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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on function mechanism of fluorescence tracing method at bitumen-aggregate interface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2503666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The antistripping performance of bitumen-aggregate interface is a key factor in the durability of asphalt pavements. The fluorescence tracing method has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in evaluating the antistripping ability of bitumen-aggregate interface; however, the underlying mechanism of this method remains inadequately understood. This study integrates laboratory experiments and microsimulations to investigate the function mechanism of the fluorescence tracing method, focusing on fluorescence decay behaviors, changes in chemical bonding and functional groups, and interactions between the fluorescence tracer and bitumen/aggregate. The findings of this study are summarized as follows: (1) The fluorescence tracing method distinguishes bitumen-covered areas from aggregate-exposed areas through differing fluorescence decay rates. (2) No new chemical bonds or functional groups form during the fluorescence tracing process of bitumen. (3) The fluorescence tracer molecules and bitumen molecules rapidly interpenetrate and eventually form a stable intermixed system driven by van der Waals forces. (4) The fluorescence tracer can affect the concentration distribution of asphaltene and saturated phenol on the aggregate surfaces but has minimal impact on the adhesion of bitumen-aggregate interface. (5) The rapid fluorescence decay on bitumen surfaces results from insufficient UV absorption and a reduced fluorescence tracer concentration. This study elucidates the functional mechanism of the fluorescence tracing method, providing a robust theoretical foundation for evaluating the antistripping performance of asphalt pavement materials and advancing the development of durable road materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Mar 2025 09:24:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2503666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Particle emissions study from tire sample with nano-silver tracer from different steps of its life cycle. A new approach to trace emissions of tire microparticles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emissions due to tires retread/repair and incineration are a cause of concern owing to the presence of nanoparticles in the products. The assessment exposure to humans hereto related is a challenge in an environmental context. The first object of this work is to develop a method to characterize the emission sources using online (counting and sizing) and offline measurements. The second objective of this work is to apply this new metrological strategy to two tire samples. One of these samples contains nanoparticles made of silver to trace the nanoparticle emissions and assess the performance of the characterization method presented here. Retread/repair testing involves different tasks i.e., drilling, grinding, cutting and regrooving. Testing evidence that emissions adding dried droplets or carbon films and irregular-shaped particles are discernible in microscopy. Carbon and oxygen, and to a lesser extent silicon and sulphur are the most common chemical elements. The compound containing nano-Ag emitted the same amount or sometimes less nanoparticles (i.e., drilling, cutting and regrooving) than the compound having no nano-Ag. Silver embedded in the rubber matrix was found at low concentration in irregular-shaped particles originating from one of these two samples and highlights the approach interest. Incineration testing were carried out in a laboratory scale tubular furnace. The generated aerosol is dominated by soot whatever the sample. Few particles containing ZnO or silver are identified in residue samples. A STEM/EDX mapping analysis exhibits few nanoscale objects from incineration residue containing free nanosized silver particles and separated from the large silver object.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 16:59:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative characterization of fusion state of virgin and aged asphalt using nano-ferrous ferric oxide tracer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2390973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The exact evaluation of the fusion rate of virgin and aged asphalt is essential to optimize the performance of the recycled asphalt mixture. The fusion rate index was developed by tracing the distribution of tracer asphalt, which contains nano-ferrous ferric oxide (nano-Fe₃O₄) tracer. Laboratory fusion simulation tests were performed on three types of asphalt to obtain different fusion states, and fatigue tests were performed to evaluate the influence of the fusion rate on the fatigue life of the recycled asphalt. It was found that the tracer asphalt containing 4% nano-Fe₃O₄ shows the optimal trace effect, and the developed fusion rate index can quantitatively characterize the influence of different factors on the fusion state of the recycled asphalt. The fusion state is closely related to the fatigue performance of recycled asphalt, and the fusion rate index can fairly evaluate its fatigue performance. The relationship between the fusion rate and the fatigue life of recycled asphalt depends on the factors that cause the fusion rate variation. Under the influence of the amount of rejuvenator, the fatigue life of recycled asphalt grows exponentially with increasing fusion rate due to enhancement of molecular motion as well as a supplement of lightweight components. Under the influence of heat preservation treatment, fatigue life increases linearly with increasing fusion rate. The proposed fusion rate index can be utilized to quantitatively characterize the fusion state of virgin and aged asphalt, thus providing a simple way to guide the practical application of recycled asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2024 09:24:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2390973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resolving the Combustion Zones of Bio-hybrid Fuels in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Using Tracer-Activated Luminescence Imaging</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341915</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A major reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as other toxic emissions, is required to reduce the environmental impact of transportation systems. Renewable fuels, in combination with new internal combustion processes, such as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), are promising measures to enable this reduction. By combining two fuels with different reactivity, RCCI offers high efficiency and low emissions through homogeneous low-temperature combustion. However, a two-fuel RCCI approach leads to an increased number of adjustable operation parameters, such as injection timing. Optimizing these operation parameters to ensure homogeneous combustion is challenging. To that end, optical methods provide temporally and spatially resolved information on mixture formation and combustion to analyze the homogeneity of the process. However, established methods, such as OH* imaging, cannot differentiate between multiple fuels. Therefore, the authors propose the usage of sodium as a tracer that is added to one of the fuels. Based on this approach, they present a combination of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) luminescence imaging to investigate two-fuel RCCI combustion in a high-pressure vessel. The method allows for an accelerated optimization of injection parameters by visually accessing the homogeneity of combustion processes. The optimized parameters can then be transferred and further tested in engine applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 16:32:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341915</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring Concrete Permeability with CHIP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2284531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project is a continuation of a previous IDEA project (NCHRP-199) that developed a prototype device to determine the permeability of hardened concrete using X-rays to measure the penetration of a tracer. In this follow-on project, the current instrument sample holder is being improved so that larger samples can be scanned. This new sample holder will also be able to find the locations of previous scans to allow the investigation of many different sample orientations, saving operator time and making the device easier to use. The software for the device will also be improved to make it easier and faster for the user. The work goes on to describe the three case studies that use the developed technology. The first case study focuses on the effectiveness of wet curing and how different curing lengths impact the Diffusion coefficient (Dic) of the concrete. Next, the performance of silane sealers is measured in field cores. Finally, the long-term change in the Dic is measured with mixtures that contain different amounts and types of fly ash. The work goes on to improve the reliability of the test by increasing the number of angles to evaluate the sample and the width of the analysis area. Finally, work was done to decrease the length of the testing time from 28 days to roughly 6 h. The test is accelerated by using a current to drive the tracer through the concrete. More research is needed to use this with a wide range of materials to investigate the effectiveness, but the results look promising. An overview of the test method is provided with the suggested wording that is useful for developing a testing standard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Nov 2023 15:00:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2284531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring pollutant exposure using large-eddy simulation and virtual walkers: Analysis of tracer age statistics of idealised urban boundary-layer flows</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2147309</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pollutant exposure in the urban air quality literature has been typically interpreted from data for fixed locations, which provides an incomplete picture of exposure for pedestrians (or moving receptors). The current study proposes a simple model to parameterise the exposure time for a virtual walker to cross a pollutant cloud during its sweeping downstream across the avenue. The parameterisation, which depends on the centre-of-mass translation and the cloud size, shows satisfactory performance in areas away from the outlet, whence a substantial portion of the pollutants is removed from the control domain and a well-defined centre of mass geometrically vanishes. Applying the tracer age diagnostics, the occurrence time of first exposure for the moving receptors is quantified with no particular caution required for the outlet region. The mean tracer age recorded by the virtual walkers is shown to be up to 25%–75% smaller than conventional spatial averages, implying earlier exposure to the pollutants and hence a reference timescale relying on the latter may lead to delayed emergency response. Evacuation route prioritisation based on virtual walker measurements coincides with that indicated by the parameterisation, suggesting the potential usefulness of the model for exposure risk evaluation against atmospheric air pollution incidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 May 2023 08:59:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2147309</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of the Blending of Virgin and RAP Binders in Hot Recycled Asphalt Mixture with CTBN as Tracer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2130330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study conducted an infrared analysis of a recycled asphalt mixture that contains a high percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and uses carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN), which has an absorption peak at 2,238 cm⁻¹, as a tracer in the virgin asphalt. The infrared spectroscopy results of the asphalt test specimens containing 1–15 wt. % of CTBN indicated that 5 wt. % virgin asphalt is most appropriate. Infrared spectroscopy was performed on specimens of recycled asphalt mixture that contained 45 % RAP, and a statistical analysis was performed on the results. The results indicated that the virgin and RAP asphalt binders were not completely mixed, as is typically assumed. The blending degree of the virgin binder and RAP binder in the outer layer of the RAP aggregate particles was higher than that in the inner layer. The blending degree is inhomogeneous and has a three-dimensional hierarchy that depends on the depth and location of the asphalt mastic membrane over the aggregate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 10:12:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2130330</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Absorption and Fluorescence Data of Acetone, 3-Pentanone, Biacetyl, and Toluene at Engine-Specific Combinations of Temperature and Pressure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1804348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quantitative planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of fuel/air mixing in engines are usually based on the use of fluorescence tracers. The strength of the signals often depends on temperature, pressure and mixture composition. This complicates a quantitative analysis. The use of a small-bore optical engine for fundamental studies of absorption and fluorescence properties of fluorescence tracers is described. The temperature, pressure and composition dependence of the spectra of toluene, acetone, 3-pentanone, and biacetyl are examined under motored conditions to extend the experimental data base for the development of comprehensive models that predict the strength of fluorescence signals for a given condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Mar 2023 15:10:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1804348</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-cylinder thermographic PIV combined with phosphor thermometry using ZnO:Zn</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2086658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two-dimensional thermographic particle image velocimetry (T-PIV) is presented for the in situ measurement in optically accessible internal combustion (IC) engines. Temperature and velocity measurements are combined using thermographic phosphor particles as tracers for PIV. For three commercially available phosphors (BAM:Eu²⁺, ZnO, and ZnO:Zn), temperature sensitivity, luminescence intensity at high temperatures and laser-fluence dependence were evaluated for phosphor-coated surfaces in a high-temperature cell. ZnO:Zn was identified as the best-suited candidate for engine in-cylinder measurements and further analyzed in the aerosolized state at temperatures up to 775 K to generate calibration data required for signal quantification in engine experiments. T-PIV was successfully applied in the IC engine to simultaneously obtain instantaneous two-dimensional velocity and temperature fields using the intensity-ratio method. Despite a measurement uncertainty (±1σ basis) of only 3.7 K at 317 K (1.2%) to 24.4 K (4.2%) at 575 K, this technique suffers from low signal intensities due to thermal quenching at increasing temperatures, which leads to reduced accuracy as the piston approaches top dead center. Thermographic measurements were successful to visualize local temperature changes due to evaporative cooling after fuel injection. The measured mean gas temperatures agreed well with zero-dimensional simulations that use additional wall-temperature measurements from thermographic phosphor measurements based on the lifetime method as input for heat transfer calculations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:30:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2086658</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental research on scavenging process of opposed-piston two-stroke gasoline engine based on tracer gas method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2048460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scavenging process of two stroke engine includes free exhaust, scavenging, and post intake process, which clears the burned gas in cylinder and suctions the fresh air for next cycle. The gas exchange process of Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke (OP2S) engine with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine is a uniflow scavenging method between intake port and exhaust port. In order to investigate the characteristics of the gas exchange process in OP2S-GDI engine, a specific tracer gas method (TGM) was developed and the experiments were carried out to analyze the gas exchange performance under different intake and exhaust conditions and opposed-piston movement rule. The results show that gas exchange performance and trapped gas mass are significantly influenced by intake pressure and exhaust pressure. And it has a positive effect on the scavenging efficiency and the trapped air mass. Scavenging efficiency and trapped air mass are almost independent of pressure drop when the delivery ratio exceeds 1.4. Consequently, the delivery ratio ranges from 0.5 to 1.4 is chosen to achieve an optimization of steady running and minimum pump loss. The opposed piston motion phase difference only affects the scavenging timing. Scavenging performance is mainly influenced by scavenging timing and scavenging duration. With the increased phase difference of piston motion, the scavenging efficiency and delivery ratio increased gradually, the trapping efficiency would increase first and decrease then and reaches its maximum at 14°CA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 10:56:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2048460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study of Groundwater Movement in Landslides</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since groundwater is responsible for the majority of landslides in Idaho, the purpose of this research project was to explore methods of delineating groundwater movement in potential or active landslide areas. These methods should necessarily be of such a nature that they can be readily incorporated in the Idaho Department of Highways' exploration and construction program. The value of the methods will be measured not by their complexity, but by their reliability, adaptability, and usefulness. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to determine if there are any methods of delineating groundwater movement in potential landslide areas, and if there are, to show how these methods can be used by the Idaho Department of Highways. Special emphasis was placed on the use of tracers composed of either chemical dyes or radioactive tritium. Studies of field hydraulic conductivity tests were performed and were incorporated into the overall objective. It was of primary concern to present to the highway department a simple, yet effective, procedure for delineating groundwater movement in the various, highly different, soil masses within which landslides occur.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Sep 2022 16:02:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring Concrete Permeability with CHIP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project is a continuation of a previous IDEA project (NCHRP-199) that developed a prototype device to determine the permeability of hardened concrete using X-rays to measure the penetration of a tracer. In this follow-on project, the current instrument sample holder was improved so that larger samples could be scanned. This new sample holder is also able to find the locations of previous scans to allow the investigation of various sample orientations, saving operator time and making the device easier to use. The software for the device was also improved to make it easier and faster for the user. The use of the developed technology was evaluated through three case studies. The first case study focused on the effectiveness of wet curing and how different curing lengths impacted the diffusion coefficient (D<sub>ic</sub>) of the concrete. Next, the performance of the silane sealers was evaluated in field cores. Finally, the long-term change in D<sub>ic</sub> was measured with mixtures that contained different amounts and types of fly ash. The reliability of the technique was further improved by increasing the number of orientation to evaluate the sample and the width of the analysis area. Finally, work was done to decrease the testing time from 28 days to roughly 6 hours. The test can be accelerated by using electric current to drive the tracer through the concrete. Further research is needed to make this technique applicable to a wide range of materials. An overview of the test method is provided with the suggested language that may be helpful in developing a testing standard. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jul 2021 15:53:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865407</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tracer Study to Estimate the Transport of Cruise Altitude Aviation Emissions in Northern Hemisphere</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the increasing role of intercontinental and higher altitude emissions influence on surface air quality, it is important to understand the transport characteristics of these emissions both for policy and mitigation strategies. The horizontal and vertical transport of directly emitted upper troposphere anthropogenic cruise altitude aircraft emissions (CAAE) has not been well understood due to limited studies. Therefore, in this study the authors conducted tracer simulations for key source regions in the Northern hemisphere to understand the transport and influence of CAAE on surface air quality. The results from Northern hemisphere simulations highlight that < 0.6% of CAAE tracer mass fraction occur near the surface even after 90 days of transport time. 30–40 % of tracers are found in the upper and mid-troposphere with slightly higher downward transport occurring during winter than summer season. The tagged source tracer simulations illustrated the source-receptor relationships and showed that ~ 10–50 % source contributions occur in downwind receptor regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2020 12:05:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Plastic additives as tracers of microplastic sources in Japanese road dusts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709781</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Plastic waste and microplastic pollution has been reported around the world. Up to 80% of marine plastic debris is derived from land, thus it is important to identify the terrestrial sources of microplastics to reduce their environmental impact. In this study, the abundance and polymer type of microplastics were characterized for road dusts collected from Kumamoto, Okinawa, and Tokyo, Japan. In addition, the profiles of additives in plastic products on the road and in road dust microplastics were determined to evaluate the potential use of additives as chemical tracers of microplastic sources. The abundance of microplastics in road dusts was 96 ± 85 pieces/kg (dry wt.) (n = 16), 68 ± 77 pieces/kg (n = 12), and 230 ± 50 pieces/kg (n = 8) in Kumamoto, Okinawa and Tokyo, respectively. In Kumamoto and Okinawa, significant correlations were observed between total microplastic abundance in road dusts and daily vehicle traffic. In Tokyo, high population and traffic density may account for the greater abundance of microplastics in road dusts than in the other cities. Polymer analysis shows that poly (diallyl phthalate), polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate and polyester accounted for 60% to 70% of the total microplastics analyzed. To determine the potential sources of microplastics, plastic additives were analyzed in road dusts and fragments of road marking from the study area. Five common additives including plasticizers and flame retardants were identified in both road dusts and road markings. This suggests that road markings are a significant source of microplastics in Japanese road dust, and that additive profiles in plastic samples may be suitable tracers for determining the sources of microplastics in road dust.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2020 12:30:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709781</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Antimony as a tracer of non-exhaust traffic emissions in air pollution in Granada (S Spain) using lichen bioindicators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1696988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors have studied the metal air pollution trends in a medium-sized Spanish city suffering from traffic emission using in-situ lichen Xanthoria parietina as a bioindicator. The large scale sampling included 97 samples from urban, metropolitan and remote control areas of Granada that were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Enrichment factor of Sb exhibited severe anthropogenic enrichment, whereas Cu and Sb showed significantly higher median values in the urban areas with respect to metropolitan areas. Additionally, bioaccumulation ratios of V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Pb —associated to exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions— enabled us to delineate hot spots of metal (loid) accumulation in the main accesses to the city, characterized by dense traffic and copious traffic jams. To distinguish non-exhaust emissions, the authors studied the spatial distribution of the Cu:Sb ratio —a tracer of brake wear— highlighting the surroundings of the highway and the main traffic accesses to the city likely due to sudden hard braking and acceleration during frequent traffic jams. Our study shows that the metal (loid) contents in lichens are excellent proxies for non-exhaust traffic emissions and that their contribution to the metal (loid) air pollution in Granada is more significant than previously thought.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:24:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1696988</guid>
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