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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Toxicity evaluation of chlorinated natural water using Photobacterium phosphoreum: Implications for ballast water management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2249265</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chlorination of ballast water could produce harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) and total residual oxidants. The International Maritime Organization calls for toxicity testing of discharged ballast water with fish, crustacea and algae to reduce the risk, but it is difficult to evaluate the toxicity of treated ballast water in a short time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the applicability of luminescent bacteria to the assessment of residual toxicity of chlorinated ballast water. The toxicity unit for all treated samples were higher for Photobacterium phosphoreum than for microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella pyrenoidosa), after adding neutralizer, all samples showed little effect on the luminescent bacteria and microalgae. For the DBPs, except for 2,4,6-Tribromophenol, Photobacterium phosphoreum could produce more sensitive and rapid test results than other species, the results in Photobacterium phosphoreum showed that the toxicity of DBPs in order of: 2,4-Dibromophenol > 2,6-Dibromophenol > 2,4,6-Tribromophenol > Monobromoacetic acid > Dibromoacetic acid > Tribromoacetic acid, and most binary mixtures (aromatic DBPs and aliphatic DBPs) presented synergistic effects based on the CA model. The aromatic DBPs in ballast water deserve more attention. In general, for ballast water management, the use of luminescent bacteria to evaluate the toxicity of treated ballast water and DBPs is desirable, this study could provide beneficial information for enhancing ballast water management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 09:07:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2249265</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Overall Rate Kinetics Model for Chlorine Demand of Urban Rainfall Runoff</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The built environment significantly alters the rainfall-runoff response and associated transport of particulate matter (PM), chemicals, and pathogens in the urban water cycle. Urban water sustainability requires mitigation of runoff impacts while providing a potential resource to traditional water supply sources. Chlorination for wastewater, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and reuse waters is the most common disinfection practice to ensure public health. Chlorinated wastewater effluent is a common reclaimed water for reuse applications such irrigation and mixing with source-area runoff during wet-weather events. Chlorine demand models have been developed for source waters and wastewaters. The current study adds to this knowledge base through modeling of sodium hypochlorite demand kinetics for source-area runoff PM and also dissolved phases utilizing dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODd). Second-order rate models of hypochlorite demand are developed for both phases, with the PM phase subdivided into three fractions on a granulometric basis. PM (suspended, settleable, and sediment) fractions exert a significant hypochlorite demand compared with the dissolved fraction. Ultimate chlorine demand translates to 36% of the CODd, of which 39% of the demand is exerted in less than 5 min, which is in the range of residence times for small manufactured unit operations that are common for best management practices (BMPs). Chlorine demand is 350  mg/g for suspended, 320  mg/g for settleable, and 650  mg/g for sediment PM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2021 10:20:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1881420</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ballast water treatment and bacteria: Analysis of bacterial activity and diversity after treatment of simulated ballast water by electrochlorination and UV exposure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effects of ballast water (BW) treatment by ultra-violet (UV) light and electrochlorination (EC) on survival, activity and diversity of marine bacterioplankton and release of organic matter from cell damage were examined at discharge in a large-scale BW test facility (250 m³ tanks) at Hundested harbour, Denmark. The tests were performed in accordance with the requirements for type approval testing by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and US Coast Guard. After treatment, the water was held in the tanks for one day (EC) before discharge, or 6 days (UV, including also a final UV re-treatment) before discharge. In the discharged and treated water, numbers of viable bacteria and bacterial growth rate had decreased significantly relative to the untreated water, but the total number of bacteria only was reduced in the EC-treated water. After additional storage for up to 10 days in small-scale laboratory incubations, significant regrowth of bacteria was observed after either treatment. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons demonstrated that α-Proteobacteria initially were dominant, but γ-Proteobacteria dominated after regrowth. Bacteria used to document BW treatment efficiency (E. coli, Vibrio spp., enterococci) survived both treatments; neither treatment reduced the risk of pathogen dispersal. Concentrations of amino acids in the water were used as indicators of treatment-induced cell damage and demonstrated higher concentrations at discharge, but only after the EC treatments. The authors' results indicate that activity of bacteria, rather than their abundances, should be used when examining effects by ballast water treatment on microorganisms and that none of the examined treatment technologies could eliminate pathogenic bacteria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2018 16:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1531135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Corrosion Activity in Precast Concrete Elements and Cementitious Closure Pours</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of precast concrete elements in the construction of highway bridges has been a common practice in the United States since the 1950s. These bridges have generally performed well during the initial years after construction, but recent failures in Pennsylvania and Indiana have aroused a nationwide alarm to investigate the causes of failure and find solutions to repair these bridges or develop designs for new replacement bridges. It was found that the stressed and nonstressed embedded reinforcements were severely corroded owing to the ingress of chloride ions in the bridge deck through the surface cracks occurring within the closure pours (shear key) and at the interface of the joints between the precast elements and the closure pours. This paper addresses the corrosion activity of embedded steel bars within the closure pours. The experimental investigation consisted of two types of samples: uncracked and cracked slabs, containing regular precast concrete with different closure pours, namely, Quikrete with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) fibers, Ductal with PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) fibers, and Ductal with steel fibers. These specimens were exposed to 3% NaCl solution for the duration of 2 weeks in alternate cycles of wet and dry periods to accelerate the corrosion process. Electrochemical measurements along with the visual inspection revealed active corrosion at the interface of two materials, closure pour and precast concrete, regardless of the materials used in closure pours. This indicates that the bonding at the interface is not strong enough to prevent chloride penetration. Severe corrosion of reinforcing bars observed in cracked and uncracked specimens with the Ductal with PVA fibers as their closure pours, indicating rapid chloride transport through the PVA fibers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2015 09:04:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lower Stone Canyon Bypass Line No. 2, Los Angeles, California: Lessons Learned from Reservoir Bottom and Tunnel Pipeline Design and Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/841639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New EPA and State of California drinking water regulations mandate the filtration and disinfection of potable water supplies subject to surface water runoff. In response to these regulations, the City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP) embarked on the $70 million Stone Canyon Water Quality Improvement Project, modifying facilities originally constructed in the 1920s and subsequently changed in the 1950s. Because of restricted access to the project site, sensitive nearby residential communities, and the scenic environs, design of a new 8,000-ft long bypass pipeline and appurtenant facilities was based on trenchless construction methods, and includes two tunnels and a reservoir bottom pipeline. The new Bypass Line No. 2 interfaces with the existing Bypass Line No. 1 and includes a new diversion structure, several large valves and metering vaults, a microfiltration plant and pump station, and a chlorination facility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2007 11:31:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/841639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD MARKING WITH CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TWO TYPES OF ROAD MARKING PAINTS ARE DESCRIBED. THE PAINTS WITH THE ADDITION OF BALLOTINI GLASS SPHERES HAVE BEEN USED FOR PROVIDING REFLECTORIZED EDGE MARKING ON A 17-MILE STRETCH OF THE M1 AND THE M45 MOTORWAYS. DETAILS OF STRIPING EQUIPMENT AND THE SPRAYING OPERATIONS ARE GIVEN. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2004 17:49:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110073</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR HANDLING SPILLED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/63410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the results of a laboratory test program undertaken to define the treatment processes for the development of a modular transportable treatment unit for an on-site handling of spilled hazardous materials in aqueous solutions. The hazardous materials evaluated during this study were selected based on the priority ranking system developed by EPA. Nine materials evaluated for treatment by chemical reaction, clarification and activated carbon adsorption were: acetone cyanohydrin, acrylonitrile, ammonia, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorine, methanol, phenol, tetraethyllead (TEL) and tetramethyllead (TML). Several additional materials listed in the report were evaluated for treatment feasibility by reverse osmosis. The results of the laboratory tests indicated that the unit treatment processes of chemical reaction, flocculation, sedimentation, granular media filtration and activated carbon adsorption would form the most suitable and versatile system for an on-site removal and treatment of hazardous materials. This treatment vehicle is now ready and available for response to an actual or test spill.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/63410</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COMBINED METHOD FOR COMPLETE DEGRADATION OF PCBS: COMBINATION OF ULTRAVIOLET AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/468151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Some chlorinated substrates are dechlorinated photochemically by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.  To evaluate the dechlorination ability of UV light for polychlorinated biphenyls, methanol solutions of Kaneclor 500, which mainly consists of penta-chlorinated biphenyls, were put into a screw-capped quartz glass cell and irradiated at room temperature for 26 hours. Most of the congeners were transformed into low chlorinated congeners that had less than three chlorine.  Congeners that remained after UV irradiation did not have any chlorine at ortho position.  Further irradiation was not useful for dechlorination and UV irradiation was replaced with biological treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/468151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOW TEMPERATURE FRACTURE OF POLYETHYLENE-MODIFIED ASPHALT BINDERS AND ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXES (WITH DISCUSSION)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/468088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper gives an in-depth discussion on the low temperature fracture properties of polyethylene-modified asphalt binders and concrete mixtures.  Test results are presented for chlorinated polyethylene-modified binders as well as for stabilized and unstabilized polyethylene-modified binders.  The objective of this research was to elucidate which fundamental toughening mechanisms, if any, are responsible for the change in low temperature properties of asphalt binders and aggregate mixes to which polyethylene has been added.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/468088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES FOR CONTROLLING AND ACCEPTING ASPHALT MIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/465282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is much concern over chlorinated solvents currently used for asphalt content extraction testing.  This research was undertaken to investigate alternative methods that do not use chlorinated solvents for asphalt cement (AC) content determination.  Methods considered include nuclear asphalt content gauges, extraction with biodegradable solvents, ignition oven, and recordation.  Information was gathered from the literature, from a survey of all state highway agencies, and from interviews with selected agencies.  The advantages and disadvantages of each of the alternative methods were identified and are presented in the report.  The report recommends that the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) further investigate the adoption of the ignition oven method.  The ignition method has exhibited promising preliminary results. However, there are still issues with the oven, particularly over calibration procedures and the effect of hydrated lime on its results, that need to be resolved with further investigation. It was also recommended that SCDOT consider the use of biodegradable solvent extraction as an interim or back up to the use of the ignition oven.  If necessary, biodegradable solvents could be used with existing equipment as an interim measure while the ignition oven is studied further.  Since SCDOT is in the process of switching from AC content and aggregate gradation to voids and VMA (voids in the mineral aggregate) as acceptance properties, it was suggested that it may wish to consider automatic recordation as a possible option for contractor quality control in the future.  This may be a less attractive option for mixes that contain recycled asphalt pavement (RAP).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/465282</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DECHLORINATION EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPBOARD POLLUTION PREVENTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A more effective and environmentally safe method of preventing biofouling in submarine seawater cooling systems is described.  The portable chlorination system can be utilized shipboard on various submarine classes during periods of dockside chlorination of auxiliary seawater (ASW) system to chemically bind (reduction reaction) chlorine prior to ASW system discharge.  The system utilizes liquid sodium-bisulphite injection (prepared from anhydrous sodium metabisulphite) into the discharge portion of the seawater system in sufficient concentration to render chlorine (as total residual oxidant concentration essentially zero and thus environmentally neutral upon discharge to receiving waters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF CHLORINATION ON STAINLESS STEELS IN SEAWATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/434633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effect of chlorination on the corrosion resistance of different stainless steels in North Sea water has been studied, the sea-water exposures being performed at two Norwegian seawater laboratories. In one laboratory test specimens, simulating various components used in a seawater cooling system were immersed in the water. In the other laboratory a pipe system containing real components was studied. Seawater temperature, chlorine concentration and chlorination procedure have been varied at both laboratories. The steels investigated include highly alloyed grades like UNS S31254 (AVESTA 254 SMO), UNS S44635 (Avesta Monit) and UNS NO8028 (Sandvik Sanicro 28).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/434633</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF CHLORINATION ON OXIDIZABILITY OF ROAD ASPHALTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[OXIDATION OF THE ASPHALTIC BINDER IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS IS A FREQUENT CAUSE OF PAVEMENT FAILURE. THE HARDENING, OR LOSS OF PENETRATION OF THE ASPHALT, WHICH RESULTS FROM OXIDATION OCCURS GRADUALLY OVER THE LIFE SPAN OF THE PAVE- MENT. IT CAN ALSO TAKE PLACE FAIRLY RAPIDLY AT THE ELEVATED TEMPERATURES USED DURING MIXING OPERATIONS. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES SOME OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF DIRECT CHLORINATION ON ROAD BUILDING ASPHALTS. IN THE LABORATORY, EXPERIMENTAL DATA HAVE BEEN OBTAINED WHICH INDICATE THAT THE OXIDIZABILITY OF THE ASPHALT MAY BE MATERIALLY REDUCED BY TREATMENT WITH CHLORINE. THE ACTION OF CHLORINE ON ASPHALT IS IN MANY RESPECTS SIMILAR TO THAT OF OXYGEN. HOWEVER, IT IS TO BE EXPECTED THAT THE LOSS OF PENETRATION RESULTING FROM TREATMENT WITH LIMITED AMOUNTS OF CHLORINE WILL BE LESS THAN THAT RESULTING FROM A CHEMICALLY COMPARABLE AMOUNT OF OXIDATION. BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT CHLORINE IS IN GENERAL MORE ACTIVE CHEMICALLY THAN OXYGEN, IT IS ALSO TO BE EXPECTED THAT THE COMPOUNDS FORMED IN ASPHALT BY TREATMENT WITH CHLORINE WILL BE RELATIVELY STABLE AND THAT THE RESISTANCE OF THE ASPHALT TO OXIDATION WILL BE INCREASED. IN THE LABORATORY, EIGHT SAMPLES OF ASPHALT CEMENT WERE SUBJECTED TO DIRECT CHLORINATION. TESTS PERFORMED ON THE SAMPLES BEFORE AND AFTER CHLORINATION, INCLUDING THE ANDERSON-STROSS-ELLINGS TESTS, INDICATE THAT ALTHOUGH THE PENETRATION OF THE ASPHALT CEMENTS TESTED IS DECREASED BY CHLORINATION, THE RESISTANCE TO HARDENING IS GREATLY INCREASED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101118</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACTION OF MICROORGANISMS ON PETROLEUM-ASPHALT FRACTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE ACTION OF SOIL BACTERIA ON ASPHALT WAS STUDIED TO DETERMINE WHETHER BACTERIA OXIDIZED ASPHALT TO THE EXTENT OF BACTERIAL ACTION COULD BE CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAIN FACTORS OF ASPHALT OXIDATION. A LITERATURE RESEARCH REVEALED ONLY A FRAGMENTARY STUDY OF THE ACTION OF MICROORGANISMS ON PETROLEUM ASPHALT. STUDY REVEALS THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF ASPHALT MATS ARE SUBJECT TO BACTERIAL ATTACK AT THE SHOULDER. MAINTENANCE FOREMEN ESTIMATE THAT 60% OF OIL-MAT MAINTENANCE IS SHOULDER REPLACEMENT. THE POSSIBILITY OF USING CHLORINATED ASPHALT TO INHIBIT BACTERIAL ACTIVITY IS BEING EXPLORED. CULTURES CAPABLE OF ATTACKING CRUDE OIL, LUBRICATING OILS, VASELINE, ASPHALT, AND ALL OTHER PETROLEUM FRACTIONS USED WERE OBTAINED FROM GARDEN SOIL. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE LIGHT TO MEDIUM-WEIGHT FRACTIONS ARE MORE SUBJECT TO ATTACK THAN THE HEAVY VISCOUS PORTIONS AND THAT THE PARAFFINIC FRACTIONS ARE MORE READILY BROKEN DOWN THAN THE AROMATIC TYPES. THE BREAKDOWN OF OIL IS AN OXIDATIVE CHANGE CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGH BACTERIAL COUNT, EMULSIFICATION AND SOMETIMES A DECREASE IN PH. THERE WAS LESS OXYGEN UPTAKE IN FERMENTATIONS OF HEAVY OILS COMPARED TO SIMILAR LIGHTER FRACTIONS. THE CARBON DIOXIDE TO OXIDE RATIO FOR THE DISSIMILATION OF LIGHT OILS IS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF 0.65. THE ORGANISMS WERE ALL MOTILE GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS INCLUDING PSEUDOMONAS, AND MANY WHITE-MUCOID TYPES. THE CULTURES DID NOT EXHIBIT A SPECIFIC ABILITY TO ATTACK ONE TYPE OF OIL BUT RATHER A CAPACITY TO ADAPT THEMSELVES TO THE PARTICULAR OIL THAT WAS PRESENT. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE ULTIMATE EFFECT OF THE ATTACK OF MICROORGANISMS SHOULD NOT BE UNDERRATED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOAD-DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE BEARING PADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/105266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE USE OF ELASTOMERIC PADS AS BRIDGE BEARINGS ARE BEING INVESTIGATED BECAUSE OF THEIR ECONOMICS, MAINTENANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS UNDER COMPRESSION AND SHEAR LOADS. THE ELASTOMERS INVESTIGATED WERE NEOPRENE, BUTYL RUBBER AND CHLORINATED BUTYL RUBBER /CHLOROBUTYL/. THE EFFECTS OF ACCELERATED AGING AND LOAD-BEARING PROPERTIES AT LOW TEMPERATURES ARE BEING INVESTIGATED. ALL THREE PRODUCTS HAD EQUAL COMPRESSIVE AND SHEAR LOAD-DEFORMATION PROPERTIES WHEN EVALUATED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, SHOWED RESISTANCE TO ACCELERATED AGING, AND HAD THE SAME DYNAMIC AND STATIC CREEP PROPERTIES. THE BUTYL AND CHLOROBUTYL BEARING PADS WERE TWO TO THREE TIMES MORE FLEXIBLE THAN THE NEOPRENE PAD AND RETAINED THEIR LOW-TEMPERATURE FLEXIBILITY ADVANTAGE EVEN AFTER ACCELERATED AGING CONDITIONS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/105266</guid>
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