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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Expansion of Si-SARA method utilising non-specialised instruments for multi-factorial asphaltene precipitation analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Analysis of bitumen chemistry is challenging due to the need for specialised equipment and laboratory facilities. A relatively newer method called ‘Si-SARA’ is being utilised for extracting bitumen chemical fractions in small quantities (commonly known as SARA fractionation). Key elements of Si-SARA procedure are (i) Polarity-based precipitation and syringe-filter-based filtration of asphaltene, and (ii) using prepackaged silica cartridges for fractionation of maltene. Refinement of original ‘Si-SARA’ method is one of the objectives, obtained through using a novel, less-expensive, and robust setup. Key features of the modified ‘Si-SARA’ setup (called c-Si-SARA) is that the filtration of asphaltene, chromatographic elution of maltene, and drying of filtrated or eluted products are conducted in a single hermetically closed metallic vessel. The second objective is to optimise the asphaltene filtration process regarding dissolution time, temperature, and solvent as well as the use of reflux. The weights of SARA fractions from c-Si-SARA process are compared with Si-SARA results which show good agreement - confirming effectiveness of the process. It is also found that the asphaltene yield generally increases with time but can decrease due to prolonged dissolution. Dissolution at higher temperature, with or without reflux, has effect on dissolution rate but maximum yield of asphaltene is quite similar.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 2026 17:28:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated experimental evaluation and machine learning prediction of SARA fractions in rejuvenated RAP binders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary challenge in the application of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is the extreme aging of its binder, which is associated with increased stiffness and brittleness, hence constrained direct reuse in pavement applications. Traditional laboratory characterization of RAP binders, particularly saturates/aromatics/resins/asphaltenes (SARA) fractionation, is very time-consuming, labour-intensive and expensive. In this study, an effort was made to assess the influence of a commercial bio-based rejuvenator incorporated at 2%–10% by weight of RAP binder on the physical and chemical characteristics of the aged binder, with VG-40 as the control. Penetration, softening point, viscosity and PG grading tests and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and SARA analysis were carried out to measure the rejuvenation effect. Results validated that rejuvenator enhanced penetration and lowered viscosity, softening point and critical PG temperature, while FTIR indicated pronounced decreases in carbonyl and sulfoxide indices. SARA fractionation also indicated recovery of lighter fractions and diminishment in asphaltenes, demonstrating successful rejuvenation. To alleviate the shortcomings of experimental SARA analysis, machine learning models namely, random forest (RF), Gaussian process with Pearson VII kernel (GPR-PUK) and support vector machine with PUK kernel (SVR-PUK), were utilized to estimate SARA fractions based on physical properties and FTIR indices as inputs. A total of 21 datasets were analysed, with coefficients of variation below 5%, confirming measurement reproducibility. Among these, the RF model achieved the highest predictive accuracy (CC = 0.988, RMSE = 0.49, NSE = 0.93), demonstrating reliable estimation of SARA fractions within the tested range of rejuvenator dosages. These results confirm that the integrated experimental–machine learning approach can substantially reduce analysis time and cost while providing accurate chemical characterization of rejuvenated RAP binders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2026 16:32:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Evaluation Method to Quantify the Effect of Fuels and Lubricants on Gasoline Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A method to quantitatively evaluate the deposit effects of fuels and lubricants in various usage environments of direct-injection gasoline engines has been investigated. TG-DTA and Autoclave were selected as test methods that could simulate all the operating environments in the engine and calculate the deposit generation rate. The experimental test conditions that can quantitatively generate deposit for the selected evaluation method are reported.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Asphalt Emissions During Pavement Construction: A Comprehensive Review of Analytical Metrics, Methods, and Influencing Factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600583</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt emissions pose significant hazards to workers during road construction, potentially resulting in acute and tumorigenic health effects. The chemical composition of asphalt emissions is very complex and susceptible to various factors. Diverse analytical metrics and methods have been utilized across different aspects of asphalt emission research, including occupational health, carcinogenic effects, and environmental impact. This article presents a comprehensive summary of analytical metrics derived from prior studies on asphalt emissions, covering parameters such as total particulate matter (TPM), benzene soluble fraction (BSF), total organic matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). TPM and BSF are commonly measured for industrial hygiene purposes, while PACs or PAHs and VOCs are extensively analyzed because of their inherent toxicity and significant contribution to the carcinogenic effects of asphalt emissions. Furthermore, the paper conducts a thorough review of past testing methods for asphalt emissions, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches. In addition, it scrutinizes the factors influencing asphalt emissions. Overall, this paper offers valuable insights into the analysis of asphalt emissions and risks to human health during pavement construction, laying a foundation for future research in this critical area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 15:40:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600583</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Homogeneity of automotive paint system: Evaluation of chemical variability and degradation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2544141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive paint traces are common due to their ease of transfer during collisions between vehicles. These traces are frequently found in hit-and-run cases, and the use of databases can provide a list of potential makes, models, and years of production. It is well known that automotive paintwork is not homogeneous and can sometimes show variations in the number of layers (repairs, repaints), thickness and composition. Degradation due to external environmental conditions can also introduce differences in homogeneity within a vehicle. While it is generally known that a paint comparison sample should be taken in an area close to the damaged area, due to the heterogeneity of the paint application, the homogeneity of automotive paint over the entire body of a car is a subject that has received little attention in the literature. Therefore, the homogeneity of the paint system of eight vehicles was evaluated using microscopic examinations, spectroscopic analysis (infrared and Raman) and principal component analysis (PCA). Variability in the number and thickness of paint layers is observed in all of the different vehicles sampled. PCA of Raman and FTIR spectra reveals the presence of discrimination according to location, degradation and aftermarket refinishes. Degradation is evaluated by calculating the photo-oxidation index (POI). The results provide additional information when comparing references and paint traces taken from real cases and help to understand possible differences depending on the sampling location.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 2025 10:00:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2544141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on atmospheric components aging behavior of asphalt binders based on multi-scale analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To investigate the contribution of atmospheric components (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, noble gases) to the deterioration of asphalt binder properties, the atmospheric components aging tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests and atomic force microscope (AFM) tests were combined to reveal the multi-scale aging behavior of asphalt binders subjected to different atmospheric components. Firstly, the atmospheric components aging test was designed to obtain the aged asphalt binder samples under the conditions of pure nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and noble gases (helium), and to compare their macro morphological characteristics. Subsequently, the micro effects of different atmospheric components on asphalt binder were analyzed by asphalt SEM testing, and the evolution mechanism of its micro-morphology was revealed. Finally, the nano characteristics of aged asphalt binder with different atmospheric components were analyzed and compared by asphalt AFM testing, and the nano mechanism of surface interaction was explored. Results show that different atmospheric components have different effects on the aging behavior of asphalt binders, in which the contribution of oxygen is more obvious, while helium plays a delayed effect. The surface macro-morphology and micro-morphology can be mainly reflected in the morphology and distribution characteristics of fold structures and crack structures, and the nano-morphology can be mainly displayed in the "bee structure". The study lays a foundation for the research and development of anti-aging asphalt binder suitable for specific regional climate, and has certain theoretical and engineering research significance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558933</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Whole of life groundwater quality considerations for tunnel projects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563107</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Groundwater quality is typically a secondary consideration, after groundwater levels and inflow, in the design of tunnel structures and ancillary underground assets. Assessments with varying degrees of detail may be found in durability, contamination, and hydrogeological design reports. The findings from these assessments may not always be appropriately considered during the construction and operation stages of a tunnel project. This may in turn result in adverse durability outcomes relating to the tunnel structure as well as impacts on the environment. Water quality is a key consideration for durability as well as maintenance activities during the operational period. It is also important to understand, from a water quality perspective, the impact of a tunnel structure on the surrounding environment. The objective of this paper is to discuss the differences between groundwater quality characterisation during various project stages, particularly the operational stage. Key performance indicators that are useful for management of typical environmental and durability risks that may occur in the Sydney region are identified to ensure adverse impacts do not occur. This paper uses a case study from a tunnel in Sydney where a full geochemical groundwater assessment was undertaken to support the tunnel design and included analysis of metals, nutrients, hydrocarbons, salinity, and pH, which enabled a detailed hydrogeological classification across the project. The design assessment is then compared with assessments during construction and operation to examine if risks have been adequately managed throughout the various project stages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563107</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Complicated pollution characteristics (particulate matter, heavy metals, microplastics, VOCs) of spent lithium-ion battery recycling at an industrial level</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529543</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries has become a common concern of the whole society, with a large number of studies on recycling management and recycling technology, but there is relatively little study on the pollution release during the recycling process. Pollution will restrict the healthy development of the recycling industry, which makes relevant research very significant. This paper monitored and analyzed the battery recycling pretreatment process in a formal factory, and studied the pollution characteristics of particulate matter, heavy metals, and microplastics under different treatment stages. In addition, the release characteristics of VOCs during pyrolysis were also studied. When the green pretreatment process was used, PM₁₀ concentration in most processing units was below 100 μg/m³, indicating that the overall pollution prevention and control effect in the workshop is well-done. Particulate matter in workshop contained a large amount of metal components, mainly Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, etc. Microplastics were widely distributed in ground dust, and small-size microplastics are suspended in the air for a long time because of Brownian motion. Collecting ground dust and particulate matters is beneficial for controlling the emission of microplastics. During thermal treatment, Ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in the electrolyte would enter the atmosphere, and a large amount of short chain hydrocarbons released together, forming VOCs pollution. This study summarized distribution characteristics of different pollutants in a battery recycling factory. The basic pollution data provided are beneficial for improving the recycling technology of spent lithium-ion battery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Apr 2025 09:52:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529543</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fuels as contaminants in water : chemical content, odour thresholds, ecotoxicological data and evaporation of VOC:s to air</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oil spills, the most frequent environmental incidents in Sweden, have decreased in recent years but still pose risks to drinking water and aquatic ecosystems, with about 600 cases registered annually by the Swedish Fire Protection Association. Yet, detailed information about modern fuels and their environmental and human health impacts remains scarce. Hence, this study focuses on enhancing the understanding of the environmental impact of common fuels. This study collected thirty fuel samples of different types: petrol, diesel, fuel oil, and marine gas oil. A selected number of substances in the fuels and the water soluble phase were analysed using GC-MS. A crucial step in the analytical method in this project, since the focus was on the effect on sub-surface aquatic life and drinking water production, was to form a stable water-accommodated fraction (WAF) where non-dissolved fuel elements were separated from the water. Since odour properties were of interest, the mixing was extensive, with limited space allowed for gases, meaning that more volatile organic carbons (VOC:s) would be in solution. The chemical analysis focused on identifying and quantifying 50 substances, including aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, and esters, plus 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH:s) for eight of the samples. These substances were chosen for their significance in interpreting results related to odour and to illustrate the proportion of light and heavy substances in the fuels. Twelve of the thirty fuel samples were selected for odour threshold testing, where a dilution series from the WAF was used to evaluate the intensity of odours at different concentrations. Six samples were chosen for ecotoxicological assessments on crustaceans, algae, and bacteria, offering a comprehensive understanding of the ecotoxicity of the fuel-water mixtures. Four samples were used in tailor-made evaporation experiments to study how volatile fuel components evaporate from the water surface under different temperatures and ethanol concentrations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties of Soot from Laboratory
                    Tests and Heavy-Duty Engines Used in Field Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                Morphology, nanostructure, and composition of soot extracted from the oil sump of
                    different heavy-duty engines operated under dynamometer and field conditions
                    were investigated. Soot characteristics were then compared to a carbon black
                    sample. Soot was extracted from used oil for transmission electron microscopy
                    (TEM) analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron
                    spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were also performed to assess soot composition. Two
                    soot classes, I and II, can be identified based on their appearance under the
                    TEM. Carbon black and class I particles have graphitic structures, while class
                    II samples have a more sludge-like appearance. Similar aggregate sizes were
                    observed among the samples. In all samples, the primary particle size
                    distribution ranges from 16 nm to 22 nm in terms of mean diameter. Differences
                    in the length and tortuosity of the graphitic fringes between the samples were
                    observed. The findings suggest a greater degree of interaction between class II
                    samples and the lubricating oil, and consequently, a different wear behavior may
                    be expected depending on the specific soot characteristics.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 16:57:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Type IP Cement Supplementary Report 1: Investigation of Locally Available Natural Pozzolans</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A reconnaissance survey of potential sources of pozzolans within 100 miles of Rapid City resulted in the selection of 26 sites. Most of these sites are volcanic tuffs of shales. Pozzolanic activity index data show that the Pierre Shale, "fire clay" from the Lakota Formation and the Rockyford Ash are the most suitable. A detailed geologic description indicates that the most favorable units are volcanic ash beds typically mixed with fine-grained terrestrial sediments. Chemical analyses on 9 samples by ICP spectroscopy and the scanning electron microscope indicate that silica is high, ranging from 56 to 80%, and sodium and potassium are low. A mineralogical study by x-ray diffraction shows that the predominant minerals are quartz and clay. The Rockyford Ash surprisingly showed 50% of the zeolite mineral clinoptilolite. Expansion tests show that the Rockyford Ash, Lakota fire clay, and Pierre Shale have the most promising pozzolanic qualities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2025 12:27:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519071</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Type I (PM) Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) produces a major problem in concrete structures. This report presents an experimental investigation to identify a natural pozzolan and to determine the optimum quantity that can be blended with cement to produce a Type I (PM) cement for inhibiting the ASR. For comparative evaluation a Class F fly ash has also been investigated along with the pozzolans. Two methods, ASTM P214 and C227 were adopted for assessing the effectiveness of the pozzolans in controlling the ASR. Three percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% replacements of cement with fly ash were investigated. A total of 30 natural pozzolans were collected from the selected sites. Their chemical and mineralogical compositions and some physical properties, such as fineness and density, were determined. The strength activity test (ASTM C311) was used in eliminating the pozzolans that would adversely affect the strength of concrete. Based on this test, ten pozzolans were selected for detailed study. The ASR expansions measured using the ASTM P214 test method had shown that two pozzolans were more effective than the Class F fly ash in inhibiting the ASR expansion. This report also presents an extensive experimental investigation to evaluate the performance characteristics and physical properties of the selected natural pozzolan blended cements, cement mortars and cement concretes. There was no significant difference in the physical properties of pozzolan blended cements, cement mortars and cement concretes when compared with those of corresponding unblended cements, mortars and concretes. It is economically feasible to mine the selected pozzolans from the volcanic ash beds within the Lakota Formation. The most favorable deposit is located about 10 miles (16 km) from the cement plant at Rapid City.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2025 12:27:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation and mechanism investigation of aged SBS/chemically activated rubberized asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2479594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) has been confirmed to provide better anti-aging performance than conventional asphalt binders. However, the aging mechanism of CRMA is not well understood due to the heterogeneous components. In addition, the production methods of CRMA are evolving, which brings uncertainties to the aging performance of CRMA. To understand the aging mechanism and evaluate the aging performance of CRMA, wet process asphalt rubber (AR), chemically activated rubberized asphalt (CARA) and CARA containing styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modifier (CARA-SBS) were subjected to coupled aging treatments involving light, heat, and moisture. Additionally, base asphalt and SBS modified asphalt served as control binders. Extended coupled aging tests were also performed on CARA-SBS to analyze performance changes over aging time. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and micro-FTIR techniques were employed to explore the chemical changes in both macro and different micro-areas of CARA-SBS from a heterogeneous perspective and to assess their effects on performance. The results showed that the network structure formed by the crosslinking of sulfur, SBS, and rubber significantly enhanced the anti-aging properties of CARA-SBS. The performance deterioration of CARA-SBS was significantly lower than that of other asphalt binders. During prolonged aging, the most pronounced performance changes occurred in the early aging stage (0–4d), while the performance deterioration rate became slower in the later stages. Furthermore, different micro-areas of CARA-SBS experienced distinct chemical changes during coupled aging. The asphalt micro-area exhibited an increase in carbonyl and sulfoxide groups, indicating asphalt oxidation. The rubber micro-area showed growth in trans-olefins and conjugated olefins, suggesting rubber degradation. In the mutual micro-area, the growth of the 1100 cm⁻¹ peak with the extension of aging time indicated the release of fillers from the rubber into the asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 09:32:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2479594</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification of aging fingerprint of base asphalt by ATR-FTIR combined with chemometrics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2446920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) combined with chemometric analysis was used to classify and characterise aged asphalt. The full spectra of asphalt samples with 5 types at 6 aging states (30 samples) were determined using ATR-FTIR and the data matrix of the full spectra was analysed chemometrically. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) outcomes demonstrate that the asphalts of five oil sources are divided into three major categories. The samples of asphalt prior to and following aging with comparable oil sources are still grouped into one category. With up to 100% accuracy, one can discriminate between the asphalt samples from these three oil sources using Fisher's discriminant function based on PCA and HCA cluster analysis.This indicates that the aging characteristics of asphalt depend on the oil source, and the "genetic framework" of asphalt will not change with aging.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2024 09:47:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2446920</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Method for Quantifying the Cause of Carbon Deposit in Gasoline Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The carbon deposit in gasoline engines have various influences on engine performance and hinder long-term operation. They are generated from carbon in fuel oils and lubricating oils. It is important to classify the cause of carbon deposit broadly in research & development and investigate the countermeasures to reduce them at an early stage. In this study, the authors report on the development of a method to quantitatively indicate the specific causes in gasoline engines for all deposit that affect engine performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Nov 2024 09:41:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444740</guid>
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