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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>New Directions for Chemical Engineering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1916782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past century, the work of chemical engineers has helped transform societies and the lives of individuals, from the synthetic fertilizers that helped feed the world to the development of novel materials used in fuels, electronics, medical devices, and other products. Chemical engineers' ability to apply systems-level thinking from molecular to manufacturing scales uniquely positions them to address today’s most pressing problems, including climate change and the overuse of resources by a growing population.  New Directions in Chemical Engineering details a vision to guide chemical engineering research, innovation, and education over the next few decades. This report calls for new investments in U.S. chemical engineering and the interdisciplinary, cross-sector collaborations necessary to advance the societal goals of transitioning to a low-carbon energy system, ensuring production and use of food and water is sustainable, developing medical advances and engineering solutions to health equity, and manufacturing with less waste and pollution. The report also calls for changes in chemical engineering education to ensure the next generation of chemical engineers is more diverse and equipped with the skills necessary to address the challenges ahead.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2022 10:19:37 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Soot and nitric oxide modeling in reacting diesel jets with an unsteady flamelet progress variable model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1399934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, computations of soot and nitric oxide in reacting diesel jets are carried out for a wide range of conditions by employing a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model in which an unsteady flamelet progress variable submodel is employed to represent turbulence–chemistry interactions. The computations are carried out in a constant-volume chamber. Soot kinetics are represented using a chemical mechanism that models the growth of soot precursors starting from a single aromatic ring by hydrogen abstraction and carbon (acetylene) addition, and nitric oxide is modeled using the kinetics from a submechanism of GRI-Mech 3.0. Tracer particles are used to track the residence time of the injected mass in the jet. For the soot and nitric oxide computations, this residence time is used to track the progression of the soot and nitric oxide reactions in time. The computational conditions selected reflect the changes in the injection pressure, the chamber temperature, the oxygen concentration and density, and the orifice diameter. Comparisons with the measured soot concentrations are shown when the measured results are available. Furthermore, the dependence of the soot and nitric oxide formed in the jet on the flame lift-off height is examined. Analysis of the entrained mass upstream of the lift-off height confirms that this correlation arises from the variation in the entrained oxygen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2016 09:48:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1399934</guid>
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      <title>Critical Observations on the Modeling of Nonreacting and Reacting Diesel Sprays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1366777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper begins by discussing the structure of nonreacting and reacting diesel sprays. After a general discussion of approaches to model nonreacting diesel sprays, results from some recent work employing the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations to model the nonreacting spray are presented. It is shown through detailed comparison with measured results that, under conventional high-pressure, high-temperature chamber and high-pressure injection conditions, the vaporizing diesel spray behaves like a gas jet and can be modeled as such without noticeable loss of accuracy in reproducing the structure of the spray. Moving on to consider a reacting diesel spray, turbulence–chemistry interaction models for the reacting spray are reviewed. Challenges in determining the suitability of one model over another, based on information available in the literature, are highlighted. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation results of reacting diesel sprays in which an unsteady-flamelet-generated manifold model is employed for turbulence–chemistry interactions are discussed in detail. It is shown that the model, like others reported in the literature, can predict the ignition delay and the flame lift-off heights with reasonable accuracy. The model has also been extended to compute the concentrations of soot and nitrogen oxides in reacting diesel sprays. Nitrogen oxides are modeled using the mechanism from GRI-Mech 3.0 and soot is modeled using a kinetic mechanism coupled with a tracer particle approach to estimate the residence times within the jet. As part of this review, other recent studies on modeling pollutants in the reacting diesel spray are also reviewed in this work. Finally, recent studies employing large-eddy simulations of diesel sprays are reviewed. Initial simulations of the reacting diesel spray using a large-eddy simulation approach coupled with an unsteady-flamelet-generated manifold model are presented. The paper closes with a summary and suggestions for further work in modeling diesel sprays.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2015 09:10:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1366777</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An evaluation of heat strain monitoring methods for workers in encapsulating, impermeable protective clothing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/924396</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jul 2010 09:39:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/924396</guid>
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      <title>Hurricane Engineering: A New Curriculum for a Planet at Risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/788189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Development of a new curriculum and supporting materials in the new field of Hurricane Engineering is well underway at Louisiana State University (LSU). A multi-disciplinary project team with expertise in many aspects of Hurricane Engineering is actively developing the new curriculum. The team consists of over 20 faculty from civil, environmental, chemical, and mechanical engineering, coastal science, landscape architecture, and environmental studies. The goals of the project are: to develop curricular materials in Hurricane Engineering; implement several new courses and create a hurricane engineering minor at Louisiana State University; and broadly disseminate this information to engineering faculty and the profession at large. Five new courses have already been created and offered through the Hurricane Engineering program at LSU (4 undergraduate and 1 graduate). Two of these courses focus primarily on wind engineering, and two more incorporate some aspects of wind engineering. Powerpoint presentations have been developed to accompany many of the lectures, which will be made available for download via a web site. A book is also being developed titled “Hurricane Engineering: Planning, Analysis, Design, Response, and Recovery of Civil Engineering Systems.”]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Sep 2006 07:50:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/788189</guid>
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      <title>Engineering for Sustainable Development: Guiding Principles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This guide on sustainable development addresses sustainability for engineering applications.  The following chapter headings are listed in the table of contents: 1 Introduction - 1.1 Why Engineering for Sustainable Development?, 1.2 Scope of the Guide, 1.3 Definitions and indefinable principles, 1.4 The challenge ahead; 2 Examples of sustainability issues in engineering - 2.1 Civil Engineering - Jubilee River, 2.2 Chemical & Manufacturing Engineering - laundry cleaning products, 2.3 Walking the talk: embedding sustainable development into an organisation - Glasgow University, 2.4 Product design in Electrical & Electronic Engineering - mobile phones, 2.5 Civil Engineering & Building - Mossley Mill regeneration in Northern Ireland, 2.6 Balancing positive and negative impacts - the case of catalytic converters, 2.7 The energy challenge; 3 Guiding Principles of Engineering for Sustainable Development - 3.1 The Principles, 3.2 The Principles explained, 3.3 The Principles related to the examples summarised in Section 2.31; 4 Application of the Principles in practice - 4.1 Introduction, 4.2 Framing the requirements, 4.3 Project Definition - Scoping the decision, 4.4 Planning and Detailed Design, 4.5 Implementation, Delivery and Operations, 4.6 End of usable life, 4.7 Linking the Stages to the Guiding Principles; 5 Developing approaches in teaching, training and continuing professional development (CPD).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Oct 2005 14:44:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761578</guid>
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      <title>FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. IN: ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701974</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper's premise is that safe, secure, clean, and affordable energy and transportation are essential to the economic vitality of the world.  Energy and transportation challenges and opportunities for the chemical sciences can be defined by dividing future needs into two time frames--midterm through 2025 and long term 2050 and beyond.  Chemical research is seen needing substantial breakthroughs in the fields of energy and transportation.  The discovery of new catalysts, materials, and photoelectrochemicals require substantial research in chemistry. The challenges can only be met by effective interaction of the chemical sciences with other disciplines.  Public perception and acceptance are key to many developments in energy and transportation and should be considered when chemical scientists attempt to meet these challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701974</guid>
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      <title>CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY. IN: ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The future energy use is predicted to grow exponentially, and that means that new energy sources will be developed. Prediction also indicates that sometime between the years 2025 and 2050 there will be multiple sources of primary energy.  This paper identifies the development of the various energy sources as the first challenge to chemists and chemical engineers.  The possibilities of carbon capture, geological sequestration, viable hydrogen systems, energy storage systems, and commercial biomass energy must all be considered]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701967</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ROLE OF 21ST CENTURY CHEMISTRY IN TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY. IN: ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chemical sensors are key in the transportation industry. Several classes of both chemical and biochemical sensors are becoming increasingly indispensable in the automotive, environmental, and R&D applications.  In transportation industry, sensors are used to determine the fuel ratio, manage the optimum ratio, and measure the oil quality for pollution control.  Sensors also monitor tailpipe emissions and catalytic converters.  One aspect of transportation is the high density of people in closed spaces, and because access to these spaces is open, they are vulnerable to possible terrorist attacks.  New paradigms of chemical sensing and monitoring is a necessity to improve transportation safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701973</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>INTERFACE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. IN: ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper's premise is that, for energy and transportation, the chemical sciences is positioned to be one of the key sciences involved in resolving the issues of moving society forward in the next 20 years.  Identified are some of the energy options that must be considered, but are dependent on world energy costs and demand.  The options considered include renewable energy and photovoltaics and new materials.  Also discussed are fuels for transportation, the refinery of the future, improving vehicle fuel efficiency and lean burn technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701964</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>R&amp;D CHALLENGES IN THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES TO ENABLE WIDESPREAD UTILIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY. IN: ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper first examines how much energy is consumed today, from what sources, future constraints imposed by sustainability, and the theoretical and practical energy potential of various renewable energies.  Mean global energy consumption rate in 1998 is recognized as 12.8 TW (383 quad/year, 1 quad=1015 Btu), 10% of which was used to generate electricity.  Normal economic driving forces appear to indicate that the predicted demand for 28 TW of power without unacceptable environmental consequences could result from a combination of wind, solar, biomass, and nuclear power.  The sources identified require new technologies to effectively store and transport power with little loss. These technologies present significant challenges for the chemical sciences.  Advances in the chemical sciences will also be needed to provide the new chemistry required to support an evolving mix of fuels for primary and secondary energy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701965</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A RENAISSANCE FOR NUCLEAR POWER? IN: ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701968</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper discusses the many reasons why nuclear power might expand in the future, such as resource availability, air quality, energy security, and independence of other nations to maintain our standard of living.  The challenges and role in the development of nuclear energy for the chemical sciences are explored.  Issues related to the expansion of nuclear power range from waste management to nonproliferation.  Some technical solutions already exist, but many of them need to be improved and new ones are needed.  The paper identifies as the greatest challenge the need to educate the public and increase their confidence in nuclear technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701968</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE ENERGY SECTOR. IN: ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present consumption of energy in the United States is mostly from fossil fuels, and that pattern is not likely to change, as carbon based fuels will likely remain plentiful and low in cost. This paper, even considering the above supply predictions, examines some drivers for changing the U.S. primary fuel sources. Identified are: a desire to reduce the nation's dependence on imported petroleum; the need for clean burning fuels; and the increasing concern about man-made carbon dioxide emissions being released into the atmosphere.  The paper identifies the following four areas for research opportunities for the chemical sciences: technologies that are carbon efficient; technologies that enable carbon dioxide sequestration; technologies that enable the use of natural gas to produce liquid fuels; and, technologies that enable the use of biomass, solar energy, and renewable sources of energy in general.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 May 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701312</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION. CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this workshop was to explore what contributions the chemical sciences could make in the development of both traditional and emerging energy sources and new and improved transportation.  Issues covered examined how the chemical sciences could meet challenges in the fields of energy and transportation.  The participants and the presenters included individuals from industry, academia, and the federal government who have expertise in the chemical sciences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 May 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701311</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>WOMEN IN TRANSPORTATION: CHANGING AMERICA'S HISTORY. REFERENCE MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation has long been considered a man's field, but throughout time, women have made significant contributions to the transportation industry and laid the groundwork for future innovation.  Women have worked in every mode of transportation, and in every type of job, from legislative and managerial positions to maintenance work.  Since the time when travel was dominated by walking, horse-drawn carriages, and sailing ships, through the era of the railroads and automobiles, and now as aviation pushes into the frontiers of space, women have been part of the innovations, explorations, and manufacturing of transportation.  Moreover, women have made these contributions to the transportation industry and to American society despite the fact they did not receive the right to vote until the 19th amendment was ratified on August 26, 1920.  This guide describes innovative and remarkable women who have pioneered and succeeded in a predominantly male field.  In this document, the coverage of different transportation modes is uneven.  The easiest to find and largest quantity of research material is on women in aviation, beginning with Harriet Quimby.  There is still much work to be done to research and document the many contributions women have made in this and other fields of transportation. More research needs to be conducted at the U.S. Patent Office, and the contributions of women at the major automobile manufacturers today should also be documented.  It is hoped that this resource document is only the first step in a long process to preserve the history of women in transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696459</guid>
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