measurement System, have been previously applied to characterize the angularity and surface texture of Illinois aggregates and their degradation under simulated polishing. Morphological indices derived from these prior investigations were compiled and used as inputs for friction prediction modeling, supporting a more proactive, material-level approach to pavement safety performance. The tasks’ outcomes were synthesized into a schematic design of the Illinois friction management system. Finally, educational materials were developed to support statewide training on fundamental pavement friction management concepts. Overall, the project establishes a practical, data-driven foundation for integrating friction performance into safety analysis, material selection, and maintenance planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 10:59:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of observational before–after safety studies in Canada during COVID-19 pandemic: A “no treatment” evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic caused a substantial shift in global traffic volume and travel behavior. However, the literature lacks an assessment of its impact on road safety evaluations, raising concerns about the accurate assessment of safety countermeasures implemented during the pandemic and the evaluation of crash records within that timeframe. This study aimed to examine the applicability of existing methodologies to assess the effects of countermeasures implemented during the COVID-19. This was carried out in the context of a “no-treatment” evaluation for a set of signalized intersections in various Canadian jurisdictions, observing a time frame with COVID-related mobility restrictions in 2020 and 2021. The methodologies tested were the most well-known and used in the field, i.e. the comparison group (CG) method, the empirical Bayes (EB) method, the EB method with CGs, and the full Bayes (FB) method with linear intervention models. The results showed that all methods analyzed were able to identify the hypothetical treatment within the confidence levels of the estimated crash modification factors, with different degrees of accuracy and precision. These results, therefore, will be vital for practitioners to select and decide on the methodology to be used in assessing countermeasures occurred during COVID-19 pandemic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 2026 10:29:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Safety Effects of Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents two methods for using crash modification factors (CMFs) to evaluate the safety effects of automated traffic signal performance measures (ATSPMs) based on changes in signal timing or operation. The first method produces an estimate of the change in crash frequency and crash cost associated with implementing an ATSPM-based approach to signal timing and operations within a signal system. The second method uses CMFs to quantify the change in crash frequency and severity associated with a specific ATSPM-based change to signal timing or operation at one or more signalized intersections (e.g., the safety effect of reducing red light running). The methods were developed based on data from arterials and signalized intersections in several states over multiple years. This report will be of interest to state departments of transportation, local transportation agencies, and consultants involved in planning, managing, maintaining, or operating traffic signals utilizing ATSPMs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Mar 2026 17:18:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681403</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crash Modification Factors for Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the research approach and results of NCHRP Project 17-109, “Crash Modification Factors for Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures.” Automated traffic signal performance measures (ATSPMs) offer an alternative approach to traditional signal timing. The objectives of the project were: (1) to develop crash modification factors (CMFs) for ATSPM-based signal timing for various conflict types and levels of severity, and (2) to estimate the potential return on investment in ATSPM deployment based on consideration of both the safety and operational benefits of this deployment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Mar 2026 17:18:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681404</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Wildlife Fencing at Reducing Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) pose serious risks to motorist safety and contribute significantly to wildlife mortality. Wildlife fencing serves as a proven countermeasure to mitigate WVCs while promoting habitat connectivity. This study evaluates the safety effectiveness of wildlife fencing installed across Utah from 2011 to 2023, using traffic volume, herd size, migration patterns, and urban/rural context as explanatory variables. A total of 54 (138 miles) treated sites and 90 (583 miles) matched control sites were analyzed using safety performance functions and empirical Bayes methods. Results indicate a crash modification factor (CMF) of 0.25 for total wildlife-related crashes equating to a 75% reduction. CMFs for fatal/injury crashes and property damage-only (PDO) crashes were 0.15 and 0.26, respectively, demonstrating reductions of 85% and 74%. The CMF for total WVCs in only migration areas was 0.13, indicating a greater reduction compared to all sites taken together. It was seen that wildlife fencing creates a greater reduction in WVCs in migration areas of about 87% in these sensitive zones compared to other areas. Low standard errors and narrow 95% confidence intervals reinforce the statistical reliability of the results. Overall, the data strongly supports wildlife fencing as a highly effective safety countermeasure with consistent impact across all crash scenarios in this study. Findings support continued investment in targeted safety interventions across migration corridors. Economic analysis yielded a benefit-cost ratio of approximately 2.0 (at a 3% discount rate), confirming that wildlife fencing is a highly effective and cost- efficient strategy for improving roadway safety and supporting wildlife conservation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 11:20:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Robust crash modification factor estimation with case-control method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quantitative accident analysis methods are being used alongside qualitative ones to enhance transportation safety. One key measure to assess safety improvement actions is the Crash Modification Factor (CMF). CMFs are estimated using various methods, including case-control. This method defines two groups from data: the case group, which includes instances of crashes, and the control group, which includes instances without any reported crashes. In the case-control method, a sample is drawn from the control group to match the number of observations within the case. Consequently, the estimates from the case-control method are based on a single estimation of the logit binary model and do not utilize all the available data. To address this limitation, this research’s main objective is to add robustness to estimated CMF by resampling from the control group and comparing the results with the standard, simpler methods. Additionally, the authors will evaluate the impact of U-turns on road safety, considering their placement and geometric characteristics. In this research, factors other than the presence of a U-turn are referred to as intervening factors, as the authors aim to estimate the CMF of midsection U-turn elimination. The authors resampled from the control group for one thousand iterations, creating a distribution for the CMF and providing a robust estimate. Some intervening factors, such as traffic volume, are continuous; therefore, the authors used two different discretization methods in addition to keeping traffic volume as a continuous variable in the descriptive model. The authors show that the CMF distribution is skewed and has a wide range, which makes it inaccurate to use a single value in safety analysis instead of considering the entire distribution. Furthermore, the authors verify the effect of stratifying algorithms based on statistical inference of robust CMFs. The authors also show that CMF values derived from different sets of intervening variables result in statistically significant differences, with more than half of comparison pairs showing significantly variation. The results also show that different stratification methods lead to significantly different robust CMF values. The robust case-control, i.e. the method used in this research, is recommended for use by safety analysts. Generating a distribution of CMF values allows for a statistical comparison of obtained CMF values with the value of one, thereby indicating whether a safety action is ineffective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 11:59:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655587</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Develop a Real-Time Decision Support Tool for Urban Roadway Safety Improvements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Speed-related crashes remain a critical concern for Texas, identified as one of the seven key emphasis areas in the Texas Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) for 2018–2022. Traditional crash risk models often overlook essential real-time factors such as operating speed, traffic variability, and weather, limiting their effectiveness. To address this, TxDOT Project 0-7144 integrated data from diverse sources, including NPMRDS and INRIX XD (real-time speeds), TMAS (traffic volumes), CRIS (crashes), RHiNO (roadway inventory), and NOAA (weather), to develop both annual and short-duration Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) for a wide range of urban facility types. Annual SPFs were developed for urban facilities, including freeways, multi-lane divided and undivided highways, continuous left-turn lane roads, and two-lane highways, incorporating geometric and operational features such as lane and shoulder width, truck proportion, driveway density, average speed, and precipitation. This project also employed a Negative Binomial-Lindley (NBL) modeling framework to produce monthly SPFs from 2019 to 2022. These shortduration models captured the dynamic influence of seasonal factors, monthly average daily traffic (MADT), speed and travel time variability, and weather patterns on crash frequency across facility types. A key outcome of the project is the development of an interactive, GIS-based decision support tool using the Shiny platform. This tool enables users to visualize, filter, and download crash prediction outputs at both annual and short-duration levels. It offers dynamic data uploading capabilities, allowing local engineers to input updated roadway and traffic data for customized analyses. The project concludes with recommendations to update Texas SPFs for urban roadways by integrating operating speed and weather data, emphasizing speed consistency in guidelines, and expanding the tool's capacity for daily-level modeling and facility-specific diagnostics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 09:18:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663223</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Automated Speed Enforcement in School Zones and Guidance for Continuous Usage in Georgia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the growing concerns for transportation agencies is speed management in school zones, as it is vital to children's safety. Automated Speed Enforcement (ASE) is one of the measures to address speed management concerns. As of January 2024, approximately 286 schools across Georgia were equipped with ASE cameras, aiming to improve traffic safety in school zones. This research project was carried out to quantitatively evaluate the effect of ASE on safety in school zones. A comprehensive crash analysis was performed to estimate Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) using two approaches: (1) a before-and-after study with the EB approach, only considering treated schools and (2) a before-and-after study using the comparison-group method. A speed study was performed to collect speed data at schools with and without ASE, estimate key parameters, determine the percentage of drivers who exceeded school zone speed limits, and perform relevant statistical tests to compare speed variance distributions and speed distributions. A road user survey was conducted, and responses were analyzed through descriptive statistics and cross-classification. The results of the crash study indicated that, after implementing ASE cameras, total crashes have been reduced by 10 percent and 9 percent within the school zones at on-system and off-system treated schools, respectively. Also, speeding-related crashes have been reduced by 35 percent and 54 percent at on-system and off-system schools, respectively. Overall, ASE was found to be effective in reducing total crashes and speeding-related crashes in school zones, resulting in CMFs below 1.0 across all scenarios considered in this study. The results of the speed study indicated that treated schools experienced lower speed variances, higher driver compliance, and lower mean, 50th percentile, and 85th percentile speeds than control schools. At treated schools, the percentage of drivers exceeding school zone speed limits by more than 10 mph was 36 percent lower compared to control schools. At a 95 percent confidence level, the observed speed variance and speed distribution curves at treated schools were significantly lower than that at control schools. In summary, ASE was found to be an effective enforcement practice for speed management, resulting in improved safety in school zones]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 09:18:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategies to Address Head-On Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While head-on crashes generally constitute a small proportion of total crash occurrences, they often result in fatal and incapacitating injuries. As a result, many agencies are exploring strategies to mitigate head-on crashes and resulting injuries. This research examined head-on crashes that occurred in Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) District 7 during the years 2018–2022. A total of 4,309 head-on crashes within the five-year study period were analyzed. A comprehensive literature review of previous studies related to head-on crash occurrence and injury severity was conducted. Effective countermeasures discussed in existing literature were also identified. Crash data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, police crash reports, and spatial analysis to determine contributing factors associated with head-on crashes, as well as crash patterns and trends. Primary roadway factors associated with the head-on crashes in District 7 include straight roadway segments, no physical barriers present (i.e., guard rails, cable, or concrete barriers), roadways with vegetation medians, locations with reflective pavement markers (RPMs) installed, and dark unlighted areas. Hot spots were determined using an optimized hot spot analysis of crash data and geographical data. Model results revealed 215 hot spots, all located in Hillsborough County in District 7. Crash modification factors (CMFs) were also developed based on a cross-sectional analysis of crash data and roadway characteristics. Findings revealed that an inside shoulder with curb and gutter offers the greatest reduction in fatal and serious injury head-on crashes for urban arterials (CMF = 0.68). Compared to undivided roadways, a median offers the greatest reduction in fatal and serious injury head-on crashes for urban collectors (CMF = 0.21). Near-term and long-term action plans to reduce head-on crashes in FDOT District 7 were also proposed. Understanding the factors associated with head-on crashes is essential for determining appropriate countermeasures to reduce head-on crash occurrence and injury severity. Findings from this research can assist FDOT and other transportation agencies in developing effective mitigation strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652068</guid>
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