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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>PROCEDURE IMPROVES LINE PIPE CHARPY TEST INTERPRETATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/482173</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test is a method of characterizing a line-pipe material's notch toughness and resistance to fracture growth. Although CVN testing of line pipe material is routine, test results are sometimes misinterpreted because of specimen size and load rate on actual toughness transition behavior. This procedure is useful when the toughness transition curve is incomplete or nonexistent. Toughness data may be incomplete because the API 5L toughness test establishes minimum performance at a single temperature, which does not reveal the full transition curve. The method described here has been used successfully to solve problems encountered by several pipeline operators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Apr 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/482173</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF METALLURGICAL VARIABLES IN SHIP-PLATE STEELS ON THE TRANSITION TEMPERTURES IN THE DROP-WEIGHT AND CHARPY V-NOTCH TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Twenty-nine heats were produced and processed in the laboratory in order to study the effects of composition and ferrite grain size on drop-weight transition temperatures.  To provide an internal check and to permit comparisons with other investigations, parallel studies were made on V-Notch Charpy specimens.  The experimental steels covered the following ranges in composition: 0.10/0.32% carbon, 0.30/1.31% manganese, 0.02/0.43% silicon, and nil/0.136% acid soluble aluminum.  These ranges were intentionally wider than the limits permitted for ship plate.  Although most of the data were obtained on hot-rolled samples, some plates were heat-treated in order to cover a wider range in ferrite grain size.  The experimental data were used for a multiple correlation analysis conducted with the aid of an electronic computer. The study showed that carbon raises and manganese, silicon, aluminum and finer ferrite grain sizes lower both drop-weight and Charpy transition temperatures. Quantitatively, variations in composition and grain size have a more marked effect on V Charpy transition temperatures than on the drop-weight transition temperature. Useful correlations were found between transition temperatures in drop-weight tests and those defined by seven different criteria for Charpy tests.  Evidence was accumulated that conditions ordinarily used for drop-weight tests are more severe for 1-1/4-in. thick plate than for 5/8-to 1-in. thick plate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 May 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NOTCH TOUGHNESS VARIABILITY IN BRIDGE STEEL PLATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/385041</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the results of an experimental study of the variability of Charpy V Notch (CVN) fracture toughness in steel plates typically used in steel bridge fabrication.  Forty-four plates from four domestic suppliers were tested.  The tested plates were purchased as fracture-critical material for temperature Zone 3.  One-, two-, and four-inch plate was tested of ASTM A572 and A588.  The plates were sampled along their length, width, and thickness.  The CVN test results were analyzed statistically to determine if location within the plate was significant with respect to toughness and the overall variability of the plate.  The results indicated a significant influence of location in many of the plates.  The overall variability of the as-rolled plates was quite large and some plates exhibited pronounced systematic end-to-end and side-to-side variability.  The normalized plates had much less variation in toughness.  A statistically based specification was developed that accounts for the variability of the CVN tests. The specification requires testing at both ends of plates supplied in the as-rolled condition.  Normalized plates, due to their lower variability, are required to be tested at only one end.  The minimum energy level of a single specimen was increased to reduce the probability of accepting plates with large variability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/385041</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WELDABILITY AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF 5% NI STEEL PART 2: WIDE PLATE TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the results of wide plate tensile tests on 25 mm thick welded 5% Ni steel plates in double normalized and tempered condition.  The test specimens were welded using the manual metal arc process with either a modified austenitic stainless steel electrode of a Ni-alloy electrode, or using the semiautomatic MIG-process with a Ni-alloy wire.  The base metal and welded test specimens containing 6 to 30 mm long through-thickness notches were tested at temperatures ranging from -90 deg to -165 deg C.  The test results indicate that welded 5% Ni-steel components can safely be used in the temperature range of -90 deg C to -165 deg C, whereby the lowest application temperature depends on the choice of the consumable.  Indeed, a higher fracture toughness is obtained for specimens welded with Ni-alloy consumable than for specimens welded with a modified austenitic stainless steel consumable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167374</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF CARBON AND MANGANESE ON THE PROPERTIES OF SEMIKILLED HOT-ROLLED STEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The performance of welded structures is closely associated with the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of the steel from which they are made.  A low transition temperature is desirable because it indicates that the steel is less likley to fail suddenly at low ambient temperatures.  Structures such as bridges, ships, storage tanks, and pipelines are usually made from hot rolled semikilled steel.  Changes in rolling practice or chemical composition appear to be the most practical methods for improving the toughness of such materials. This results from the fact that production is likely to be seriously curtailed if improvements were obtained by recourse to heat treatment or complete deoxidation. This paper discusses the effect of variations in carbon and manganese contents on the properties of semikilled steels.  The transition temperature, a property to which considerable importance is attached, varies with specimen configuration, testing method, and criterion of performance. Both the Navy tear test and the keyhole Charpy test were used in the investigation.  According to the terms used by Vanderbeck and Gensamer, the tear test was used to measure a fracture transition and the Charpy test to measure a ductility transition.  In either case the specimens absorb considerably less breaking energy in tests below the transition temperature than in tests above the transition temperature.  Decreasing the testing temperature of notched-bar specimens seems to be equivalent in its effect to increasing the severity of loading on fabricated structures.  Therefore, structures built from steels exhibiting lower transition temperatures in laboratory tests are expected to be less susceptible to sudden brittle fractures in service.  Consequently, changes in composition which lowered the transition temperature of the experimental steels were judged desirable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORRELATION OF LABORATORY TESTS WITH FULL SCALE SHIP PLATE FRACTURE TESTS: SLOW NOTCH BEND TEST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/163876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present progress report is essentially a continuation of that released March 19, 1947.  The objective and outline of work were indicated in that place; the former consisting in the development of a test capable of conduction in the laboratory and which would correlate closely with the large plate test results which were obtained at the University of California and at the University of Illinois.  The latter consisting in part in the examination of the Charpy test in the prescribed manner to ascertain if in this test the desired correlation could be obtained.  Close correlation was not obtained in this test.  In order to obtain the desired correlation, a slow-bend notched-bar test was developed and it is with the results of slow bend testing that this report is concerned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/163876</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORRELATION OF LABORATORY TESTS WITH FULL SCALE SHIP PLATE FRACTURE TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/163877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Initially, standard Charpy impact tests were made on all of the steels and the results compared with those for the 72 inch wide plate tests.  The comparisons showed that no direct correlation existed between these two widely differing types of notched specimen tests.  One of the striking inadequacies of the impact test was the failure to show a difference between steels A and C, a difference which was most pronounced in the 72 inch wide plate tests. Separation of steels A and C to some extent, and in the right direction, was achieved by the use of prestrained Charpy keyhole-notch test bars, but the overall results did not warrant the further use of this test, as the temperatures of tough to brittle transition were too low to use direct correlation procedures.  Because of this, a program was initiated in which the effects of specimen size, geometry, and testing velocity on the temperature of transition from tough to brittle behavior were investigated.  The results of slow bend testing (at 1 inch per minute) of standard V-notch Charpy impact bars did not separate Steels A and C.  The transition temperatures for these two steels were appreciably lowered however, as compared to those obtained from the impact test, and fell in the range of temperatures observed for the large plate test results.  An increase in the specimen size to 0.788 inches high x .394 inches wide gave transition temperatures for most of the steels tested which were 10 deg to 20 deg F below those for the 72 inch wide plate tests.  Finally, specimens were prepared which were full plate thickness in width and 0.788 inches in height.  The tough to brittle transition, as measured by energy absorption values, occurred for these specimens at temperatures which agreed fairly well with the transition ranges for the 72 inch wide plates.  Specimens of this type, when tested across a 40 millimeter span, had the disadvantage of not breaking completely.  By drilling the compression zone from the specimen and using a hardened steel pin on which to apply the load, as described by Schnadt, it was possible to circumvent this difficulty.  The present report is confined to the outline of experiments with this "Schnadt type" specimen and the results pertaining to those experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/163877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REPRODUCIBILITY OF KEYHOLE CHARPY AND TEAR TEST DATA ON LABORATORY HEATS OF SEMIKILLED STEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Eighteen heats of semikilled steel were made, processed to 3/4-in. plates, and tested in the laboratory.  Analytical and mechanical test data showed that good reproducibility was obtained on replicate heats.  Two types of semikilled steel were used for the investigation.  Standard keyhole Charpy specimens and Navy tear-test specimens were tested to determine the transition temperature separating ductile and brittle fracture.  The probability of brittle fracture was not the same for the two types of steel in tests at their transition temperatures, as customarily defined.  The difference was small in Charpy tests but significant in tear tests.  It is concluded that notched-bar transition temperatures should be defined on the basis of a fixed probability of brittle fracture.  This practice uses the data more efficiently and is more discriminating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF SILICON AND ALUMINUM ON THE PROPERTIES OF HOT-ROLLED STEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Killed steels are known to have lower transition temperatures than semikilled steels.  It is believed that the better qualities of killed steels in this respect are due mainly to the low oxygen contents of the steel.  The principal deoxidizers, aluminum, silicon, and manganese, lower the oxygen content.  Fundamental studies have shown that the oxygen content remaining after the addition of one of these three elements is influenced by the residual amounts of the other two present.  In the current study, therefore, various amounts of silicon and aluminum were added to steels containing different manganese contents for the purpose of studying the influence of silicon and aluminum on the notched-bar properties of hot-rolled steels. Eleven types of steels were studied of the nominal compositions.  Both the Navy tear test and the keyhole Charpy test were used in this investigation.  The temperature at which the plates were finish rolled was carefully controlled at 1850 F, and all plates were rolled to 3/4-in. thickness, followed by testing in the as-rolled condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH PURITY FE-C ALLOYS AT LOW TEMPERATURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results of the second phase of an investigation on several high-purity, low-carbon irons in the alpha region of the Fe-C diagram which was made in an attempt to correlate brittle behavior, as defined by the Charpy V-notch transition temperature, with yield-point and fracture data from uniaxial tension tests are summarized in this report. All of the alloys tested showed a sharp rise in impact transition temperature corresponding to the precipitation of Fe Sub 3 C. The data also indicate that ferrites with veining have higher transition temperatures than those without veining as quenched from the alpha or unsaturated region.  Two of the alloys show a decrease in the transition temperature of the ferritic structures as saturation is approached.  Two hypotheses are advanced to explain this: 1) as the temperature is lowered in the alpha region, the concentration of carbon atoms at grain boundaries increases, and 2) carbon segregates at sub-grain as well as at primary boundaries and in some way "strengthens" the sub-grain boundaries so that they assume more of the properties of high-angle grain boundaries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164077</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NOTCH-TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF ABS SHIP PLATE STEELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project is concerned with a survey of the notch-toughness properties and other characteristics of mild steel ship plate as procured by various commercial shipyards for new merchant ship construction under the American Bureau of Shipping Rules.  The over-all objective is to determine the extent to which present-day ship plate steels have been improved, based principally upon a comparison of their Charpy V-notch properties with those established at the National Bureau of Standards on plates from fractured World War II ships.  Samples of Classes A, B, and C plates are being furnished on a continuous basis by the U. S. Coast Guard and represent scrap material remaining from plates used in new ship construction. Information relative to the background history of the samples is meager.  To date, 32 Class A, 80 Class B, and 16 Class C plate samples (total 128) have been received. On each sample, the Material Laboratory determined the chemical composition (C, Mn, Si, Al), ferrite and McQuaid-Ehn grain sizes, static tensile properties, notch-toughness properties as evaluated by Navy tear tests at selected temperatures, and Charpy V-notch and keyhole-notch transition temperatures.  This progress report presents data obtained on 8 Class A, 44 Class B, and 8 Class C samples (total 60).  On the basis of comparison of the 15 ft-lb Charpy V-notch transition temperatures with those established by the National Bureau of Standards, the preliminary findings indicate that the notch-toughness properties of ABS ship plate of current manufacturer are considerably better than those of plate made during World War II.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE RELATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE TO THE CHARPY IMPACT AND LOW-TEMPERATURE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF TWO SHIP STEELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164340</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the influence of the microstructural features on the brittle behavior of two ship plates, one a semikilled steel (ABS Class B) and the other a rimming steel (project steel E).  The ferrite-pearlite aggregates were varied systematically by means of annealing and normalizing treatments, and correlations were obtained between the brittle behavior and several accurately measured microstructural parameters.  Part I is concerned with observations on polished specimens after deformation in tension and slow-bend tests at -195 deg C, as well as at room temperature, to assess the role of twinning and to study the morphology of slip and brittle fracture.  Part II describes the quantitative influence of microstructural variables on the Charpy V-notch transition temperature. Part III reports on measurements of deformation prior to brittle fracture in tension specimens at -195 deg C and considers the effect of the microstructure on the tensile properties in the brittle range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164340</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FRACTURE APPEARANCE OF IMPACT SPECIMENS TAKEN FROM FRACTURED SHIP PLATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several thousand broken V-notch Charpy specimens from service failures were studied to determine the relation between fracture appearance and impact energy of steel from fractured ships.  It was found that the 50% fibrous fracture criterion was as effective as the Charpy V-notch 15 ft-lb criterion as a means of discriminating between plate that contained the source or the terminus of the fracture, or if the plate permitted a fracture to run through it.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF FERRITE BANDING ON THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The object of this investigation was to compare the Charpy properties of a severely banded ferrite-pearlite structure with those of a random ferrite-pearlite distribution. Both types of specimens could be prepared from the same material by applying suitable homogenizing treatments to an initially banded steel.  Some observations on the nature of the banding are described.  The Charpy properties at the lower end of the testing-temperature range are not appreciably affected by the degree of ferrite banding, by the direction of the specimen axis, or by the orientation of the notch.  However, in the higher temperature range, the random structure exhibits a higher energy absorption than does the banded structure and, in both cases, the Charpy values depend strongly on the orientation of both the specimen and the notch.  Evidence was obtained to suggest that the fracture appearance is not sensitive to specimen orientation even in a severely banded steel, although notch orientation is a factor.  No preferred crystallographic orientation of the ferrite was found in any of the specimens.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164479</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF HOT-ROLLING CONDITIONS ON BRITTLE FRACTURE IN STEEL PLATE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Steel plates processed according to a conventional and controlled (low finishing temperature) rolling practice were studied to establish reasons for a superior notch toughness in the controlled-rolled product.  The lower transition temperature (Charpy V-notch 15 ft-lb) in plates investigated is derived largely from a smaller ferrite grain size. Experimental evidence was also obtained to indicate that a part of the improvement results from a microfissuring in the plane of the plate at the notch root, with the effect that stress triaxiality is relieved and transition temperature depressed.  The origin of the flaws responsible for the fissures was not determined with certainty, but there was good indication that they were simply inclusions in a fiber structure too fine in scale for observation with normal metallographic techniques.  The criteria presented for microfissuring were: (1) a flaw structure dispersed on a scale no greater than the size of the plastic volume from which the brittle crack originated; (2) a ratio of the critical fracture stress in thickness (Z) to rolling (R) direction no greater than about 1/2.  The necessary fracturing anisotropy was favored by more intense fibering (lower sigma sub Z) and finer grain size (higher sigma sub R).  The criteria were most nearly satisfied by controlled-rolled plate.  Correlations between sigma sub Z and visible inclusion content showed the decrease in sigma sub Z to be paralleled by more elongated inclusions, as if visible changes are indicative of changes in the fine-scale fiber structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164490</guid>
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