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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The Architecture of Information Engineering for China Railway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper analyses the architecture of information engineering for China railway. It explains interrelationship of systems in the architecture and designs the components of each system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263961</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Market Forecasting for China Railway Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The market demand forecasting of railway transportation product plays an important role in railway marketing, which is important to enlarge railway transportation market share, and strengthen market competition ability. This paper discusses the forecasting models of transportation demand, volume distribution and product market share of railway transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jan 2025 10:14:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2263969</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle-mounted Dynamic Detection and Prejudgment of Railway Snow Cover Conditions in Remote Cold Regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In view of the safety threat of sudden snowfall in the remote cold regions to railway transportation, China Railway Corporation has formulated strict speed limit regulations for trains in snow and ice weather. Real-time detection of snow cover on railway during train operation has become a key technology. In this regard, through the analysis of the detection methods and methods of railway snow cover status under heavy snow conditions in the remote cold regions, a dynamic detection technology of vehicle-mounted railway snow cover status is proposed. Based on real-time detection of local railway snow cover status, the dynamic prediction of the snow cover status in front of the railway is made, so as to provide effective information for railway transportation dispatching and safety management departments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975877</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimizing high-speed railway express system under uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid expansion of high-speed railway (HSR) networks has elevated the HSR express system, which combines road and HSR transport, as a notable intermodal transport choice. This research delves into the optimization challenges present in the HSR express system's operation, given the unpredictable freight demands. These challenges encompass vehicle arrangement, station selection, freight allocation, and the optimization of HSR freight routes. To address these challenges, the authors introduce a two-stage mixed integer linear programming model aiming to optimize the anticipated net gains of the HSR express system. The authors also put forward a meta-heuristic method to efficiently solve the model. Empirical tests and sensitivity studies, grounded in a real-world example from the China Railway Nanchang Group Co., Ltd., are executed. Additionally, advanced techniques, including parallel computing tailored to the problem's nature, have been employed to trim down computational times, especially for intricate real-world scenarios. The findings from this study provide valuable insights for industry practitioners.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:38:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Position-track-time three-dimensional network model-based improvement for high-speed rail scheduling and operation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railroad station operations and timetable planning are crucial in managing and planning high-speed railways (HSR), but current optimization methods for HSR planning can affect the efficiency of train schedules. The authors propose a position-track-time 3-dimensional network to provide a macroscopic description of train operation processes in stations and sections, with a microscopic model to describe the track infrastructure. Running times and dwell times were based on timetable designs from the China Railway Corporation. The problem was formulated using a large-scale 0–1 linear integer program, solved by a branch-and-price algorithm. The precision and effectiveness of the model were validated in a case study on the Beijing–Shanghai HSR. The model increases HSR line capacity by just over 17%, and eliminates conflict between section and station train operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 May 2023 17:08:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the CDI-Based Operation and Maintenance Solution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113799</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Catenary/pantograph Dynamic Index (CDI), which characterizes the operating state of the pantograph and catenary, has been popularized and applied in the entire railway network in China Railway. Based on the CDI calculation results obtained from the massive detection data, this paper analyzes the causes that result in greater CDI, and explains the role of CDI in guiding on-site repair and maintenance. In view of the poor matching performance of the pantograph and catenary reflected by CDI, it is suggested that operating state optimization shall be implemented, and the ideal value of CDI for each line shall be determined according to the actual operation conditions. Based on the analysis of operation conditions, this paper initiatively puts forward the CDI-based catenary dynamic performance deterioration model for the first time. The trend analysis and operating life prediction of catenary dynamic performance based on CDI can give full play to the role of CDI in catenary life-cycle management, which will be one of the significant bases for railway maintenance management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:51:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113799</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Evolution of China’s Railway Network (CRN) 1999-2019: Urbanization Impact and Regional Connectivity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1988682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid development of China’s economy and society, China’s railway transportation system has been dramatically improved in terms of its scale and operational efficiency. To uncover the underlying relationship between urbanization and railway network structure, this paper examines the evolution of China’s railway transportation system from 1999 to 2019 by applying complex network theory. The results show that China’s railway network (CRN) has become more connected, more “small-world” and more heterogeneous since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Based on the train flow and train travel distance, the evolutionary course of CRN is found to undergo two apparent stages, with a turning point in 2007. By calculating the regional railway connection index (RRCI), it is revealed that the planned core cities in different regions act as bridges connecting the regions to the rest of the whole network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jul 2022 17:34:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1988682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Compensation and coordination mechanisms on China's railway public transportation service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1891648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The State Railway Administration (SRA) of the People's Republic of China and the China Railway Cooperation (CRC) were established as a result of the Ministry of Railways reform in 2013, the aim of which was to separate the functions of administration management and business operations. Due to the lower profitability of the public transportation service offerings, it was of vital importance to increase the operational incentives of the CRC while satisfying to a larger extent the demands of public transportation service. However, under the current separation mode, there is a lack of efficiency in the provision of public transportation services. Establishing a subsidiarity pricing mechanism for railway transportation serving the public welfare, subsidiarity methods, and appropriate compensation plans targeting the loss caused by delivering public welfare services is necessary to deepen railway transport reform. To solve this issue, the authors establish a game-theoretical framework where the CRC decides on the wholesale price and the SRA determines how much to procure. They obtain the optimal wholesale price and the corresponding procurement quantity decisions. They show how revenue-sharing contracts can coordinate the government and enterprise relationship when market participants are endowed with different market powers. They find that under a scenario in which the cutting ratio lies in the middle range, both market participants are better off than when under a decentralized scenario. Moreover, the authors provide comparative statics to show the impacts of different parameters on the optimal decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Dec 2021 11:40:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1891648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>China's Railway Transportation Safety Regulation System Based on Evolutionary Game Theory and System Dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article proposes the use of a public supervision mechanism for China’s railway transportation safety regulation that is based on evolutionary game theory and system dynamics.  In this proposed schema, there are two regulators (the State Railway Administration and the public) and one regulatee, the China Railway Corporation (CR).  The authors simulate the decision processes of players under different conditions.  The authors find that improving the public supervision ratio helps to improve the CR's safe production ratio. However, there is no evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) in the system. The authors discuss strategies and evolutionary processes; the risk associated with large fluctuations; the impact of excessive penalty and reward coefficients; and the causes of uncertainty in regulation. The authors describe how a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism could be used to control these fluctuations.  Their proposed system finally achieves an ESS that results in the lowest regulation investment for the SRA, a safe production ratio for the CR of 95%, and a public supervision ratio of 95.2%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jun 2021 12:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1751311</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated Rail Surface Crack Analytics Using Deep Data-driven Models and Transfer Learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844761</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A deep transfer learning (DTL) framework for the rail surface crack detection using a limited volume of training images is developed in this study. In DTL, two deep learning models pre-trained by two recently popular object detection algorithms, YOLOv3 and RetinaNet, based on the COCO dataset are considered as base models for next transfer learning via using rail track images. Transferred YOLOv3 and RetinaNet models are separately applied to detect rail track cracks. Based on their outputs, an ensemble scheme is developed to further improve the detection performance. The effectiveness of the model developed by the DTL is validated by benchmarking against models developed by YOLOv3, RetinaNet, faster R-CNN (F-RCNN) and single shot multibox detector (SSD) separately as well as two conventional rail surface crack detection methods, the visual detection system (VDS) and the geometrical approach (GEA). A dataset composed of 35 rail images from the China Railway Corporation and 67 rail images from the publicly available Type-I RSDDs dataset is considered. Computational results show that the model developed by DTL attains the best recall and average precision comparing with benchmarking models. VDS and GEA almost fail in the crack detection task due to the complex background and various noises in images. In addition, in terms of the average precision, YOLOv3 model is more suitable for detecting cracks of small sizes while RetinaNet model performs better on detecting cracks of large sizes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 May 2021 15:12:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844761</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Way for Vibration Analysis of High-Speed Train</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the wake of the large-scale application of high-speed railways in China, the China Railway high-speed (CRH) trains are running at full capacity with the increase of operating speed and diversified service conditions. The complex vibrations have been causing new situations in operation safety and maintenance more often. In the vibration detection and maintenance of train components, some abnormal vibrations were often detected. Using the forced vibration theory for analyzing these detection data, it is impossible to explore the source and mechanism sometimes. In order to find out the source and mechanism of this part of vibration, a new way to analyze the vibration of high-speed trains is proposed in this paper. The theory of self-excited vibration is used to explore the vibration mechanism of train wheel-set under the change of wheel-rail adhesion, and a simplified torsional vibration model based on traction system is established firstly. The model’s negative damping characteristics and frequency response due to speed feedback are analyzed. Then, the self-excited vibration condition is simulated via a CRH train dynamic model under the Wuhan-Guangzhou track spectrum, and the frequency response is analyzed when self-excited vibration occurs. The simulation results show that the self-excited vibration is generated under some conditions of the train operation, and the main frequency of the vibration is coupled with the natural frequency of the components to generate resonance, which can intensify the vibration of the components and result in abnormal vibrations. The new way to analyze vibration can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the operation safety and maintenance of high-speed trains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2020 17:43:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716964</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application Schema and Platform Architecture Design for Big Data Application on Railway Technical Regulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, China Railway has carried out researches of big data application in asset management, maintenance management, operation management, customer service, and other fields, and it have providing support for railway transportation in some areas such as maintenance management. Technical regulations are the most direct basis for railway operation. The quality of technical regulations, the coordination among regulations, and the level of management and service of technical regulations directly affect transport safety. This paper analyzes the current situation of the management and application of railway technical regulations, and then puts forward suggestions for the development of big data about railway technical regulations according to the standards and the patent industry. Based on the requirements of technology regulations and life cycle big data application, we have designed the application schema and platform architecture for big data in technical regulations, which provides a theoretical support for the research and development of big data in technical regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2020 09:51:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678496</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing the Key Drivers of Contractors’ Temporary Competitive Advantage in the Competition of International High-speed Rail Projects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1660172</link>
      <description><![CDATA[After temporary competitive advantage (TCA) being proposed, this concept has received a lot of attention from academia and industry. For international HSR contractors, how to form their TCA and win out over the competition for new projects is crucial, while only a few studies focus on this issue. This research aims to develop a TCA system that reflects the characteristics of high-speed rail (HSR) contractors in the corporation and project levels. At first, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to explore and examine the key drivers and their relationships with contractors’ TCA. The results revealed that experience-mining advantage was the most critical factor of the six common factors. Next, common factors were divided into three dimensions and discussed in-depth, including resource-based TCA (i.e., technical resource and social image) which had the highest significance, followed by performance-based TCA (experience-mining advantage and risk-controlling performance), and action-based TCA (i.e., funding strategy and organizational management). Finally, two case study projects were selected to investigate the competitive situation between CRH (China Railway High-speed) and Shinkansen (Japan) in the international HSR market. This study not only provides suggestions for contractors to improve their TCA in international HSR projects, but also contributes to the theoretical framework for the TCA theory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2019 16:29:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1660172</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Integrated Planning/Pricing Decision Model for Rail Container Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1648354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pricing and operation planning are two key issues for railway trainer transportation. Most of the researches tried to optimize the pricing or operation planning strategies separately. As in fact, these two factors are related to each other. The isolated research on either of them cannot get the optimal solution. In this paper, a bi-level model is proposed, which integrate the pricing, the operation planning, and competition from road transportation, to maximize the profit of rail operators. The lower level is designed to minimize the customer’s general cost, and the upper level is to maximize the revenue of rail operators. A descent algorithm based on the sensitivity analysis method is designed to solve the bi-level model. A real transportation network with 5 freight stations of China Railway Corporation is applied to evaluate the proposed model. The results show that our method can improve the rail operator’s profit about 14% compared with the fixed pricing policy under the competition freight transportation market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2019 10:30:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1648354</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>China's High-Speed Rail Development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past decade, China has built 25,000 km of dedicated high-speed railway—more than the rest of the world combined. What can we learn from this remarkable experience? China’s High-Speed Rail Development examines the Chinese experience to draw lessons for countries considering investing in high-speed rail. The report scrutinizes the planning and delivery mechanisms that enabled the rapid construction of the high-speed rail system. It highlights the role of long-term planning, consistent plan execution, and a joint venture structure that ensures active participation of provincial and local governments in project planning and financing. Traffic on China’s high-speed trains has grown to 1.7 billion passengers a year. The study examines the characteristics of the markets for which high-speed rail is competitive in China. It discusses the pricing and service design considerations that go into making high-speed rail services competitive with other modes and factors such as good urban connectivity that make the service attractive to customers. One of the most remarkable aspects of the Chinese experience is the rapid pace of high-quality construction. The report looks at the role of strong capacity development within and cooperation among China Railway Corporation, rail manufacturers, universities, research institutions, laboratories, and engineering centers that allowed for rapid technological advancement and localization of technology. It describes the project delivery structures and incentives for delivering quality and timely results. Finally, the report analyzes the financial and economic sustainability of the investment in high-speed rail. It finds that a developing country can price high-speed rail services affordably and still achieve financial viability, but this requires very high passenger density. Economic viability similarly depends on high passenger density.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 18 Aug 2019 21:55:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630042</guid>
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