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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Effects of different warm mixing agents on properties of asphalt and warm mixing asphalt mixture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2517439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effects of two types of warm mix agents (WSG-H01 and WSG-H02) and their dosage on performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) and warm mix asphalt mixture (WMAM) were evaluated. Based on permeability, softening point, and ductility tests, the influence of warm mix agents on viscosity, high-temperature and low-temperature performance was analyzed. Based on Brookfield viscosity test, the influence of WMAM on forming temperature was analyzed. Based on Marshall, rutting and freeze-thaw splitting tests, the influence of warm mix agent on the performance of WMAM pavement was analyzed. The optimal contents of WSG-H01 and WSG-H02 were 3 % and 2 %. WSG-H02 was superior to WSG-H01 considering penetration degree and softening point. Ductility improvement of WSG-H01 was better. Taking 4.3 % as the target voidage, WSG-H01 and WSG-H02 reduced the molding temperature of WMAM by 24 and 20 ℃. With addition of WSG-H01, stability, flow value and freeze-thaw splitting tensile strength ratio of WMAM were increased by 0.38 kN, 0.11 mm and 8 %, respectively. WSG-H02 improved the rutting resistance of WMAM under high temperatures, dynamic stability was increased by 5063 times /mm. Infrared spectrum analysis showed warm mixing agents did not change the characteristic peak of asphalt chemically. SEM results showed when WMA was applied to the preparation of crumb rubber asphalt mixtures, warm mix asphalt would make the crumb rubber disperse evenly. Two agents exhibited superior effects on mixing temperature, they exerted no detrimental impact on pavement performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2025 11:34:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2517439</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Fatalities in Swedish fire-related car crashes from a toxicologic perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2096468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: Vehicle materials developments raise concerns about new patterns of vehicle fire toxic gas emissions. This study aimed to describe toxicologic components in a recent material of fatal car crashes on Swedish roads in which the vehicle caught fire and compare the results to a previous material.Methods: Retrospective registry study. All fatal car crashes with fire in Sweden 2009–2018 were extracted from the Swedish Transport Administration’s In-Depth Studies Database and compared with an earlier study of the time period 1998–2008.Results: A total of 79 crashes and 94 fatalities were included. Carbon monoxide (COHb) blood levels &gt;10% were found in 13 cases. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) blood levels 0.1–1.7?µg/g were found in 10 cases. In 29 of the cases the person had a blood alcohol level (BAC) &gt;0.2‰, which is the legal driving limit in Sweden. A total of 15 people died due to burn injuries and 2 individuals died due to toxic gas emissions without any other fatal traumatic injury. Total number of deaths in fire-related crashes halved from 181 (1998–2008) to 94 (2009–2018) but the percentage of fatalities in burning vehicles was unaltered (5% vs. 6%). The proportion of fatalities with HCN in the blood increased from 2% between 1998–2008 to 10% during 2009–2018 (p?=?0.006). The age of the car involved in a crash increased by 0.26?years per calendar year (p?=?0.001).Conclusions: The proportion of fatalities with measured levels of HCN in the blood has increased. Eleven of the 15 burn injury fatalities had high levels of alcohol, HCN, or COHb, possibly contributing to an inability to leave a burning vehicle. Faster rescue brought by improved specific education and training of ambulance and rescue services personnel may be of future importance, as may on-scene antidote administration and revised regulations of vehicle flammability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2023 09:29:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2096468</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel method for pre-ventilation of shipping containers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Numerous shipping containers arrive with high levels of hazardous volatile chemicals in the interior air. This may constitute a health risk during inspection and unstuffing. The problem remains largely unaddressed due to ignorance, lack of suitable field instruments for chemical identification, and lack of easy to use, effective ventilation methods. Here, the authors present a novel ventilation approach based on extraction of air from the closed container via the existing top corner ventilators. A suction plate was developed to fit tightly over the corner ventilator and connected with a flexible hose to an extraction fan. Air flow rates and vacuum under the plate were measured in the lab with five different types of extraction fans. The vacuum produced under the suction plate held it securely in place. Washout of air contaminants under different configurations and ventilation scenarios was studied in an experimental 20-ft container stuffed with acetone emitting cardboard boxes and in the field with containers stuffed with commercial goods. Volatiles in container air were continuously recorded with logging photoionization detectors in various positions before, during and after ventilation. A maximum air flow through the ventilator of 186 m3/h was achieved. At 100 m3/h, the initial acetone levels were reduced to 11% and 4.9% in the tightly stuffed and to 6.0% and 3.1% in the loosely stuffed (pallets) experimental container after 1 h and 4 h, respectively, as measured inside the closed door (mean values). As expected, the washout was somewhat slower in nine 40-ft field containers and reached 22% and 11%, respectively. In both experimental and field containers the concentration rose quickly when ventilation ceased. In conclusion, the new ventilation method allows for convenient, safe and efficient ventilation of risk containers. The container should be continuously ventilated until it is opened, or rapid re-accumulation of volatiles will occur.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jan 2022 14:14:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903727</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of behavior and mechanism of repairing agent of microcapsule in asphalt micro crack based on molecular dynamics simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1879121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of repairing agent of microcapsule in asphalt micro crack based on molecular dynamics simulation. Based on the molecular dynamics software Material Studio 7.0 (MS), a four-fraction molecular model of asphalt and a molecular model of repairing agent of the microcapsule core material were constructed. Based on this, the micro crack models with and without repairing agents in asphalt were constructed, and the dynamics simulation calculations were carried out. The density and energy of the repairing agent moving in the micro crack after being released from microcapsule were studied, as well as the diffusion coefficient of molecules of the two models. The shear modulus of the models before and after crack repairing were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of temperature and molecular type on crack repairing were also analyzed. The results indicated that crack repairing was a process of mutual diffusion between the repairing agent and asphalt under the main driving force of potential energy. The repairing agent in the cracks accelerated the diffusion of the asphalt molecules to promote crack repairing rate; Crack repairing speed and temperature were positively correlated, that is, the repair rate increases with the increase of temperature. After the crack repair, the shear modulus of the models with and without repairing agent increased by 228.57% and 111.11%, respectively, indicating that the repairing agent also accelerated the mechanical property recovery of the crack model. The light and long chain-like small molecule type repairing agent could more promote the self-repairing process, and be more suitable for use as a core material repairing agent of microcapsules.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Oct 2021 15:40:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1879121</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Ionic Stabilization in the Mitigation of Soil Volume Change Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ionic stabilization is one of the non-traditional methods of soil stabilization. It is an advantageous stabilization method of being economic and utilizing liquid agents that can easily diffuse through soil and stabilize it. While several studies have been undertaken on ionic stabilization, the experience is still not sufficient enough and thus more research work is needed to understand the mechanism of ionic stabilization. This paper presents experimental results of soils treated in the field and the laboratory by an ionic acidic stabilizer. The experimental tests involve one-dimensional swelling, three-dimensional shrinkage, and suction measurements on treated and native natural soils from Texas and Oklahoma.The results show that the stabilizer minimized the percent swell at least to the half but had no considerable effect on the shrinkage. The results of wetting-drying cycles showed a significant reduction of the volume change rate of treated soils. Treated soil in the field revealed a noticeable reduction in suction. However, suction at high values obtained by a chilled-mirror psychrometer of treated soils manifested no considerable change from natural soils. Overall, the variation in suction measurements came consistent with the volume change results. The latter finding provides an encouragement in utilizing suction as a tool to examine the effectiveness of ionic stabilization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2021 16:43:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850862</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of WMA additive on properties of PPA-modified asphalt binders containing anti-stripping agent</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA) on rheological properties of different grades of asphalt binders containing a chemical Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA) additive in presence and absence of a liquid Anti-Stripping Agent (ASA). Also, the effect of chemical WMA additive, PPA and ASA on rutting and moisture-induced damage potential of asphalt mixes was evaluated. Polymer-modified and non-modified asphalt binders were blended with different amounts of PPA, WMA additive, and ASA and tested in a Dynamic Shear Rheometer and a Bending Beam Rheometer. The results indicated that blending WMA additive and PPA with all tested binders increased their rutting and fatigue resistance. However, blending PPA with asphalt binders in presence of the WMA additive and ASA was found to reduce their resistance to fatigue cracking. Also, the use of WMA additive, ASA and PPA was found to reduce the effectiveness of the PPA in bumping the high-temperature Performance Grade (PG) of asphalt binder with an insignificant effect on low-temperature PG. Furthermore, conducting Hamburg wheel tracking and indirect tensile strength ratio tests on asphalt mixes containing WMA additive, PPA and ASA  showed a low susceptibility to rutting with no significant indication of moisture-induced damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Apr 2021 17:08:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777963</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Molecular dynamics simulation of diffusion coefficients between different types of rejuvenator and aged asphalt binder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716844</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study developed molecular dynamics (MD) models to investigate the diffusion behaviour of rejuvenator with aged binder. Four types of rejuvenators, straight saturate, cyclic saturate, naphthene aromatic, and polar aromatic, were proposed with different molecular structures. Both short-term and long-term aged asphalt binder models were established based on oxidation aging mechanism. Bi-layered models were built to study the inter-diffusion process between rejuvenators and aged asphalt binder. Results show that the diffusion of rejuvenators into asphalt binder can be described with Fick’s second diffusion law. The calculated diffusion coefficients indicated that with different molecular structures and functional groups, the diffusion ability of rejuvenators varied. It was found that long-term aging had a negative impact on diffusion behaviour. Moreover, polar aromatic performed the worst for diffusivity for both short-term and long-term aged binders, while naphthene aromatic achieved superior diffusion ability than saturate-based rejuvenators. The diffusion coefficient was proven to be significantly dependent on the chemical characteristics of rejuvenators, such as heteroatoms, molecular structures. The findings can provide microscopic insights on a selection of rejuvenators for better use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 11 Jul 2020 12:06:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716844</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ventilation Mode Changes Our Safety in Buses: Study on “Air-Rain” Flow Against Chemical and Arson Attack in Public Transport Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1600910</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transport vehicles (PTVs) play a decisive role in development of the urban economy. However, the safety of PTVs is threatened by the man-released chemical or arson attack. It was found that indoor air safety can be greatly improved by employing air-rain ventilation instead of the common ventilation in a PTV.  Numerical simulations and experiments have been done to prove the effectiveness of the air-rain flow against chemical attack or arson in PTVs.  The research shows that, during a chemical attack, an air-rain flow of 0.1 m/s can constrain the spread of a chemical agent in a very limited zone near its source, which is far away from the passengers’ breathing area in the PTV. During an arson attack, at an air-rain flow of 0.3 m/s, most of the area in the PTV maintains a low temperature for at least 60 s during a fire, which is long enough for passenger evacuation.  Compared to common ventilation, the key characteristic of air-rain ventilation is its resistance to the blending effect of the air. Because of this, the spread of chemical agents, hot gas/combustion products during a fire, and fuel aerosol is constrained to a limited area in a PTV. Passengers are then protected from chemical attack, explosion of fuel aerosols, and high temperatures and smoke. The authors conclude that this new ventilation mode increases passenger safety in buses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2019 09:46:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1600910</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accidents in European Ports Involving Chemical Substances: Characteristics and Trends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1588860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper has studied more than 650 accidents occurred in European ports. The main characteristic of all these accidents is that they involve chemical substances with their consequent risk for society and environment. Accidents occurred in European ports from 1919 until present have been analyzed in detail to understand better their main characteristics and typology. Most of the accidents have occurred in the last decades, being France (29.9%) the country with the higher percentage of accidents followed by UK (25.8%). The most common type of substance involved in the accidents is oil or related products (56.8%) and in most of the accidents a release of material occurred (61.0%), being the latter the type of accident that has increased the most in the last years. The main origin of the accidents is transport (41.7%) and transfer (31.5%), both typical port operations. Impact is the most common cause of accidents in ports (45.1%). Concerning the consequences on population, European accidents seem to have less severe consequences on population than accidents in ports worldwide. The number of accidents increased during the 20th century but it can be observed that there has been a clear reduction in the new century.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 10:15:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1588860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Chemical Stabilization on the Flexural Fatigue Performance of Subgrade Soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The chemically-stabilized subgrade (CSS) soil layer in a pavement structure can undergo flexural fatigue as a result of a high number of loading cycles and brittleness of the stabilized soil. The type and amount of chemical stabilizing agents are generally selected based on the results of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and/or resilient modulus (Mr) tests. The UCS and Mr tests help characterize the compressive behavior of the soil and do not specifically assess the flexural behavior of the CSS layer under cyclic loads. This study aims to evaluate the fatigue life of the CSS layer and compare it with other common indicators such as UCS and Mr. For this purpose, a series of UCS, Mr and four-point flexural fatigue (FPFF) tests were conducted on CSS soil samples. The materials tested in this study consisted of six blends of a lean clay stabilized using cement kiln dust (CKD) and hydrated lime. The CKD was mixed with the soil at 5, 10, and 15% by weight of dry soil. The hydrated lime was mixed with soil at 3, 6, and 9% by weight of dry soil. It was found that while increasing the amount of stabilizing agent resulted in higher UCS and Mr values, it had an adverse effect on the fatigue life of CSS. The specimens containing 5% CKD and 3% lime showed the highest fatigue lives compared with other mixes. It was concluded that the strain endured by the material at the peak load (strain at failure) plays an important role in the fatigue life of the CSS. CSS samples with a high strain level at failure possessed a high fatigue life while those with a lower strain at failure failed after a relatively low number of loading cycles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Nov 2018 16:55:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557027</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guidelines for Managing Suspected Chemical and Biological Agent Incidents in Rail Tunnel Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1540944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These emergency management guidelines are designed to help transit managers (1) prepare and implement standard operating procedures (SOPs) for handling potential and actual chemical or biological agent attacks in their rail tunnel system and (2) understand the rationale for the recommended emergency actions. This document can also serve as a background reference guide for the emergency manager to use in developing SOPs, which should incorporate the recommendations presented in this document, together with site-specific operational methods used in the rail tunnel system. The document is primarily aimed at underground transit environments, including subway systems and commuter rail services that have underground sections. The generally light security currently found in transit systems, as well as the confined nature of rail tunnel systems serving large numbers of people, makes the rail tunnel system a highly vulnerable target for terrorists.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Oct 2018 21:42:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1540944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advances in Ground Modification with Chemical Additives: From Theory to Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1439817</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This keynote paper describes recent advances in chemical stabilization with a particular focus on applications related to transportation infrastructure. Chemical stabilization advances ranging from stabilization design guidelines with incorporation of fundamental soil chemistry principles to novel chemical additives for future stabilization are covered. This paper focuses on chemical treatments of shallow to moderate subgrade depths for supporting transportation pavement infrastructure. A background summary of stabilization methods along with modifications to the current design practices is presented. This section is followed by a comprehensive experimental program on chemical treatments of expansive subsoils. Both clay mineralogy influence and durability issues are fully addressed. Stabilization leachate studies and their implication in relation to real field performance are also addressed. The final outcome of this research is a more comprehensive stabilization methodology that addresses soil types and performance based testing methodologies. The last two sections cover a brief summary of new treatments of immense interest to addressing sustainable elements in ground improvement practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2016 16:45:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1439817</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Recycling Agents on the Laboratory Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Shingles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1338813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) as a partial replacement for aggregates and petroleum-based virgin asphalt cement binder has gained interest; however, many state departments of transportation are still cautious about adopting high RAS content in their designs because of construction concerns and durability issues. The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing RAS with and without recycling agents. The study used postconsumer waste shingles. Five 12.5-mm asphalt mixtures were designed to meet Superpave® design criteria, with three of the five mixtures containing no recycling agents and two mixtures containing recycling agents (a naphthenic and a vegetable oil). Laboratory testing evaluated rutting performance, moisture susceptibility, fracture resistance, and the critical cracking temperature of laboratory produced mixtures. The testing used the Hamburg loaded-wheel tester, the semicircular bending test, and the thermal stress restrained specimen test in addition to the dynamic modulus test. The results from the experimental program indicated that asphalt mixtures containing 5% RAS without recycling agents had similar performance compared with the control asphalt mixture containing no RAS at high, intermediate, and low temperatures. The inclusion of RAS with and without recycling agents showed an improvement in rutting performance with no adverse effect on moisture sensitivity compared with the control mixture without RAS. However, because the use of recycling agents increased the recycled binder ratio, the intermediate- and low-temperature performances of the mixture were adversely affected.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Apr 2016 10:58:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1338813</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weibull Model for Rutting Prediction of Warm-Mix Asphalt Agents: Using Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Device Results</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study used a Hamburg wheel-tracking device in hot-mix asphalt–warm-mix asphalt (HMA-WMA) with different WMA agents to analyze the rutting behavior of asphalt concrete. Five mixtures were collected in New Mexico with the same mixture design. Mixtures differed only in the additive technology. Foaming, chemical, and organic agents were compared with a WMA mixture with modified polymer and a HMA control mixture. Application of the Weibull failure rate function to predict rutting for different WMA agents was developed. Good rutting results were observed when the organic agent was tested compared with other WMA agents. The use of a polymer-modified binder in the WMA mixture with the organic agent significantly decreased rutting. HMA and WMA with foaming had similar rutting behavior, and the mixture with the chemical agent experienced a different performance from that of previous mixtures. Fitted Weibull failure rate function showed good correlation to HMA-WMA mixtures when rutting depths were low, and no hint of stripping phase was observed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Feb 2016 16:01:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness and costs of odor repellents in wildlife–vehicle collisions: A case study in Central Bohemia, Czech Republic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1359116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article summarizes the results of the field tests, when the efficiency and financial costs of the chosen odor repellents to reduce mortality of animals on selected roads and railways in the Czech Republic during the years 2011–2013 were evaluated. The main objective was to determine whether by using repellents it is possible to reduce the number of animals killed and evaluate the return of financial costs that are associated with the application of the repellents. The authors' results showed that the odor repellents are an effective tool to reduce wildlife–vehicle collision (WVC), and thanks to their application it was possible to reduce the cost of damage to property and reduce the number of killed animals by comparing the years 2011 (without measure) and 2013 (2 years of repellent application) by 37% of the initial loss.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2015 15:46:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1359116</guid>
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