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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Mechanism of fluid stabilisation and performance optimisation in slag-based geopolymer-treated shield tunnelling slurry and sand washing sludge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the resource utilisation of shield tunnelling slurry (marlstone and sandstone) and sand washing sludge, this study employed slag-based geopolymer fluid stabilisation method to prepare subgrade filling materials, with water-solid ratios of 0.49, 0.60, and 0.70. The study investigated the effects of different stabiliser ratios on the properties of stabilised soil. It was found that both excessively high and low alkali activator modulus and content inhibited the reaction. An excessive slag proportion led to a decrease in slump, which impacted compaction and reduced strength. The optimal ratios were determined as follows: alkali activator modulus of 1.2, 0.8, and 1.0; and slag-fly ash ratio of 70:10, 70:10, and 60:20. After optimisation, the 28-day strength of the stabilised soil reached 5.38, 3.28, and 2.39 MPa, with a water stability coefficient exceeding 0.9. The strength after 7 days of curing at 40°C reached 120% of the standard curing 28-day strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:31:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709483</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on Screening Method for Catalysts Using Arc-Plasma Deposition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address urban air pollution and global environmental challenges, the development of technologies that can neutralize various exhaust gas components is crucial. In this report, we propose a screening method for efficiently identifying suitable reaction conditions and precious metal catalysts for these processes. First, a catalyst library was created by combining two types of metal elements using the arc plasma deposition method. Next, using measurement techniques applicable to automobile exhaust gases, we comprehensively evaluated catalyst properties related to the purification of exhaust gas components. Analysis of the resulting database provided valuable insights into effective catalyst materials and optimal reaction conditions for exhaust gas purification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2026 14:51:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684166</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Project 28 Area 4: Combustion Model Development and Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project is developing computational tools needed to evaluate alternate fuel combustion in a spray combustion system. The configuration chosen for final study is a subscale Referee combustor designed to investigate lean blow out (LBO) as a function of alternate fuel properties. The computational task requires development of reduced reaction kinetics for these fuels, spray fuel properties and integration into a large-eddy simulation (LES) solver. This project developed a reduced reaction kinetic model and investigated techniques for kinetics acceleration and then applied these models into an LES solver model. The Referee rig is simulated for 3 different fuels for both near blow out (NBO) and LBO. Analysis of the simulations identified critical needs for proper boundary conditions characterization and inclusion of multi-component fuel properties. Although later studies were funded by NASA (in Years 2-3), the initial study under this project demonstrated the viability of LES to study such fuel dependent kinetics in a complex gas turbine combustor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 10:45:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a high-fidelity reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current study aimed at developing an optimal and highly accurate reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for the Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). A three-stage reduction process including pre-processing, the main body reduction, and post-processing was utilized. In the main body reduction, a five-step reduction schematic was applied to the detailed mechanism including 980 species and 4972 reactions released by LLNL utilizing the Direct Relation Graph Error Propagation (DRGEP) method coupled with the isomer lumping and sensitivity analysis. Four different reduced mechanisms including 88, 73, 67, and 44 species were developed and compared with the experimental data. The laminar flame speed/equivalence ratio, ignition delay/temperature curves of the LPG combustion as well as 3D combustion parameters including in-cylinder pressure, mean temperature, heat release rate, and fuel consumption rate for an LPG-fueled opposed-piston engine were considered. It was seen that the 73 species mechanism results for the ignition delay/temperature and laminar flame speed/equivalence ratio matched with the experimental data with discrepancies of 3% and 5%, respectively. The 88 species and 73 species mechanisms showed good agreement in 3D modeling for all the considered parameters in comparison with the detailed mechanism with error values less than 2%. However, the 67 and 44 mechanisms results were not in accordance with the experimental data. Consequently, the developed 73-species mechanism was considered the optimal mechanism for LPG fuel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jun 2025 09:58:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impacts of Pulsating Flow on Topologically Optimized Porous Reactors in Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2547908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Topology optimization (TO) in electrochemical systems has recently attracted many researchers. Previous studies suggested minimal performance differences between 2D and 3D designs, indicating that 2D models suffice to enhance performance, especially in unidirectional flow scenarios. A later study found that the concentration distribution in an optimized 2D flow system differed from that in a unidirectional flow system. The authors posited that pulsating flow could further enhance the performance of such systems. First, the authors initiated TO for a diffusion-reaction system in a steady state. The optimized structure obtained from this process served as the foundation for subsequent investigations involving a pulsating flow source in convection-diffusion-reaction systems. The authors introduced two different systems with distinct flow natures: one characterized by a flow nature of 1D and the other by a flow nature of 2D. The results demonstrated that the optimized structure with a heterogeneous distribution consistently outperformed its homogeneous counterpart in both systems. The introduction of a pulsating flow source had no significant effect on the system with a flow nature of 1D. However, in the system characterized by a 2D flow nature, the pulsating flow significantly improved overall reaction performance. This enhancement was attributed to substantial species consumption at the inlet, resulting in a non-linear 1D projected concentration distribution. The pulsating flow effectively pumped the species to reach the farthest end, enhancing the overall reaction. The degree of improvement increased with the frequency of the pulse. While the optimal frequency for 2D flow systems remains undetermined, further effort is needed for improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2025 13:25:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2547908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Coupled Analysis of First Principle Calculation and Chemical-Kinetics Simulation to Predict the Activity of Three Way Catalyst</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2547877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a technique to predict the catalytic activity of the CO-NO-O₂ reaction using the first principle calculations without experiment. The proposed method consists of four steps. (1) Assuming the detailed chemical reactions based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. (2) Estimating the activation energy (Ea) for each detailed chemical reaction using first principle (e.g. Density Functional Theory: DFT) calculations. (3) Defining frequency factors (A) theoretically. (4) Inputting the estimated Ea and A values into simulation software for chemical-kinetics (e.g. exothermia suite) and running the simulation. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated by experiments. This study predicted the catalytic activities of Pt, Pd or Rh(111) surfaces. The predicted results qualitatively matched the experimental outcomes obtained from the Pt, Pd or Rh thin-film catalyst prepared by the “arc plasma method”.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 16:02:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2547877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crosslinking sites of sulfur and asphalt molecules: A DFT and macroscopic experimental study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2541616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In SBS-modified asphalt, additive sulfur acts as an anchor for both asphalt and SBS, preventing phase separation. However, the sulfur-asphalt crosslinking mechanism is still largely speculative, with the reactive sites on asphalt and the factors influencing reaction activity yet to be fully defined. Therefore, this study examines the reaction sites and mechanisms of sulfur-asphalt crosslinking through Density Functional Theory (DFT). First, the crosslinking sites on asphalt were classified based on their structural characteristics, and the bond dissociation energies (BDE) at these sites were calculated to predict reactive positions. Next, the adsorption energies of sulfur radicals, the free energy barriers of crosslinking reactions, and the adsorption energies between radicals were computed. This enabled a comprehensive elucidation of the reaction steps involved in sulfur radical crosslinking with asphalt, resulting in the identification of potential crosslinking sites within the asphalt structure. It was determined that sulfur radicals and asphalt molecules undergo three main stages: adsorption, attack, and crosslinking. The attack of sulfur radicals on asphalt molecules, which leads to the formation of asphalt radicals, necessitates overcoming a significant free energy barrier, which represents the critical step in the crosslinking process. In addition, the aromatic ring in asphalt forms a P-π conjugation with α-carbon, lowering the free energy barrier and becoming a key factor in crosslinking. The size and proximity of the aromatic ring were identified as secondary factors. Finally, the DFT calculations were validated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR). This study provides a theoretical foundation for investigating chemically cross-linked SBS-modified asphalt at the molecular level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 08:26:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2541616</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinetics Decoupling Method for Thermo-Photo Coupling Aging Effects of Asphalt Considering Aging Time and Depth: A Chemical Reaction Kinetics Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The thermo-photo coupling aging of high-viscosity modified asphalt (HVMA) is essentially a complicated chemical reaction process, and the chemical reaction kinetics theory can provide a novel chemical perspective to elucidate the aging mechanism of HVMA. The aim of this study is to achieve kinetics decoupling of the thermo-photo coupling aging process at different aging times and depths based on chemical reaction kinetics theory, with the purpose of clarifying the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of thermal aging and photoaging. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was conducted to investigate the chemical composition changes of HVMA at different aging times and depths. Then, the aging gradient distribution submodel, as well as thermal aging and photoaging kinetics submodels, were constructed to calculate the contribution rates of thermal aging and photoaging at different aging times and depths, thus achieving the kinetics decoupling of the thermo-photo coupling aging process. The results showed that the proposed aging kinetics combination model can ideally fit the thermal aging and photoaging characteristics of HVMA. No notable aging gradient phenomena were detected during thermal aging, but a significant aging gradient characteristic was observed during photoaging. At the surface, the photoaging rate constant was the highest, and it slowed down after the aging depth reached 200  μm. The photoaging exhibited a dominant effect at the surface, with a contribution rate exceeding 96%. As the aging depth increased, the contribution rate of photoaging decreased, whereas that of thermal aging increased. With extended aging time, the aging dominant depth of photoaging gradually increased. A decoupling cloud map was constructed to achieve the kinetics decoupling of the thermo-photo coupling aging process under various aging conditions, durations, and depths.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 08:26:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Micro aggregate and pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash: effect on fracture properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Dec 2024 10:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475175</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of the Reaction Inhibition Mechanism of Hydrocarbons with High Blending Octane Number</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrocarbons with blending octane number (BON) higher than the octane number (ON) measured as a single component fuel are considered to have a large effect on improving the octane number of the mixed fuel when mixed with other hydrocarbons. In this study, the characteristics of the reaction of high BON hydrocarbons in mixed fuel were discussed based on the analysis of reaction products in a flow reactor. When mixed with primary reference fuels, hydrocarbons whose BON is higher than ON suppress the reaction of the mixture. This effect may be caused by the production of reaction intermediates at lower temperatures than when used as a single component fuel, or by the production of reaction intermediates that were not observed when used as a single component fuel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Nov 2024 09:41:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Interferences for ULEV-CVS Measurement, Related to the Complete Measuring System, Discussion of Error Sources, Cross-Sensitivity and Adsorption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1786488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bag emission measurements on Ultra Low Emission Vehicles require measurement sensitivities in the 1 ppm range for HC and NOx and measurement resolutions well below this to obtain sufficient accuracy and repeatability. Additionally, an analysis of the C₂ to C₁₂ components is required. In these emission ranges, adsorption, desorption, diffusion and chemical reaction processes may produce significant effects to the measuring values. Therefore, improvements are necessary to avoid this as far as possible. However, for physical reasons these effects cannot be eliminated completely. For example: Particle filters are not 100% efficient and particles will slowly contaminate the surfaces; and Due to physical and chemical processes with some gas components, even stainless steel and Teflon can change their characteristics. Problems resulting from the physical and chemical effects and provisions to minimize the influences to the measuring accuracy and system stability are discussed. This includes contamination check procedures and possibilities for measuring and correcting offset or drift effects caused by these phenomena.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Oct 2024 15:54:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1786488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Technology for Predicting the Activity of Exhaust Gas Purification Catalysts by the First Principle Calculations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413885</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a technique to predict the catalytic activity of the CO-NO-O₂ reaction using the first principle calculations without any experiments. The proposed method consists of four parts. (1) Assuming the detailed chemical reactions based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. (2) Estimating the activation energy (Ea) for each detailed chemical reaction by the first principle (e.g. DFT: Density Functional Theory) calculations. (3) Defining frequency factors (A) theoretically. (4) Inputting the estimated Ea and A values into simulation software for chemical kinetics (e.g. exothermia suite) and running the simulation. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated. This study predicted the catalytic activity of Rh (111) surface. The predicted results reproduced well the experimental results of the Rh thin-film catalyst, which was prepared by the "arc plasma method".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Sep 2024 09:07:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413885</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Constraining a Chemical Kinetic Mechanism Using Hybrid Response Surface Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an artificial intelligence based analysis for fast development of jet fuel chemical kinetic mechanisms through optimal constraining of parameters. The need to generate chemical kinetic mechanisms rapidly with less uncertainty is a critical requirement to efficiently assess newly introduced sustainable aviation fuels. To overcome the under-constrained nature of the optimization process with readily available but limited data, a hybrid response surface technique was developed to rapidly repeat this fitting process and provide a distribution of solutions. Through this approach, not only can the uncertainties be quantified, but the distribution of solutions can also be used to identify additional data that can reduce those uncertainties. Since extensive experimental measurements can be costly, the ability to identify a limited set of additional data can be of great importance. In this study, the authors demonstrate this approach using a Jet-A chemical kinetic mechanism that was optimized towards new experimental ignition delay measurements using the hybrid response surface network approach. This mechanism is shown to produce well-constrained ignition delay predictions at conditions of other ignition delay data in the literature, but significant uncertainty in chemical species were observed when compared to shock tube pyrolysis species measurements. By constraining one key chemical species from the response surface analysis, it is shown that most of the uncertainty in the remaining species was also reduced and utilizing two species provided extremely strong constraints. The results suggest that adding even a single species measurement to the mechanism development would significantly reduce the uncertainties in the optimization process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Sep 2024 09:05:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding emission dynamics in bitumen using HSGC-MS: an exploratory study of additive interactions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427524</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study employs headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) to investigate the influence of additives on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in bitumen. The research examines the interplay between the analysed chemicals and additives and considers the effects this may have within bitumen matrices. Considering the principles of partition coefficient (PC) and emission pattern observations, the method sheds light on the nuanced dynamics of additive interactions. The effects of powdered activated carbon, synthetic zeolite 13X, and Re-refined engine oil bottoms (REOB) additives on emissions are explored, revealing their impacts. HS-GC-MS offers direct VOC analysis in the gas phase, eliminating complex extraction techniques and filtering. The findings stress the importance of considering additive consequences in bitumen emissions. The methodology enhances additive selection for sustainable materials and broadens emissions comprehension. HS-GC-MS is a crucial tool for refining additives and addressing diverse application implications of additives. This work underscores the need to utilise varied approaches for bitumen and additive interactions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Sep 2024 14:18:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427524</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of the Reaction Products of Hydrocarbons with High Blending Octane Number.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrocarbons with higher blending octane number compared to octane number may have a higher antiknock effect for multi components fuel in comparison with the effect predicted from octane number as a single component. In this study, the antiknock effect of isooctane, 4-octyne and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene for multi components fuels were discussed based on the analysis of reaction products in a flow reactor. As a result, it was suggested that low temperature oxidation reactions of n-heptane promote oxidation reaction of these hydrocarbons. In addition, it was suggested that reaction products from hydrocarbons with high blending octane number such as 4-octyne and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene inhibit chain reactions by consuming radicals produced from the low temperature oxidation reaction of n-heptane.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2024 11:19:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408128</guid>
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