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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Salt-Frost Heaving Rules and Mechanical Properties of Chlorite Saline Soil along the Duku Highway under Freezing-Thawing Action</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903381</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aiming to investigate salt-frost heaving rules and the mechanical properties of natural saline soil along the Duku Highway subjected to multiple freezing-thawing cycles, the authors collected natural saline soil samples from the alluvial-proluvial plain in front of the Dushanzi Mountain at the starting point of the Duku Highway. Then, the authors conducted mineral composition analysis tests, essential laboratory physical property measurement, large scale multiple freezing-thawing cyclic salt-frost heaving tests, shear strength tests, and unconfined compressive strength tests on the samples. According to the test results presented, the collected saline soil differed from saline soil in other regions and fell into “chlorite saline soils.” As the number of freezing-thawing cycles increased, the overall salt-frost heaving capacity increased and then decreased in the freezing process but first reduced and then increased in the thawing process. Thus, the salt-frost heaving capacity was cumulative in freezing/thawing cycles. The peak salt-frost heaving capacity reached a maximum after 1 freezing-thawing cycle and then dropped drastically and fluctuated regularly. After 6 freezing-thawing cycles, the displacement deformation and time formed a new equilibrium. After 7 freezing-thawing cycles, the displacement and deformation of the soil no longer appear negative. As the number of freezing-thawing cycles increased, the cohesive force of saline soil first increased and then dropped steadily, the internal friction angle first dropped and then increased steadily, and the unconfined shear strength first increased and then decreased. These research results provided data supporting the prevention and controlling highway saline soil disasters with insightful references for the other projects in this region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2022 09:50:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903381</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Chemical of the Quarter: Understanding Sodium Hypochlorite</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1683220</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, is commonly used for disinfecting and bleaching. It is found in household items such as laundry detergent and is also used in drinking water facilities and swimming pools. This material is stable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure but can give off hazardous and toxic vapors. It is corrosive and causes chemical burns to unprotected skin and mucous membranes. The material is non-flammable and poses no fire risk. Hypochlorite solutions can be transported a number of ways, including truck, train, plane, or vessel, provided applicable regulations are observed. Hypochlorite solutions can be shipped in small amounts known as limited quantities. When shipped specifically for consumer use in limited quantities, the shipment is known as Other Regulated Materials-Definitions materials, or ORM-D materials. The Coast Guard enforces maritime transportation requirements for sodium hypochlorite under 49 CFR Subchapter C. Additionally, the Coast Guard operates the National Response Center, the sole federal point of contact for reporting chemical spills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2020 11:13:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1683220</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Refinement of the Hot-Mix Asphalt Ignition Method for High-Loss Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/762234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluated four methodologies for determining the asphalt content of mixtures containing high loss aggregates in the ignition furnace. The methodologies tested were the standard method using the Thermolyne furnace (control), the Troxler NTO Infrared furnace, the Ontario Method using the Thermolyne furnace and a Tempyrox glass cleaning oven. Six aggregate sources with high ignition furnace aggregate correction factors were obtained from around the country: four dolomites, a basalt, and a serpentinite/chlorite. Calibration factors were determined for each method at optimum asphalt content. Additional samples were then tested at optimum plus 0.5 percent asphalt content and the measured asphalt content calculated using the correction factor determined for that method/aggregate source. The Tempyrox Pyro-Clean oven, commonly used for cleaning laboratory glassware, produced the lowest aggregate correction factors. The correction factors are consistent with results from thermogravimetric analysis. The standard method and the Ontario method, both using the Thermolyne ignition furnace produced the smallest bias or error in measured asphalt content. The standard deviation of the corrected asphalt contents for these high loss sources was higher than the within-lab standard deviation reported for AASHTO T308. The only exception was the Alabama source using the standard method. The Ontario Method and Tempyrox Oven generally reduced the variability of asphalt content measurements for high loss aggregates. None of the methods evaluated statistically reduced aggregate breakdown on the NMAS and 4.75 mm sieves. The Ontario method significantly reduced, but did not eliminate aggregate breakdown on the 0.075 mm sieve. A gradation correction factor, developed from the same samples used to determine the correction factor for asphalt content, greatly reduced the measured biases, in most cases to less than 1 percent. The Ontario method is recommended for immediate implementation for determining the asphalt content by the ignition method for high loss aggregates. The method consists of using an altered end point of less than 1 gram change over three consecutive minutes and using the highest test temperature of 538, 480 or 450°C (1,100, 896, or 842°F) that produces a correction factor less than 1 percent. The current AASHTO procedure specifies a 0.01 percent change over three consecutive minutes at either 538 or 482° (1100 or 900 °F).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2005 15:48:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/762234</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Refinement of the Hot-Mix Asphalt Ignition Method for High-Loss Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Four methodologies for determining the asphalt content of mixtures containing high-loss aggregates in the ignition furnace were evaluated: the standard method using the Thermolyne furnace (control), the Troxler NTO infrared furnace, the Ontario method, and a Tempyrox glass-cleaning oven. Six aggregate sources with high ignition furnace aggregate corrections were obtained from around the country: four dolomites, a basalt, and a serpentine/chlorite. Calibration factors were determined for each method at optimum asphalt content. Additional samples were then tested at optimum plus 0.5% asphalt content, and the measured asphalt content was calculated by using the correction factor determined for that method and aggregate source. The Tempyrox Pyro-Clean furnace, commonly used for cleaning laboratory glassware, produced the lowest aggregate correction factors. The standard method and the Ontario method, both using the Thermolyne ignition furnace, produced the smallest bias or error in measured asphalt content. The standard deviation of the corrected asphalt contents for these high-loss sources was higher than the within-laboratory standard deviation reported for AASHTO T308. The only exception was the Alabama source using the standard method. The Ontario method and Tempyrox oven generally reduced the variability of asphalt content measurements for high-loss aggregates. None of the methods evaluated statistically reduced aggregate breakdown on the nominal maximum aggregate size and 4.75-mm sieves. The Ontario method significantly reduced, but did not eliminate, aggregate breakdown on the 0.075-mm sieve. The Ontario method is the best method for immediate implementation for determining the asphalt content by the ignition method for high-loss aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Oct 2005 13:05:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761574</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHLORITE DETERMINATION IN CLAYS OF SOILS AND MINERAL DEPOSITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121127</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CHLORITE IN CLAYS OF SOILS AND MINERAL DEPOSITS IS BASED ON TOTAL OH WATER OF K SATURATED SAMPLES DETERMINED BETWEEN 300 AND 950 DEGREES C. THE OH WATER LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OTHER MINERALS SUCH AS MICA, MONTMORILLONITE, VERMICULITE PLUS HALLOYSITE, AND ALLOPHANE IS SUBTRACTED ON THE BASIS OF SYSTEM OF ANALYSIS FOR EACH OF THESE MINERALS. A CORRECTION IS APPLIED FOR THE WEIGHT GAIN OF IRON OXIDE PRESENT AND OXIDIZED BY THE 950 DEGREE C. HEATING. MAFIC CHLORITE SAMPLES CONTAINING RELATIVELY SMALL AMOUNTS OF IMPURITIES WERE USED AS STANDARDS. THEIR OH WATER, AFTER SUBTRACTION OF THE OH WATER FOR THE MINERAL IMPURITIES CORRESPONDED CLOSELY TO 14% OF OH WATER IN THE CHLORITE PRESENT. CONSIDERABLE VARIATION OCCURRED IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF OH WATER LOSS. MAGNESIUM CHLORITE LOST MOST OF ITS OH WATER ABOVE 540 DEGREES C., WHILE ALUMINOUS CHLORITE LOST ABOUT HALF OF ITS OH WATER BELOW 540 DEGREES C. CLAYS RICH IN FERRUNGINOUS CHLORITE LOST ABOUT FIVE- SIXTHS OF THEIR WATER BELOW 540 DEGREES C. THE BEST EVIDENCE OF THE CORRECTNESS OF THE METHOD FOR CHLORITE AND FOR THE OTHER MINERALS LIES IN THE CLOSE TO 100 PLUS OR MINUS 2% TOTAL RECOVERIES OBTAINED FOR THE SEVEN OR EIGHT CONSTITUENTS EACH INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED IN OVER 100 CLAY SAMPLES, REPRESENTING STANDARD MINERAL SAMPLES AND SOIL CLAYS IN THE VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:38:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121127</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE NATURE OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE - MONTMORILLONITE COMPLEXES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE-WYOMING BENTONITE COMPLEXES WERE COMPARED WITH DIOCTAHEDRAL CHLORITE AND WITH VARIOUS SYNTHETIC PURE ALUMINUM HYDROXIDES BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION, DTA TGA AND IR ABSORPTION. ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE ENTERS ENTIRELY INTO THE INTERLAYER OF MONTMORILLONITE, AND ASSUMES A GIBBSITE-LIKE MONOLAYER STRUCTURE IN AMOUNTS UP TO 8 MEAL/GM CLAY. BEYOND THIS AMOUNT, BUT BELOW THE AMOUNT /16ME AL/GM CLAY/ REQUIRED FOR A PERFECT GIBBSITE LAYER, SOME HYDROXIDE IS PRESENT EXTERNAL TO THE MONTMORILLONITE INTERLAYER. ON HEATING, THERE WAS AN INTERACTION OF THE INTERLAYER HYDROXIDE WITH THE MONTMORILLONITE SO THAT MONTMORILLONITE HYDROXIDE WAS LIBERATED AT BELOW THE CHARACTERISTIC TEMPERATURE. DTA AND DTGA PEAKS BELOW 300 DEGREE C. AND AN IR BAND AT 1080 CM WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXTERNAL HYDROXIDE. DTA PEAKS AT 400 DEGREE AND 495 DEGREE C. AND IR BANDS AT 3700 AND 3480 CM WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTERLAYER HYDROXIDE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:37:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROLE OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE IN SOIL-LIME STABILIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/139698</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mixtures of calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide and bentonite were sealed and cured at temperatures from 23 to 165 degrees for various times. Magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide do not seem to influence the formation of pozzolanic products at room temperature, but magnesium oxide alone with clay gave a transformation of montmorillonite to chlorite and formation of serpentine minerals. This did not happen when calcium hydroxide was present. The mixtures were moulded with sand and cured in atmospheres with different carbon dioxide content. Cements obtained in the presence of magnesium oxide were 10-20 times stronger than those obtained with magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium hydration is relatively fast and contributes much of the early strength. Calcium hydroxide serves to flocculate clay and give long-term strength. Magnesium hydroxide does not cement and reduces the effective amounts of magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Dec 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/139698</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>QUANTITATIVE CLAY MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/127975</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS PAPER IS TO PRESENT FLOW SHEETS FOR A SYSTEM OF QUANTITATIVE MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CLAYS OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS AND TO SHOW REPRESENTATIVE RESULTS. SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION ANALYSIS YIELDS THE QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR CONTENTS /0 TO 63 PERCENT/ AND DIFFERENTIATES FELDSPAR K FROM MICA K. THE NAOH-THERMAL SYSTEM OF SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION YIELDS THE ALLOPHANE PLUS GIBBSITE, KAOLINITE PLUS HALLOYSITE, AND DICKITE CONTENTS /0 TO 84 PERCENT FOR THE SEDIMENTS 1 TO 25 PERCENT FOR SOIL CLAYS/ MICA CONTENTS /0 TO 92 PERCENT FOR THE ROCK SPECIMENS, 7 TO 43 PERCENT FOR SOIL CLAYS/ ARE DETERMINED BY NONFELDSPATHIC K /AND NA/ VERMICULITE CONTENTS /1 TO 97 PERCENT OF SPECIMENS, 3 TO 21 PERCENT FOR SOIL CLAYS/ ARE MEASURED BY BLOCKING OF INTERLAYER CEC BY DRYING AT 110 DEGREES C WHILE K SATURATED AND REPLACING WITH AMMONIUM CHLORIDE. MONTMORILLONITE /AND PALYGORSKITE/ CONTENTS /0 TO 85 PERCENT OF SPECIMENS, 3 TO 36 PERCENT OF SOIL CLAYS/ ARE DETERMINED BY THE CEC NOT BLOCKED BY THE K AND AMMONIA SEQUENCE FOR VERMICULITE. CHLORITE CONTENTS /0 TO 85 PERCENT FOR SPECIMENS, 0 TO 37 PERCENT FOR SOIL CLAYS/ ARE DETERMINED BY THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, AFTER ALLOCATION OF OH WATER LOST BETWEEN 300 AND 950 DEGREES C TO OTHER HYDROUS MINERALS DETERMINED. THE BEST EVIDENCE OF THE ACCURACY OF THE SYSTEM OF ANALYSIS LIES IN THE CONSISTENT TOTAL RECOVERY OF 24 STANDARD MINERAL SAMPLES AVERAGING 100.4 PLUS OR MINUS 1.3 /PLUS OR MINUS STANDARD ERROR OF MEANS/ AND OF 22 SOIL CLAY SAMPLES AVERAGING 99.5 PLUS OR MINUS 0.8. THE DIFFERENT CONSTITUENTS WERE PRESENT IN WIDELY DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS IN THE VARIOUS SAMPLES, AND WERE DETERMINED BY INDEPENDENT METHODS. THE COMPLEMENTARY TOTAL OF NEAR 100 PERCENT /MAXIMUM RANGE 95 TO 105 PERCENT FOR SPECIMENS, 95 TO 103 PERCENT FOR SOIL CLAYS/ FOR THE ANALYSES IS A SIGNIFICANT MEASURE OF THE SPECIFICITY OF THE SEVERAL DETERMINATIONS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/127975</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LAYER CHARGE RELATIONS IN CLAY MINERALS OF MICACEOUS SOILS AND SEDIMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/127976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[MICACEOUS CLAYS /ILLITES/ OF A NUMBER OF SEDIMENTS, SUBJECTED TO QUANTITATIVE MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS, RANGED IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES FROM 58 TO 65 PERCENT OF A DIOCTAHEDRAL MICA OF MUSCOVITE TYPE, FROM 3 TO 8 PERCENT VERMICULITE, FROM 0 TO 10 PERCENT MONTMORILLONITE, FROM 2 TO 12 PERCENT QUARTZ, FROM 0 TO 4 PERCENT FELDSPARS, FROM 1 TO 2 PERCENT RUTILE AND ANATASE, FROM 0.3 TO 1.2 PERCENT FREE IRON OXIDES, AND FROM 16 TO 30 PERCENT CHLORITE. THE SOIL CLAYS CONTAINED LESS MICA /13 TO 35 PERCENT/ BUT MORE VERMICULITE /13 TO 16 PERCENT/, MONTMORILLONITE /6 TO 14 PERCENT/ AND CHLORITE /30 TO 33 PERCENT/. BESIDES KAOLINITE /3 TO 8 PERCENT/ AND AMORPHOUS MATERIAL /6 TO 15 PERCENT/. THE PRESENCE OF THE VARIOUS MINERALS WAS VERIFIED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION. WHEN THE INTERLAYER OF K OF THESE MICACEOUS CLAYS WAS REPLACED BY HYDRATED NA IONS THROUGH TREATMENT WITH 0.2 N SODIUM TETRAPHENYLBORON IN 1 N NACL, THE ANALYTICALLY DETERMINED VERMICULITES AND MONTMORILLONITE CONTENTS INCREASED. THE FRESHLY PRODUCED VERMICULITES HAD AN INTERLAYER CHARGE OF 177 TO 198 ME/100 G. DURING THIS REPLACEMENT OF INTERLAYER K IN A 1 N SALT SOLUTION, THE PH OF THE EQUILIBRIUM MATRIX SOLUTION WAS OBSERVED TO INCREASE INSTEAD OF DECREASING AS WOULD BE EXPECTED IF OXONIUM IONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH K IN THE INTERLAYER SPACE, THUS PRECLUDING THE POSSIBILITY OF INTERLAYER OXONIUM. THE CALCULATED STOICHIOMETRIC EQUIVALENT OF THE PH RISE ESTABLISHED A SIGNIFICANT UPTAKE OF PROTONS BY THE LATTICE AS K WAS RELEASED. THERMAL ANALYSES OF VERMICULITES SHOW 0.5 TO 0.7 PERCENT HIGHER OH WATER CONTENT THAN THE PARENT MICAS. OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN THE SILICATE STRUCTURE, SUGGESTED AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR LOWERING OF LAYER CHARGE DURING WEATHERING OF MICA TO VERMICULITE, ACCOUNTED FOR ABOUT 66 PERCENT OF THIS IN SAMPLES HIGH IN IRON /16.0 PERCENT FE0/ AND ONLY 30 PERCENT OF THIS IN SAMPLES FAIRLY LOW IN IRON. THE RATE OF EXTRACTION OF K FROM MUSCOVITE WITH NO FERROUS IRON WAS FOUND TO BE PH DEPENDENT, INCREASING AT LOWER PH VALUES. THE DATA INDICATE PROTON INCORPORATION WITH STRUCTURAL OXYGENS OF THE SILICATE SHEET TO FORM OH AS A CHARGE REDUCTION MECHANISM IN WEATHERING OF MICA, INDEPENDENT OF AND ADDITIONAL TO THAT INVOLVING THE OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/127976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE BEHAVIOR OF COHESIONLESS SOILS FORMED FROM VARIOUS MINERALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/125065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE STUDY IS ON THE FUNDAMENTAL STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF COHESIONLESS SOILS COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT SINGLE MINERALS THAT ARE MOST COMMON IN ORDINARY SOIL DEPOSITS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST. THE MINERALS USED WERE QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, CALCITE, CHLORITE AND MICA, WHICH WERE OBTAINED IN A MASSIVE STATE, CRUSHED INTO GRAVEL SIZE USING A LABORATORY JAW CRUSHER AND THEN TO THE DESIRED SAND-SILT SIZES USING A BALL MILL. THE RESULTING ASSEMBLIES OF PARTICLES WERE SUBSEQUENTLY SEPARATED BY SIEVING INTO UNIFORMLY SIZED FRACTIONS AND THEN BLENDED INTO VARIOUS MIXTURES. THE FOLLOWING WERE THE MAJOR GOALS: TO INVESTIGATE INTO THE NATURE OF THE SHEARING STRENGTH OF COHESIONLESS SOILS BY ELABORATING UPON THEIR INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS, TO EXPERIMENTALLY OBSERVE THE VARIATION OF THE ANGLE OF SHEARING RESISTANCE AND OF ITS COMPONENTS BY VARYING A NUMBER OF BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES AND TESTING IN TRIAXIAL SHEAR UNDER CLOSELY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/125065</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHLORITE: A DELETERIOUS CONSTITUENT WITH RESPECT TO FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AGGREGATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/290183</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Severe freeze-thaw losses in amounts between 30 to 40 percent occurred in testing hydrothermally altered (propylitized) volcanic rocks containing more than 20 percent chlorite at two dams.  Further analyses however indicate that the losses are structural with seams, clots and fissures of chlorite (scf structure) being the culprit. Propylitization with production of chlorite is not indicative of poor freeze-thaw durability as rock containing between 20 to 30 percent chlorite, but not possessing the scf structure, exhibits good freeze-thaw durability. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/290183</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPACTED CLAY TO DILUTE ORGANIC CHEMICALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/278389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Four organic chemicals over a range of concentrations were permeated through compaacted specimens of kaolinite and illite-chlorite.  Permeability test were performed in both rigid and flexible-wall permeameters.  Soil index tests were modified for use in evaluating the effect an organic waste may have on clay.  Results of the investigation showed that dilute organic chemicals (less than 80% by volume in an aqueous solution) have little effect on the hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of compacted clay.  The modified index tests showed good correlation to the degree with which an organic liquid affects the hydraulic conductivity of the compacted clay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/278389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHARACTERISTICS OF RED CLAY OF DOUGLAS COUNTY, WISCONSIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/209401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the red clay region of Douglas County, Wisconsin, three types of stratigraphic succession are observed from borhole data: red clay 8 m (25 ft) thick over older red clay, red clay over brown or gray clay, and red clay over brown sand.  The mean contents with standard deviation of sand (greater than 44 microns), silt (44 to 2 microns), coarse clay (2 to 0.2 microns), and fine clay (less than 0.2 microns) in red clay from 28 borehole samples are 4 plus or minus 4, 24 plus or minus 7, and 30 plus or minus 6. smectite clay is dominant in the fine clay fraction; illite and chlorite are dominant in the coarse clays; and quartz, feldspars, and carbonates are dominant in the silt and sand fractions.  Particle-size distribution and mineral contents correlate with the Atterberg limit values.  The equations Liquid limit = 10.0 + 0.78 (% less than 2 microns clay) and Plasticity index = -0.1 + 0.51 (% less than 2 microns clay) have correlation coefficients of 0.76 and 0.84 respectively, for this body of data.  The dominant failure mode in the Little Balsam Creek drainage south of Superior and in other similar locales involves drying and cracking of a surficial layer of clay that then slides as a decollement sheet over the underyling clay.  This failure may have been promoted by recent cultural practice in the area.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/209401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE CLAY MINERALOGY OF DWYKA TILLITE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA AND ITS EFFECT ON THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/183748</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Investigation of the clay mineralogy of the dwyka tillite of southern Africa using x-ray diffraction and electron microscope techniques has shown that chlorite and not, as was previously thought, kaolinite, is the predominant clay mineral.  Dissolution in heated hydrochloric acid is required to differentiate these two minerals by x-ray diffraction techniques.  In addition to chlorite, illite/muscovite is present in all samples, with traces of smectite and kaolinite present in most samples. Examination of the clay matrix with an electron microscope indicates the absence of a cementing agent, and induration is apparently due to bonds between the clays formed under compactive pressures during lithification.  The presence of the clay minerals has an important effect on the engineering properties of the material.  As chlorite is the predominant clay mineral, smectites are possible products of chemical weathering.  The fine-grained nature of the clays and the lack of cementing agent affect the effective and absolute porosity respectively, and result in an extremely low permeability (4 x 10 to the minus 12th mms to the minus 1), rendering the rock material resistant to rapid chemical weathering.  Once weathering is initiated, expansive clays (smectites) form, which may be eventually leached to form non-expansive clays (kaolinites). (a) This article has been reprinted from Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, vol 83, 1980, P291-6.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/183748</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LUBRICANT AND ANTILUBRICANT EFFECTS OF WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/186508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Studies by other authors are reported, that deal with the antilubricant effects of water in the friction between the polished surfaces of massif structured minerals (quartz, feldspar, calcite) and the lubricating effect between layer-lattice minerals (micas, chlorite, serpentin, talc). Results of tests sre given, in which those effects were investigated in a polished quartz and in a mica.  The effects are considered to be due to an interlocking mechanism acting at the level of water molecules adsorbed as well as to an adhesion mechanism in which the shear strength of water adsorbed is larger for quartz than for mica.  It is concluded that neither effect will be significant in practice in granular materials in which massif structured minerals predominate, and whose surface roughness usually exceeds the critical values. Nevertheless in materials with a significant part of layer-lattice minerals, the lubricating effect of water may be of practical interest. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/186508</guid>
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