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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of emission factors for resuspended tire-wear particles in urban road dust using empirical model-based methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2545836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tire and road wear particles, major contributors to non-exhaust particulate matter emissions, are frequently resuspended into the atmosphere from road dust, posing significant environmental and health challenges. Conventional approaches to estimating emission factors (EFs) often rely on variables such as road dust loading, vehicle types, and road classifications; however, these methods typically neglect the critical influence of wind speed on resuspension dynamics. This study introduces a methodology that incorporates wind speed as a fundamental parameter to improve the accuracy of EF estimations for resuspended tire-wear particles (TWPs). The authors' approach utilizes particle size analysis, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for quantifying TWP content, and a wind-speed depended weighting factor (WFtwp) that accounts for the resuspension potential of particles. The average TWP content in road dust was determined to be 23,495 mg/kg (2.4 wt%), aligning with findings from previous urban studies. At a near-ground wind speed of 1.5 m/s, resuspended TWPs accounted for 2.6 % of the total resuspended dust mass, closely reflecting the original TWP proportion in road dust. Using modified EPA and Amato methods, calculated EF values ranged from 2.02 to 7.22 mg/vkm, with the Amato method's EF value (3.35 ± 2.21 mg/vkm) comparable to the EPA-derived EF for passenger cars (2.02 ± 0.55 mg/vkm) but showing significant variation for buses (7.22 ± 1.97 mg/vkm). Furthermore, the study found that as wind speed increased, the WFtwp also increased proportionally, directly impacting EF values. The results indicate the importance of incorporating wind dynamics into EF calculations to more accurately represent real-world resuspension behaviors. This methodology provides a practical tool for estimating the resuspension of TWPs under varying wind conditions and aids in refining emission inventories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2025 13:46:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2545836</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Sensor Cluster for Recording the Spread of Emissions in the Wake of a Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539441</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Progressive emission reductions and stricter legislation require a closer look at the emission behaviour of a vehicle, in particular non-exhaust emissions and resuspension. In addition to the analysis of emissions in isolation, it is also necessary to consider the impact of transport routes and dispersion potential. These factors provide insight into the movement of dust particles and, consequently, the identification of particularly vulnerable areas. Measurements using low-cost environmental sensors can increase the level of detail of dispersion analyses and allow a statement on the distribution of emissions in the vehicle's wake, as several measuring points can be covered simultaneously. A newly developed measurement setup allows vehicle emissions to be recorded in a plane behind the vehicle in a measurement area of 2 by 2 metres. The measuring grid consisting of 16 sensors (4x4 grid) can be variably positioned up to 1 metre from the rear of the vehicle. The sensors detect fine dust particles size-selectively (0.3 to 10 μm) in particle number and particle mass concentration, as well as VOC and NOx. The sensors also record air temperature and humidity to be able to establish correlations with the ambient conditions. It is shown that the particle dispersion in the flow wake of the vehicle changes with different driving scenarios. Furthermore, it is shown that the driving speed influences the turbulence potential due to resuspension and thus also the particle dispersion. The results obtained provide information on the particle movements behind a vehicle and thus on critical areas in the vicinity of roads. In this context, the resuspension of particles already deposited on the road surface is also becoming increasingly important.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 11:59:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539441</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors influencing particle resuspension and dispersion: An experimental study using test-track measurements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Particulate air pollution is a major environmental problem. One of the main sources of particulate matter is the circulation of vehicles on unpaved roads. On these roads, the current techniques used to limit particle flight are either expensive, environmentally harmful, or resource-intensive. Therefore, the search for inexpensive and effective methods to reduce dust emissions on unpaved roads is crucial. This study focuses on assessing the impacts of driving speed and mudflap types on particle resuspension in the wake of a passenger vehicle traveling on a dust-contaminated road. To this end, fixed and mobile measurements are taken simultaneously to assess particle dispersion after each vehicle passage. The results show that driving at 30 km/h without a mudflap is the best configuration to reduce particle resuspension, while the use of a long transverse mudflap is the worst solution. The results also show that wheels are the main source of particle emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Aug 2024 13:53:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How the morphology of urban street canyons affects suspended particulate matter concentration at the pedestrian level: An in-situ investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Exposure to near-ground air pollution in urban street canyons poses a serious threat to pedestrian health. To develop design guidelines for air quality improvement, correlations among PM₁, PM₂.₅, PM₄, PM₁₀, TSP, street canyons morphology and climatic conditions were investigated by field experimental studies. The results showed that street canyons morphology and air humidity were two of the most important factors affecting suspended particulate matter concentration in urban street canyons. The concentrations of PM₁ (9.18 ± 0.17 μg/m³), PM₂.₅ (18.12 ± 0.43 μg/m³), PM₄ (31.66 ± 0.82 μg/m³), PM₁₀ (77.57 ± 2.04 μg/m³) and TSP (104.06 ± 2.85 μg/m³) in deep canyons were significantly lower than those in medium and wide canyons. The pollutants distributed in E-W or N-S street directions were at a lower concentration compared with those in NE-SW or NW-SE street directions. Moreover, the pollutants showed significantly lower concentration in high-rise building areas than in multilayer building areas. This study provides a reference for future urban planning to reduce suspended particulate matter concentration in street environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:47:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292032</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of vehicle and pavement characteristics on dust resuspension from soil pavement of open-pit mine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2148153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is essential to explore the distribution characteristics of dust concentration distribution near the surface of soil pavement in open-pit mines to develop effective dust control measures. Therefore, in this study, the dust resuspension process of soil pavement was analyzed by building the dust resuspension experimental system of open-pit mine, and the change rules of dust concentration under different factors were investigated. The results showed that under the action of wheel rolling, the dust moved around the wheel along the vertical direction, and the diffusion trajectory in the horizontal direction was approximately parabolic. After re-suspension of the open-pit mine soil pavement, the area of high dust concentration behind the wheel is roughly triangular. The relationship between the average dust concentration (Total dust, Respirable dust and PM₂.₅) and the vehicle speed and weight were fit to a power function, while the relationship with silt content and water content were quadratic. Vehicle speed and water content had significant effect on the total dust, respirable dust (RESP) and PM₂.₅ average concentration, while vehicle weight and silt content had little effect on the respirable dust and PM₂.₅ average concentration. When the water content of mine soil pavement reached 3 %, the average dust concentration could be reduced to <10 mg/m³, and the vehicle speed should be reduced as much as possible under the mine production permitting conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 May 2023 08:59:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2148153</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highly thixotropic ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) as an overlay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2095261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is an emerging overlay material for the bridge deck rehabilitation. As a durable material, UHPC overlay can effectively extend the service life of the bridge. In this study, the highly thixotropic UHPC overlay was designed and developed to facilitate sloped overlay construction with minimum formworks. A new type of water-based and well-dispersed nanoclay suspension was utilized to enhance the thixotropy. Two indices, including initial fluctuation of yield stress (τfloc) and thixotropy index (IA), were proposed to evaluate the thixotropy of fresh UHPC. It was found that, as nanoclay contents increased from 0 to 0.20 % (by mass of binders), the initial fluctuation of yield stress (τfloc) increased from 392.7 Pa to 3290.1 Pa and the thixotropy index (IA) increased from 9.7 Pa/min to 16.4 Pa/min, representing the significant enhancement on thixotropy. The highly thixotropic UHPC overlay showed good shape stability after the placement, but showing plenty of defects on the interface. It was shown that the bond strengths between thixotropic UHPC overlay and substrate are reduced by over 30 %. To address this issue, the application of proper vibration index on highly thixotropic UHPC overlay was investigated. Results showed that the bond strength between thixotropic UHPC overlay and substrate was increased by 45 % after the optimal vibration index. The SEM observation of the interface confirmed the increased air voids for highly thixotropic UHPC overlay and the reduced air voids after optimal vibration index. This study will promote the acceptance of highly thixotropic UHPC as an overlay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:57:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2095261</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Light Scattering Study of the Aggregation Kinetics of Carbon Black Suspensions in Group 1 and Group 2 Base Oils. Influence of Dispersant Additives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1797324</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stabilization of non-dispersed particles against aggregation is a major challenge for diesel lubricant formulators. New engine technologies, especially exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and the increase in drain intervals have given rise to increasingly soot-laden oils. To help formulators understand these complicated systems, the additive chemists might study aggregation of the colloidal particles such as Carbon Black suspensions by Light Scattering techniques. The connection of such experiments is discussed taking into consideration of aggregation kinetics of colloidal particles, in particular it is shown that the time evolution of fractal aggregates of Carbon Black particles leads to the stability parameter W. From the Light Scattering experiments it is found that Group I and Group II base oils behave differently as regards Carbon Black stability. In the case of a Group I base oil, no aggregation is observed, whereas in the presence of a Group II base oil, a large increase of the aggregates is measured. This result is poorly understood and at odds with some other experiments. The effect of dispersants in a Group I base oil is to reduce slightly the size of the aggregates. In a Group II base oil, depending on the type of dispersant, the aggregation kinetics is either slowed down or stopped. These results are confirmed by sedimentation and confocal microscopy techniques. Finally, using a relation which links W to the Van der Waals' steric and electrostatic potentials and numerical values from the literature, the relative influence of attractive and repulsive forces is considered in the case of the Group II base oil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:12:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1797324</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterizing the sources, concentrations and resuspension potential of metals and metalloids in the thoracic fraction of urban road dust</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1849965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road dust is a sink and source of metals and metalloids of human health concern. To date, many studies have examined the composition of road dust but there remain critical knowledge gaps on the chemistry of thoracic fractions (< 10 μm) and their patterns of deposition and resuspension. The goal of this study is to characterize the elemental concentrations and sources of thoracic fractions of road dust and their resuspension potential for Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bulk and thoracic road sweepings were acid digested (HF, HClO₄, HNO₃ and HCl) and the elemental concentrations measured using ICP-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to infer source emissions. Annual elemental loadings to roads were estimated using data on total sweepings collected by the City of Toronto. The mass amounts of metals and metalloids (< 10 μm) available for resuspension were calculated assuming a contribution of 10% to total loadings for this fraction.The median trace element concentrations in city sweepings (n = 64) ranged from highest to lowest as follows: Mn > Zn > Ba > Cr > Cu > Pb > V > Ni > Sn > Mo > Co > As > Sb > Cd. Iron, Cr, Ni, Co, Mo and Cu levels were significantly associated with road class, with the highest concentrations measured for the expressway. Most elements, especially Sb and Zn, were enriched in thoracic sweepings. The PCA results demonstrate the importance of non-fossil fuel, traffic-related elemental emissions. Difficulties in identifying sources, given uncertainties regarding overlapping chemical profiles, are also highlighted. Significant elemental loadings to roads were estimated to occur, with the largest amounts identified for Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr and Cu. Road dust resuspension is predicted to be the most important source of emissions for Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, V, Sn, Mo, Co and Sb.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2021 16:40:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1849965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spatial distribution and sources of potentially toxic elements in road dust and its PM₁₀ fraction of Moscow megacity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1748151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the first time, the contents of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in road dust and in its PM₁₀ fraction were studied in Moscow from June 09 to July 30, 2017 on roads with different traffic intensities, inside courtyards with parking lots, and on pedestrian walkways in parks. The contents of PTEs in road dust and PM₁₀ fraction were analyzed by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. The main pollutants of road dust and its PM₁₀ fraction included Sb, Zn, W, Sn, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Mo. PM₁₀ was a major carrier of W, Bi, Sb, Zn, Sn (accounts for > 65% of their total contents in road dust); Cu (> 50%); and Cd, Pb, Mo, Co, Ni (30–50%). PM₁₀ fraction was 1.2–6.4 times more polluted with PTEs than bulk samples. Resuspension of roadside soil particles accounted for 34% of the mass of PTEs in road dust and for 64% in the PM₁₀ fraction. Other important sources of PTEs were non-exhaust vehicles emissions (~ 20% for dust and ~ 14% for PM₁₀) and industrial emissions (~ 20% and ~ 6%). The road dust and PM₁₀ particles were most contaminated in the central part of the city due to the large number of cars and traffic congestions. Local anomalies of individual PTEs were observed near industrial zones mainly in the west, south, and southeast of Moscow. In the yards of residential buildings the total enrichment of road dust and PM₁₀ with PTEs was only 1.1–1.5 times lower than that on major roads which poses a serious danger to the population spending a significant part of their lives in residential areas. The spatial pattern of the PTEs distribution in road dust and its PM₁₀ fraction should assist in more efficient planning of washing and mechanical cleaning of the road surface from dust to minimize the risk to public health.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2020 11:15:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1748151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Loadings, chemical patterns and risks of inhalable road dust particles in an Atlantic city in the north of Portugal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road dust resuspension has a significant contribution to the atmospheric particulate matter levels in urban areas, but loadings, emission factors, and chemical source profiles vary geographically, hampering the accuracy of emission inventories and source contribution estimates. Given the dearth of studies on the variability of road dust, in the present study, an in-situ resuspension chamber was used to collect PM₁₀ samples from seven representative streets in Viana do Castelo, the northernmost coastal city in Portugal. PM₁₀ samples were analysed for organic and elemental carbon by a thermo-optical technique, elemental composition by ICP-MS and ICP-AES, and organic constituents by GC–MS. Emission factors were estimated to be, on average, 340 and 41.2 mg veh⁻¹ km⁻¹ for cobbled and asphalt pavements, respectively. Organic carbon accounted for 5.56 ± 1.24% of the PM₁₀ mass. Very low concentrations of PAHs and their alkylated congeners were detected, denoting a slight predominance of petrogenic compounds. Si, Al, Fe, Ca and K were the most abundant elements. The calculation of various geochemical indices (enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, pollution index and potential ecological risk) showed that road dust was extremely enriched and contaminated by elements from tyre and brake wear (e.g. Sb, Sn, Cu, Bi and Zn), while lithophile elements showed no enrichment. For As, the geochemical and pollution indices reached their maximum in the street most influenced by agricultural activities. Sb, Cd, Cu and As can pose a very high ecological risk. Sb can be regarded as the pollutant of highest concern, since it represented 57% of the total ecological risk. Hazard indices higher than 1 for some anthropogenic elements indicate that non-carcinogenic effects may occur. Except for a street with more severe braking, the total carcinogenic risks can be considered insignificant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2020 12:30:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliability of Nanofluid Concentration on the Heat Transfer Augmentation in Engine Radiator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1503367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nanofluids, the fluid suspensions of nanomaterial, became a promising fluid that is invoked when heat transfer increase is required. Using of nanofluids as a coolant in the engine radiators is a crucial topic for the thermal engines manufactrers due to the expected enhancement in the cooling process. In this study, Two nanofluids (Al₂O₃/water and CuO/water) flowing in a flat tube of radiator are investigated numerically to evaluate thermal and flow performance. The resizing process for the radiator is performed by using nanofluid instead of water flow. A significant reduction in the radiator volume is achieved due to marked improvement in the heat transfer performance while, the required pumping power after this reduction in the volume is increased over that needed for base fluid. The normalized heat transfer (heat transfer to the pumping power) is found to be a function of both Reynolds number and nanofluid concentration ratio while the ratio of the normalized heat transfer is found to be dependent only on the nanofluid concentration ratio. These dependencies are formulated as general correlations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Apr 2018 11:37:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1503367</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physico-chemical kinetics of structural build-up of neat cement-based suspensions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1466945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rate of structural build-up of cement-based suspensions at rest is a result of combined physical and chemical structuration processes. The non-destructive dynamic rheometry was used to investigate the influence of cement fineness and content, alkali sulfate content, and temperature of the suspension on the percolation time and rigidification rate of neat cement suspensions. Zeta potential, calorimetric, and spectrometric measurements were performed to explore the corresponding microstructural changes in cement suspension. Test results showed that the percolation time is controlled by the frequency of Brownian collisions, the distance between dispersed particles, and intensity of cohesion between cement particles. On the other hand, a high rigidification rate can be secured by increasing the number of contact points per unit volume of paste, nucleation rate of cement hydrates, and intensity of inter-particle cohesion. A semi-empirical model correlating the build-up indices and the microstructural characteristics was developed and validated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jun 2017 18:05:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1466945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The zeta potential of cement and additions in cementitious suspensions with high solid fraction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1464221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper considers the zeta potential of Portland cement and mineral additions in cementitious suspensions with high solid fractions and ionic strengths typical for fresh concrete. The zeta potentials of additions were measured for suspensions to which different salts were added. Furthermore, suspensions made with synthetic and real aqueous phases extracted from cement pastes were investigated. It is shown that the concentrations of divalent calcium and sulphate ions determine the zeta potential. Owing to the adsorption of these ions, the zeta potentials of the additions tend towards similar low absolute values. Furthermore, the effect of aqueous phase composition on the zeta potential of cementitious suspensions was quantified. It was found that the composition of the aqueous phase is of greater importance than the type of the addition. The zeta potential of highly concentrated cementitious suspensions is determined by the molar Ca/SO₄ concentration ratio and increases with this ratio.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 May 2017 15:16:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1464221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New approach to assess build-up of cement-based suspensions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The structural build-up of cement suspensions at rest is a complex phenomenon affected by both physical and chemical structurations. Better understanding of this phenomenon relies on the efficiency of measurement approach. Dynamic rheometry was used to investigate the evolution of both storage modulus and phase angle of cement and inert calcium carbonate suspensions. Two independent build-up indices were proposed to identify the rest time needed to build a percolated elastic network and its rigidification rate with time. The structural build-up of various cement suspensions was evaluated using the proposed indices. These indices were then compared to the well-known thixotropic index (Athix.). It was found that combining the percolation time and the rigidification rate can provide deeper insight into the structuration process of cement suspensions. Furthermore, these indices were found to be well-correlated to the decay in lateral pressure of cement suspensions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jun 2016 17:43:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF THE STRUCTURES OF POLYCARBOXYLATE-BASED DISPERSANT ON THE VISCOSITY OF CaCO₃ SUSPENSION AND THE ADSORPTION CHARACTER OF DISPERSANT ON CaCO₃</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1351648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polycarboxylate-based dispersant (PC) used to disperse the suspended colloidal particles, thereby improving the fluidity of such suspensions. The driving force for dispersing of PC might be contributed by the steric repulsion arising from overlap of polymer layers of PC adsorbed on surface of colloidal particles. According to enormous past studies, the repulsion force might be represented as a function of the thickness of the layer adsorbed on the colloidal particle surface. The thickness is dependent on the conformation of PC on the suspended particles. Therefore, it is of great importance to estimate the conformation of adsorbed PC. In this study, the authors estimated the conformation of adsorbed polymer layer of PC using the two different models：the rheological model for prediction of adsorption layer thickness and the surface complexation model for calculation of adsorption site for PC on CC. They used fine CaCO₃ powder as the suspended particle, and three different PCs that consist of different chemical structure about side chain length. The results of this studies indicated that the thicknesses of adsorbed PCs were estimated to be the same despite length of side chain. This implies that the conformation of adsorbed PC does not agree with the previous conformation model that the main chain is adsorbed on the surface and polyethylene oxide chain is stretched into the solution in the monolayer adsorption manner. Thus it is suggested that PC which have short side chain produces self aggregation on the surface of CC and makes thicker layer than side chain length.ポリカルボン酸系分散剤（以下、PC）の化学構造が、炭酸カルシウム（以下、CC）懸濁液の粘性低減効果とPC吸着量との関係に及ぼす影響を検討した。この結果、水和反応を生じないCC系においては、モノマーユニット換算でのPC吸着量あたりの粘性低減効果はPCの主鎖長に依らず等しく、側鎖に関しては長いPC程高い効果を発揮することが明らかとなった。さらに、レオロジー的アプローチによる吸着層厚の推定および、CC表面錯体反応の考慮によるPC吸着サイト分布の計算の併用によりPCの吸着形態を検討した結果、側鎖の短いPCはPC同士が凝集した状態でCC表面に吸着することで厚い吸着層を形成している可能性が示唆された。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 May 2015 16:14:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1351648</guid>
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