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      <title>INERT GAS SYSTEMS AND CRUDE OIL WASHING MACHINERY. IN: MODERN MARINE ENGINEER'S MANUAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/719227</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inert gas is a gas or gas mixture containing insufficient oxygen to support the combustion of hydrocarbons. It can be obtained from a ship's main or auxiliary boiler, from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, from a separately fired generator, or from independent storage tanks. An inert gas system consists of the means of distributing inert gas from a specific source to cargo tanks. It includes all the equipment specially fitted to supply, cool, clean, pressurize, monitor, and control delivery of inert gas to the cargo-tank system, as well as the necessary piping, valves, and associated fittings to properly distribute the inert gas to the cargo tanks. The primary purpose of an inert gas system is to provide protection against a tank explosion, achieved by introducing inert gas into the tank to bring the oxygen content far below the flammable range. This chapter gives an overview of the principles, types, design, and operation of shipboard inert gas systems and crude oil washing machinery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>COW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 1990S</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/441551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Against a background of increasing competition in obtaining charters, this paper evaluates the choices in COW technology available in the 1990s.  Existing systems are reviewed, and in particular single nozzle machines are compared with dual nozzle. A practical example of the two systems is explained, together with a definition of the modern terminology of tank cleaning. The scientific research into tank cleaning patterns, coverage, impact and speed are evaluated and the financial implications of each system compared.  The paper concludes by examining the effects of increasing safety standards and encouraging the use of automatic tank cleaning in double bottom voids.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>HAS MARPOL REDUCED INTENTIONAL OIL DISCHARGES?</title>
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      <description><![CDATA[The author discusses the effectiveness of the IMO MARPOL regulations which  caused many tanker owners to install segregated ballast tanks when they would not have done so otherwise.  Both MARPOL and economic factors led to the installation of crude oil washing equipment, and together, these installations have reduced intentional discharges of oil.  Such discharges continue, however, because of the difficulties in effectively monitoring and enforcing MARPOL standards, especially on the high seas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>TRENDS IN TANK CLEANING ON BOARD MULTI-PURPOSE PRODUCT TANKERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a demand for more economical, less time-consuming and more efficient tank cleaning operations. In this context, the authors discuss the conditions to be met for a decrease in the time required for tank cleaning, outline criteria for an effective tank cleaning system, explain the difference between crude oil washing and tank cleaning, and comment on the first steps being taken towards computerized tank cleaning operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>A CASE FOR EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMIC TANK WASHING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/400736</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Belgian company of Toftejorg A/S has been involved in the manufacture of tank cleaning equipment for the marine industry for many years. In seeking to improve the effectiveness and economy of tank washing, a number of other companies have concentrated on researching methods of applying cleaning liquids to the inner surfaces of tanks. Toftejorg, however, has concentrated on the design of the spray nozzle, the mechanics of liquid flow over the tank surfaces and the identification of optimal cleaning patterns. The company contends that use of the methods and equipment that it has developed can save 1.8 days per year for performing ten crude oil washing operations on a 100,000 dwt tanker with ten tanks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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