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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>CFD Methods for Prediction of Washer Fluid Behavior During Wiper Operation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When wipers are operated while driving, washer fluid flows over side windows, affecting the driver's visibility. To predict this phenomenon, this study introduces a CFD method for analyzing airflow and washer fluid behavior using the Lattice Boltzmann method and the Lagrangian particle tracking. The wind tunnel test validated this method, showing consistent results with the experiment, including the washer fluid spread from the upper to the center of the A-pillar and the position of the washer fluid reaching the side window. This method allows for early-stage design improvements in vehicle performance related to washer fluid, even without an actual vehicle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2025 13:26:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592147</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Sustainable activator: the usability of anodizing cleaning solution for the synthesis of alkali-activated soil-fly ash</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2118414</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research is to investigate the usability of a recycled NaOH solution remaining after the anodizing procedure to modify subgrade soil, where its uniaxial compressive strength value must be at least 1033 kPa to meet the minimum resilient modulus. Different percentages of fly ash, i.e., 10% to 50%, were used to evaluate the influence of fly ash/solid and activator/fly ash ratios on the performance of the activator at room temperature. The results of uniaxial compressive strength and indirect tensile strength illustrate that the anodizing cleaning solution works well to develop alkaline activation processes. Its best performance was observed for the fly ash/solid and activator/ash ratios equal to 20% and 1.146, respectively. Indeed, a higher activator content/fly ash associated with a lower Si/Al and fly ash/solid ratios lead to maximum mechanical improvement for a low Na concentrated activator. Microstructural analyses showed binding gel formation along with clay minerals transformations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Mar 2023 17:17:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2118414</guid>
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      <title>Sludge and Varnish Evaluation of Polyether Amine Gasoline Fuel Additives at “Complete Fuel System Cleaner” Aftermarket Fuel Additive Concentrations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1743087</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sludge and Varnish deposits that can build up in the crankcase originate in large part from fuel and fuel components that enter the crankcase through blow-by. These deposits can lead to a variety of engine issues including piston skirt deposits, cylinder bore scuffing, stuck lifters and oil filter plugging. A test has been developed to evaluate the contribution of “Complete Fuel System Cleaner” (CFSC) aftermarket fuel additives to crankcase sludge and varnish deposit formation. CFSC aftermarket fuel additives are typically formulated with polyether amine (PEA) chemistry and at concentrations that exceed 2000ppm. Three different commercially-available CFSC products were tested, containing two different classes of PEA chemistry - propylene oxide-based PEA (“PO-PEA”) and butylene oxide-based PEA (“BO-PEA”). Two of the three products contained the same PO-PEA chemistry, but at different concentrations, to show the effect of additive dosage. Using the Sequence VG sludge and varnish test rating criteria, it has been shown that PO-PEA can lead to a borderline failing result for varnish formation at the lower treat rate, and an extreme failing result at the higher treat rate. BO-PEA chemistry did not lead to noticeable varnish formation. All three of the tested additives yielded passing sludge formation results, though a slight degradation in sludge control was observed with PO-PEA at the higher concentration. Analysis of the used test oil demonstrated that the BO-PEA chemistry led to a 73% improvement in oxidative stability, when compared to used oil from PO-PEA testing. It is hypothesized that the lower solubility of PO-PEA can contribute to the formation of sludge and varnish precursors that have the potential to cause significant engine harm.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2020 10:11:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1743087</guid>
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      <title>Hexane exposure and persistent peripheral neuropathy in automotive technicians</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1705342</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive technicians are commonly exposed to organic and chlorinated solvents, particularly through use of cleaning products. Mainly during the period 1989-2002, n-hexane was a component of some of these products. In other occupational contexts, n-hexane has been shown to be a cause of peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether previous exposures to low concentrations of n-hexane were a cause of persistent peripheral neuropathy in automotive technicians. Enrolled in the study were 830 San Francisco Bay Area automotive technicians. Each participant underwent a battery of tests to investigate peripheral nervous system impairment. Test results regressed against estimated hexane and total solvent exposures showed only limited evidence of association with solvent exposures. Exposures to both hexane and general solvents were well below their occupational exposure limits. Generally, the authors' results provide reassurance about persistent peripheral neuropathic effects in automotive technicians who previously used hexane-containing automotive cleaning products. This may reflect repair processes, since the exposures occurred some years previous to the study. However, the authors cannot exclude the possibility that the absence of observed effect in this study may be attributable to low exposures, exposure misclassification and/or the healthy worker survivor effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2020 09:50:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1705342</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Now You See It, Not You Don’t</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No matter how large or small of an operation, there is a great demand for automotive component manufacturers, increase the productivity of their equipment, improve the quality of their parts, all the while lowering costs. This can be a balancing act between using the most effective technology while working within a shrinking budget.         This presentation discusses the advantages of dry ice cleaning solutions in a variety of automotive applications: 1) as a replacement for solvent and/or mechanical cleaning for the removal of contaminants from tooling, at operating temperature and while it is still in the production machine, 2) deflashing plastic molded parts, 3) removing excess film from IMD parts, and 4) the surface preparation of molded plastic parts prior to painting or coating, replacing traditional aqueous washing methods and subsequent drying.         Supporting research from several independent studies (Kettering University, Materials & Process Associates, etc.) will be presented along with industry case studies, pictures and video clips to demonstrate the various proven solutions in the automotive industry.         The reader will achieve an understanding of how to improve the environmental quality and worker safety in their plants; a benchmark understanding of the operating theory and principles behind the dry ice cleaning and surface preparation process.         The results contained herein will confirm that dry ice cleaning can remove contaminant layers from various common mold metals, is a good alternative to wet washing, and can successfully deburr and deflash plastic parts.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Sep 2019 09:59:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599145</guid>
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      <title>Fatal Accidental Inhalation of Brake Cleaner Aerosols</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1634003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Brake cleaner liquid is commonly used for cleaning of engines and motor parts. The commercially available products usually contain mainly volatile organic compounds. As a consequence, brake cleaner evaporates fast and almost completely from the cleaned surface. This case report presents a fatal accidental inhalation of brake cleaner liquid aerosols due to the attempted cleaning of a boat engine. A 16year old boy was found lifeless in the engine compartment of a boat engine. In close proximity to the body, the police found cleanings wipes soaked with brake cleaner as well as a pump spray bottle filled with brake cleaner. Essentially the autopsy revealed a cerebral edema with encephalomalacia, no coagulated blood as well as increased blood and tissue fluid content of the lung. Toxicological analysis revealed brake cleaner fluid in the lung, gastric content and heart blood.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2019 07:58:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1634003</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Self-Cleaning of Photocatalytic Mortar with Glass Aggregate and Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Belite Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1631892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The self-cleaning performance and mechanism of photocatalytic mortars with different cementitious materials and aggregates was evaluated through a rhodamine B (RhB) degradation test. The self-cleaning property of photocatalytic concrete helps to preserve its aesthetics, NOx removal potential, and surface reflectance. In this study, the addition of TiO2 to calcium sulfoaluminate-belite cement (CSAB) demonstrated a self-cleaning potential like ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Photocatalytic mortar mixes with OPC demonstrated increased self-cleaning efficiency with glass fine aggregate and with higher TiO2 content. However, glass addition was not effective in improving the self-cleaning efficiency of CSAB mortar with TiO2. Replacement of OPC with class F fly ash significantly decreased self-cleaning efficiency. The decrease in pore solution pH with fly ash replacement of OPC or CSAB cement instead of OPC was hypothesized as the cause for the decline in self-cleaning efficiency. An experiment to study the photocatalytic degradation rate of RhB revealed that it increased with higher pH. RhB photocatalytically degrades through N-de-ethylation and cleavage of the chromophore structure depending on the reaction surface characteristics with the first path investigated in this paper. It was shown that some of the RhB on the photocatalytic mortar surface was degraded by the N-de-ethylation path regardless of the cement and aggregate constituents and increasing TiO2 (anatase) content increased RhB degradation through N-de-ethylation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2019 09:14:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1631892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Presentation of an Approach for Risk Characterization of Exposure to Chemicals in Cleaning Work</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428786</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Workplace risk assessment methods require expertise which cleaning companies may lack. To present a methodological, easy-to-implement approach for risk characterization of cleaning work, and elaborate on its applicability. Determinants of chemical exposure including, inter alia, frequency of use, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and spray bottle (s), dilution of chemicals (d), and workplace ambience are used to characterize risk of cleaning work. These, are assigned numerical factors according to how they manifest in work situations. Calculating risk factors for workplaces with many cleaning workers and work patterns, agreement on how tasks are performed, use of PPE and spray bottles among minimum 60% of participants was set as acceptance criteria for uniformity of workplace trend. Risk characterization ratio (RCR) used to compare cleaning work is obtained by collating actual risk factors to a hypothetical minimum exposure ideal. Assessing different work situations, cleaning Shopping Centre gave the lowest RCR = 1.65, whereas travel terminals had the highest RCR = 7.41. Offices, hospital and kindergarten cleaning gave RCR = 4.05, 4.47 and 4.82 respectively. From RCRs, the largest disparity was between shopping centers and terminals; the least was between office and hospital, and similarly between hospital and kindergartens cleaning. The approach enables evaluation of work situation establishing the risk of exposure to chemicals. Use of determinants of exposure makes the approach a versatile tool for determination of risk of exposure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:22:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428786</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Water Droplets Electrocoalescence and Instabilities in Cleaner Process of Oils and Fuel Oils for Marine Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1260299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analysis of water droplets electrocoalescence from a water-in-dielectric liquid emulsion, in an electrostatic oil cleaner process is made in this paper. The efficiency of electrostatic purging of marine fuels and oils is analyzed. It is studied an electroseparator for dielectric liquids by own conception and the effect on water droplets instabilities under an electric field. It is studied a case that is not studied frequently, that of an inhomogeneous electric field. The process is simulated using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software with the capability to provide visual and mathematical data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2013 12:30:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1260299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Some Aspects Regarding an Electrostatic Cleaner Process of Marine Oils and Diesel Fuels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1260298</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper treats the problem of cleaning and reconditioning of waste oils and diesel fuels with mechanical impurities used in marine engines. The influence of differentphysical quantities involved in the electrostatic cleaner process are considered on the basis of dimensional analysis. The relative processing time is determined against the criteria, on which depends the kinetics of electrical separation in order to determine the efficiency of the process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2013 12:29:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1260298</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Very High-Speed Third Rail Insulator Cleaner--FTA SBIR Phase 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1258224</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metrorail systems, also called subways, rely on insulators to keep the electricity that powers trains flowing through the third rail where it belongs. The high-voltage third rail sits on insulators spaced 6 to 10 fee apart, depending on the subway, which means there are about 500 to 900 insulators in one mile of track. Dirt and grime can short circuit an insulator and cause arcing, burning and smoke, which can cause the rail system to be shut down. Rapid rail transit systems around the country report that damaged insulators are most frequently the cause of traction power shut-down. The objective of this Small Business Innovation Research project is to design and fabricate an automated very high speed insulator cleaner technology for cleaning third rail insulators on rapid transit systems in the United States. The novel technology slides on the third rail and is attached to a service vehicle that rides on the track and provides high pressure water. Although the high-speed insulator cleaner is designed and customized for cleaning insulators installed on the New York City subway track, the technology can be designed to meet the needs of any rapid rail transit system in the United States. The Task 5 effort includes the development of insulator materials: fiberglass and porcelain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 Aug 2013 01:00:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1258224</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental Implications of Graffiti Removal Techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Graffiti creates both aesthetic and environmental detriments to transportation infrastructure around the United States (US). Keeping transportation corridors safe, clean, and presentable should be a priority for all US departments of transportation. To facilitate green and effective cleaning procedures, the environmental implications and removal performance of several chemical graffiti removal products were examined. The primary objective was to use a simple strategy to evaluate the potential negative effects of common graffiti removal products on the environment and human health. Ten graffiti removal products as well as two spray paints were analyzed using the Indiana Relative Chemical Hazard Score or IRCHS. In this system, each hazardous component in a particular removal product received an IRCH score for worker exposure hazard, environmental hazard, and total hazard. These scores were then used to classify the products into 4 different categories of varying environmental impact severities. From the evaluation it was determined that regardless of the IRCH hazard score, wastes generated during cleaning procedures may still pose negative environmental impacts. These negative impacts stem from heavy metals in spray paints running off into aquatic environments and partitioning onto soils. It was concluded that graffiti prevention is the best alternative in minimizing environmental consequences of graffiti removal. This report provides a compilation of several effective graffiti prevention strategies as well as a strategy for selecting the most benign chemical removal products on the market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Apr 2011 11:04:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1091469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Facilities Maintenance Offers Labor, Cost-Savings Options</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, facilities maintenance managers at commercial airports have found innovation, sustainability, and operational efficiency initiatives taking up larger amounts of time than in the past. These can result in savings in labor and cost. Salt Lake City Department of Airports (SLCDA) Maintenance Division sustainability initiatives are presented in this article. Highlighted areas include: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) surveys; recycling initiatives; computerized maintenance management systems; recommissioning efforts; light emitting diode (LED) internally illuminated signage lighting; green cleaning products; water temperature monitoring; and electronic ground support equipment preparation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2011 14:13:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wash and Brush-Up</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/899103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The United Kingdom's Eurochemi provides an innovative range of rail industry cleaning and maintenance supplies. Such supplies are vital, since clean trains help ensure rail components do not suffer corrosion damage and maintain a railway's image. The author provides information on different formulations of the LocoWash product, as well products such as Arctic Melt and Restorer Cleaner.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2009 09:27:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/899103</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MUNICIPALITIES AND CONTRACTORS FIND A NEW WAY TO CLEAN UP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/500070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Municipalities, contractors, and other users across the country have discovered the benefits of baking soda to remove grime, grease, and graffiti from bridges, tunnels, monuments, and other structures. The water-soluble and versatile compound's initial claim to fame was for the removal of coal tar resin from the interior copper lining of the Statue of Liberty before its centennial celebration. The soda blasting process was developed by Church & Dwight Co., Inc., makers of Arm & Hammer brand products, as part of its ARMEX(R) cleaning and coating removal systems. The process uses specially engineered baking soda-based formulations and has been used in many other restoration and industrial maintenance applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/500070</guid>
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