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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of multiple-repeated aging and rejuvenation processes on bitumen properties evaluated with physical and chemical tests and multivariate analysis methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents laboratory experiments on repeated bitumen aging and rejuvenation processes to assess multiple reuse feasibility. Three 50/70 penetration-graded bitumen samples were reused with four different rejuvenators without adding virgin binder. The experiments continued until significant material changes, such as inhomogeneities and increased stickiness, prevented reliable characterization. After each rejuvenation and aging process, physical and chemical properties were analyzed, resulting in a comprehensive dataset. Results indicate that the reuse of pure rejuvenators, without incorporating virgin binder, is limited. Cyclic reuse depends heavily on the rejuvenator and its interaction with the binder. Of the four rejuvenators tested, two bio-based products enabled the maximum reuse of four cycles. Therefore, the rejuvenators used in this project are more suitable as additives to improve the physical properties of the bitumen for reuse rather than as substitutes for the binder. The datasets were further evaluated using multivariate analysis methods to construct statistical models for two use cases: In the first use case, the samples are classified by their aging condition. In the second use case, the samples are differentiated according to the rejuvenators. The models were successfully validated, providing a promising framework for the classification of unknown bitumen samples for reuse.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 14:48:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2525490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rejuvenating aged asphalt using surfactant-foaming warm recycling technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2161726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Warm mix recycling technology can accommodate higher content of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material, contributing to environmental benefits. However, it is still unsure which warm mix technology works best with the RAP. In this study, a combination of the foaming process and surfactant additive was used to recycle aged asphalt. By applying a series of rheological and chemical tests, the performance of regenerated aged asphalt using surface-activated foaming technology was evaluated. Besides, the regeneration effect was compared with that of bio rejuvenator and soft asphalt. It was found that the surfactant could recover the aged asphalt to a certain extent, but it was still difficult to recover it to the original level. The content of the aged binder had a great influence on the performance of recycled asphalt. When the content of aged asphalt was less than 50%, the softening and viscosity reduction effect of foamed Evotherm DAT was the best, and Evotherm DAT and soft asphalt were superior to bio rejuvenators in improving fatigue performance. The micro characteristic indexes such as sulfoxide index, GPC parameters, and bee-shaped area ratio can effectively explain the changes in engineering properties of asphalt binder in aging and regeneration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:29:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2161726</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Ethyl glucuronide and alcohol abstinence: A correlation study in hair and fingernails to establish a cut-off value in fingernails for teetotalers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excessive use of alcohol increases the risk to be involved in a road traffic accident. According to many legislations, certain maximal blood-alcohol-concentrations (BAC) have to be respected to be allowed to drive on public roads. Acute alcohol intoxication is evaluated by blood analysis or analysis of the exhaled alveolar air. In many cases, evaluation of the alcohol consumption during the past months can be useful. In this light, ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a direct alcohol biomarker which can be found in keratinized matrices (hair, nails) is valuable and can be used for the long-term follow-up of alcohol consumption. To compare the EtG concentration in hair and fingernails from teetotalers, and to propose a cut-off value for EtG in fingernails for alcohol abstinence. Paired samples of hair and nails were collected from participants, with a minimum age of 18 years. They all stated alcohol abstinence for at least 6 months. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about age, gender and the use of hair care products and nail polish. Analysis of EtG in the nail and hair samples were conducted following a validated analytical method. From 126 participants a hair and nail sample were collected. Of this group, 15 participants were finally not included in the study because of insufficient amount of hair or nails collected. There were more female participants (65%) and the average age of participants was 39 years. The EtG concentration in hair was below the limit of detection of 2.1 pg/mg in all but 4 samples (2.1, 2.1, 2.9, and 3.5 pg/mg). The EtG concentration in nails was below the limit of detection in 97 of the 111 samples. The concentrations in nails ranged between 2.3 and 23 pg/mg. In a population of 111 teetotalers, the 97.5% percentile of EtG concentrations in fingernails is 7.6 pg/mg. The highest EtG concentration observed was 23 pg/mg. These results suggest that the cut-off value for alcohol abstinence may be lower than the previous suggested 59 pg/mg and 37 pg/mg.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2022 16:50:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leaching of PAHs from rubber modified asphalt pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919620</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study aimed to, for the first time, quantify the total content of 16 priority EPA PAHs in end-of-life tyre derived crumb rubber granulates and various manufactured rubberised asphalt mixed designs. After identifying the availability of 16 EPA PAHs, the leaching behaviour of rubberised asphalt specimens, were evaluated using the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT) based on CEN/TS 16637-2:2014 standard. This was prior to modelling the release mechanisms of PAHs by utilizing a mathematical diffusion-controlled leaching model. According to the results, the total content of 16 EPA PAHs in crumb rubber granulates ranged between 0.061 and 8.322 μg/g, which were associated with acenaphthene and pyrene, respectively. The total content of PAHs in rubberised asphalt specimens varied between 0.019 and 4.992 μg/g depending on the volume of crumb rubber granulates in the asphalt concrete mix design, and type of binder. Results of the leaching experiments revealed that the highest leached PAHs were benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and naphthalene with a 64-days cumulative release per specimen surface area > 1 μg/m². Acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, fluorene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were released in cumulative concentrations between 0.1 and 1 μg/m². The PAHs with a cumulative release potential below 0.1 μg/m² during DSLT were benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and chrysene. The diffusion coefficients, which were calculated by mathematical modelling of DSLT data, revealed that the leaching process of 16 EPA PAHs from surface of rubberised asphalt concrete mix designs fitted all the criteria set by the NEN 7345 standard for diffusion-controlled leaching during all stages of leaching experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Mar 2022 10:27:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919620</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Endogenous formation of 1-propanol and methanol after consumption of alcoholic beverages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1866485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In cases of drunk-driving, allegations that alcohol has been consumed after the incident, are proved by analyzing congener alcohols in the blood sample. 1-Propanol, one of the main congener compounds, was tested, whether it is also endogenously formed when a person has consumed alcoholic beverages. Eleven male and 13 female volunteers consumed congener-free vodka (37.5 vol.% ethanol, individual doses: 0.15 to 0.32l) within one hour. Blood samples were taken up to 10hours and analyzed for ethanol and congener alcohols by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ethanol concentrations reached in blood a maximum of 0.65 - 1.23g/l and decreased by 0.18g/l/h (median values). Of the congener alcohols analyzed, only methanol and 1-propanol were detected in the plasma samples of all subjects. The endogenous methanol concentration increased from 0.66mg/l by 0.22mg/l/h to 2.19mg/l (medians). 1-Propanol was not detected prior to alcohol consumption. Maximum concentrations of 0.10 - 0.32mg/L were measured after 1.0 - 4.5h. A plateau of the 1-propanol concentration was observed in the plasma samples of the 18 subjects lasting for 0.5 - 4.0h and this alcohol was completely eliminated at ethanol concentrations of 0.17g/l (median, range 0.03 – 0.55g/l). The results of the study confirm the formation of 1-propanol after consumption of 1-propanol-free beverages, which should be taken into account when evaluating its concentration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Oct 2021 09:22:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1866485</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing Standard Tests for Admixtured Chlorides in Calcium Aluminate and Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1690430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ASTM C1152 is used to determine, in most cases, the total chloride concentration of hydraulic cement, mortar, or concrete systems. When these test standards were first developed, only ordinary portland cement (OPC) samples were evaluated. There is limited information on the test’s applicability to calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA). The standard also requires manual titration, which is slow and costly. This study compares results using manual titration, as described in ASTM C1152, with results using auto-titration for OPC, CAC, and CSA. This study then investigates whether the ASTM C1152 procedure, modified using auto-titration, can be used to provide a reasonable estimate of total admixed chloride concentrations for the cementitious systems. Results indicate that there is no significant difference in results from manual and auto-titration for all systems. However, the results from the CSA indicate that acid-soluble extraction followed by auto-titration significantly underestimates the total admixed chloride concentration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2020 15:58:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1690430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Method for Detecting Oil Contaminants in Asphalt Mixtures through Chemical Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, an analytic method was developed for detecting potential oil contaminants in asphalt mixtures using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This study was initiated when the authors were contacted by a major contractor whose field crew reported spots of loose asphalt pavement and suspected the pavement surface was being contaminated with spills of petroleum-based oils or other soluble chemicals. Oil contamination would change the content and performance grade of the asphalt binder in the mixture, thus compromising the properties and performance of the asphalt pavement. The proposed method involved extracting asphalt binders from potentially contaminated asphalt mixtures using the solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), testing the extracted binders using GPC and FTIR, and comparing their results with those of the pure asphalt binder and oil contaminants. This study first verified the proposed method by testing artificially contaminated asphalt binders at different contamination contents and then evaluated seven potentially contaminated asphalt mixtures from the job site, as well as six possible oil contaminants. The study shows that the GPC results yielded convincing evidence whether or not asphalt mixtures were contaminated and that the FTIR results were effective in detecting specific oil contaminants using their characteristic peaks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2019 14:47:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of holding time on toxicity change of urban road dust during runoff process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1591610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During runoff process, the urban road dust (URD) passes through the road-side gutters and detention tanks, where it gets hold for a certain period of time, hours to weeks, before making its way into the water bodies. A part of the water-exchangeable toxicants are leached by the water, and some strongly bound toxicants remain attached to the URD. Toxicity of urban runoff is dependent on holding time, water volume, and the type and composition of the wet road dust (WeRD) and leachate. However, there are no studies that have elucidated the manner in which toxicities of the WeRD and leachate vary during prolonged holding in the runoff processes. The main objectives of this research were to, i) identify the distribution of toxicants in the WeRD and leachate, and ii) evaluate the change in toxicity during prolonged holding. The URD samples that were collected from residential road, arterial road and highways in Tokyo, Japan, were mixed with moderately hard water in varying ratios (1:2 to 1:16) and were held for a certain time (1 h to 5 days) before centrifuging into the WeRD and leachate. Toxicity test was conducted with ostracod Heterocypris incongruens direct contact test. Toxicity of both the WeRD and leachate from residential area was not significantly greater than the 20% lethal limit. Toxicity of the WeRD from other stations initially decreased, further reached a minimum corresponding to the critical holding time, and it subsequently increased again. Toxicity of the arterial leachate gradually increased, whereas that of the highway leachate gradually decreased during 5 days holding. Unionized ammonia and zinc were confirmed as one of the possible toxicants. This study proposes and verifies a model for the toxicity change of the WeRD during prolonged holding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2019 11:06:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1591610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-Term Effects of Different Cementing Blends on Alkali- Carbonate Reaction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The long-term effect of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on alkali-carbonate reaction was evaluated using the concrete prism test for up to 10 years. None of the SCMs showed complete mitigation effects, although some types were more effective than others in reducing the expansion. Blending 10% reactive with 90% nonreactive aggregates was effective in meeting the 0.040% expansion limit at 1 year; however, the expansion was 0.074% after 10 years at room temperature. The chemical method for evaluating aggregate was found to give false negative or underestimate the potential expansion of blends of reactive and nonreactive aggregates. The use of SCMs with blends of aggregates that marginally meet the 1-year expansion limit provides some benefits in reducing the expansion at later ages. The concrete microbar test provides good correlations with the concrete prism test containing 100% reactive aggregates with and without SCM, but underestimates the expansion of blends of aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jul 2017 10:05:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Sugar Beet Molasses and Molasses-Based Boron Oxide Compound on Bitumen Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, sugar beet molasses and molasses-based boron oxide compound (MBOC) were used to modify the base bitumen. Sugar beet molasses is an organic waste material obtained from raw sugar during the refining process at sugar refineries. Molasses-based boron oxide is a synthetic material derived chemically in laboratory conditions by using proper amounts of sugar beet molasses and boron oxide. Each additive material was added separately at a level between 1 and 10% by weight of the 50/70 penetration grade-base bitumen. The effects of the modifications on the bitumen and bituminous mixture properties were examined by means of a laboratory test group including rotational viscosity, penetration, softening point, ductility, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and Marshall Stability and Nicholson stripping tests. According to the Marshall Stability and Nicholson stripping test results, the bituminous mixture performance was found to be improved by MBOC, however, it stayed at the same level with sugar beet molasses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Oct 2016 09:14:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Critical Review of the Current Inspection and Maintenance Practices for Concrete Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A concrete bridge would cost less to maintain and safely serves its full design service life, if not longer, when deterioration mechanisms are prevented or controlled. The current inspection practice gives a good assessment of the condition rating of the bridge elements based on their physical conditions. If followed by proper maintenance measures, it is likely that the bridge would serve its full design service life. However, preventive maintenance actions could be used more efficiently before the formation of any physical deterioration, which could only be determined through proper assessment of the chemical condition of the bridge elements. Therefore, chemical Nondestructive Evaluation should be utilized more widely as bases for inspection and assessment of bridge condition. A chemical Nondestructive Evaluation followed by an active preventive maintenance scheme may prevent deterioration mechanism from starting, or at least slows it down at a very early stage. This paper presents a critical constructive review of the current inspection and maintenance manuals by various transportation agencies. As a result, more active chemical Nondestructive Tests (NDT) are recommended for routine inspections to evaluate the chemical conditions of the concrete bridge elements, based on which a more precise numerical deterioration model could be derived. The NDT results could also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance measures, and guides the future maintenance work. Cost-effective preventive maintenance measures could be selected and scheduled systematically which may lead to an optimal life-cycle cost throughout the service life of the concrete bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Mar 2016 17:04:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Engineering and Environmental Assessment of Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials Used with Geotextile for Permeable Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1365958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes laboratory testing to investigate the suitability of recycled construction and demolition (C&D) materials as alternative subbase materials for permeable pavements. Permeable pavements are increasingly being used as urban stormwater management systems. Three commonly found recycled C&D waste materials, crushed brick (CB), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), were investigated to assess their suitability as permeable pavement subbase materials. Geotextile was also used in this research to trap pollutants. The laboratory tests included basic physical characterization such as particle size distribution, specific gravity, water absorption, Los Angeles abrasion, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and modified Proctor compaction tests. In addition, hydraulic conductivity tests were undertaken in a laboratory test setup with different influent suspension percentages and moisture contents. Temporal variations of effluent suspension percentages were investigated to assess clogging effects. It was found that the geotextile layer did not have any effect in terms of permeability of the C&D materials. The chemical assessment included organic content, pH value, trace element, and leachate concentration for a range of contaminant constituents and compared with maximum allowable limits in soil and natural water as well as with the environmental protection authorities’ requirements. In terms of geotechnical and chemical assessment for permeable pavement applications, RCA was found to be a suitable alternative construction material for permeable pavements, while CB was borderline and RAP did not meet some of the specified requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2015 11:26:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1365958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrochemical corrosion testing in two Mexican piers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1305054</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An electrochemical evaluation of two pier substructures was performed in order to contrast corrosion parameters and to find similarities or differences that could help to elucidate the environmental effect on the structural performance, and to outline maintenance actions to extend both piers' service lives. The results are discussed in terms of mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical tests performed to both piers such as: Compressive strength, sclerometric index; corrosion potential; carbonation front; chloride content; detections and quantifications of the steel reinforcement; and identification and characterization of the observed damages. The results show that the recommendations to Port administrators included the rehabilitation of the piles, using two rehabilitation procedures: 1) 15% of North Pier piles and 20% of South Pier piles should be repaired by replacing corroded reinforcement and damaged concrete; 2) 24% of North Pier piles and 48% of South Pier piles should be repaired through cleaning of corroded steel and replacement of the damaged concrete section. All repaired piles (61% and 72% for North and South Piers, respectively) should be protected cathodically.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2014 10:52:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1305054</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Method for Detecting Asphalt Contamination within Fine Aggregate Medium through Chemical Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A method has been developed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), also known as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), for examining extracted material from fine aggregate to identify asphalt contamination within the fine aggregate. This method development was initiated after the authors' research group was contacted by a major contractor who voiced concern regarding potential asphalt contamination of fine aggregates. The problem with fine aggregate contamination concerns alteration of optimum asphalt content and the resulting change in asphalt performance grade. Contamination is brought about because of the presence of small amounts of asphalt cement that are undetectable by the unaided eye. This study evaluated two sands of known origin that were contaminated with PG64-22 asphalt and one additionally contaminated with PG82-22 asphalt, all at very low percentages. A traditional method of asphalt content testing, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) ignition oven method, was compared with the newly developed method. For GPC sampling, Soxhlet extraction was performed on fine aggregates using the asphalt solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF). The recovered material was then injected in solution into the GPC for evaluation. The GPC method yields convincing evidence of asphalt contamination and a more accurate estimation of percent asphalt contamination within fine aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Mar 2013 15:47:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243129</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Protective Jackets Used on Reinforced Concrete Piles: Case Study of Hampton Roads Bridge and Tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134306</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrosion of reinforced concrete piles located in a marine environment is of great concern, as it can reduce the load capacity of the piles and shorten their effective life. The Hampton Roads bridge and tunnel, located where the James River discharges into the Chesapeake Bay, was constructed with precast prestressed concrete piles, which have been exposed to a marine environment for 53 years. In the early 1980s, the Virginia Department of Transportation installed protective jackets on the piles to address the effects of chloride contamination and corrosion damage of the piles. The jackets were constructed by placing reinforcing mesh and a fiberglass stay-in-place form around an existing pile, and grouting the annular space with a mortar fill. The objective of these jackets was to prevent or mitigate corrosion activity by blocking water, oxygen, and chlorides from reaching the pile reinforcement. A study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the protective jackets through the use of visual evaluation, chloride analysis, and jacket autopsy. The study determined that corrosion was active in the precast piles and that the jackets were not mitigating corrosion activity in the piles. It was concluded that this type of jacket provided neither an effective repair to piles suffering from corrosion nor an effective method of protecting a pile from exposure to chloride-bearing water.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jun 2012 08:47:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134306</guid>
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