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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>A Cognitive Study on Community Perception of Speed Bumps at Urban Dwellings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671915</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reduced speed zones and infrastructural modifications are carried out to lessen accidents and increase user mobility in areas with large pedestrian traffic. These measures may have the opposite impact in case of faulty design or improper location. Recently, vandalism of speed bumps was noticed on the streets of Chandigarh city, where either the public or the concerned authority had partially removed them. This study examines road users’ behavioral aspects regarding community perception towards traffic calming and identifies the key factors influencing their credibility and compliance. An online questionnaire was distributed among the road users of Tier-1 and Tier-2 cities of northern India, wherein 303 valid responses were analysed. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (SCFA) were employed to prove the hypothesized model. The analysis revealed that familiarity, need, and comfort with these measures significantly contribute to the credibility and lead to a positive perception by the road user. In contrast, compliance was affected by factors such as traffic congestion, sudden speed reduction, and unrecognizable signage on traffic-calmed streets, which incorporated a negative perception. By considering the community’s perception, policymakers can improve the effectiveness of speed-reducing measures that meet the requirements of all road users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:16:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671915</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An analysis of the important factors that influence the NMT adaptability in New Delhi and Chandigarh</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the key factors that influence the implementation of NMT [non-motorized transport] in the urban areas of Delhi and Chandigarh. The study estimates the acceptability index of NMT among commuters in New Delhi and Chandigarh, based on specific variables identified through a literature review. The acceptability levels for NMT usage are highly sensitive to variations in local demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, education status, and the availability of public transport infrastructure. The analysis shows that, apart from unique demographic variables, past city governance models under successive governments also play a pivotal role in shaping commuters’ modal choices. Exploratory Factor Analysis is also used to identify key factors in the successful implementation of NMT projects. The identified factors are Planning, Infrastructure, Convenience, Environment, and Attractiveness based on the commuters’ responses from the two cities. The paper discusses in detail the significance of the variables loaded under each factor, which may help transport planners effectuate a voluntary and renewed emphasis on NMT among urban commuters and pave the way for sustainable transportation alternatives in the urban hotspots of modern cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 14:31:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644893</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Estimate of Bus Passengers Ridership due to Modernization of Bus System through Intelligent
Transport System in Chandigarh under Different Scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mode choice analysis plays a vital role in any transport improvement program. This present study is aimed at estimating the mode choice model of commuters in Chandigarh city with a view to promoting and improving public transport system along with the accomplishment of modernization of bus service operation supported with intelligent transport system. The study uses the stated preference survey to estimate the change in modal split in favour of bus operation. In this research about 401 commuter samples were collected through workplace survey. Along with this study, an attempt was also made to demonstrate the effort made towards planning and execution of modernization of bus operation which was driven by the application of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). In order to appreciate the functioning of the improvement of bus operation plan, a system architecture is also explained. It is expected that the study may be useful for the transport authority to take appropriate decision with respect to policy making and formulation of further strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2025 11:31:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601456</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effects of perceived safety gain, satisfaction, and benefits on autonomous vehicle preferences for long-distance discretionary trips in India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fully autonomous vehicles (FAVs) can have a significant impact on the travel demand for long-distance discretionary travel. With its diverse culture and weather, and numerous tourist destinations, India has a huge potential for long-distance discretionary travel (LDDT). The current study models the respondent’s willingness to travel more and longer for long-distance discretionary trips in FAVs. Integrated Choice Latent Variable (ICLV) models that incorporate psychological constructs are used for estimation. Structural equations that capture the mediating effect of perceived satisfaction on the causal relationship between perceived benefits and willingness are formulated. Consistent with ambiguity aversion and familiarity effect theory, a novel predictor that represents the relative safety perception of FAVs compared with partial autonomous vehicles (PAVs) is introduced in the utility function of the choice model. The data for empirical analysis were obtained from the city of Chandigarh, India. The results elicited a strong indirect effect for perceived benefits on the decision of an individual to travel more and longer in FAVs with perceived satisfaction acting as the mediator variable. Supportive infrastructure, and a clear and well-defined cyber security framework improved the willingness among people to use FAVs for long-distance travel. From an equity perspective, FAVs were found to enhance the mobility of transport disadvantaged groups which included females and older adults.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 08:48:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Defining the role of mobility as a service – A discrete choice framework incorporating missing data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an emerging concept that integrates various sustainable and shared modes using a digital interface. Currently, it is promoted as an option that encourages shift from private vehicles. Its preference among private vehicle non-users is unexplored. The current study models the willingness of individuals to choose a MaaS package consisting of Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS), bus and shared bicycle options in the city of Chandigarh, India using an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) framework. It addresses the issue of missing income, in the data collected, by assuming the income variable to be latent in the ICLV model. The structural and measurement equations of the latent income variable are specified using novel error formulations having either normal or lognormal distributions. Among the models estimated, multiplicative models with lognormal error distribution in the structural and measurement equations were observed to result in a better fit than the conventional model with normal error distributions in both structural and measurement equations. Across models, income and environmental consciousness were found to significantly increase the preference for MaaS. Further, our results highlighted a need for improving the quality of existing shared modes and public transport that are included in the MaaS subscription. The preference for MaaS among low-income respondents, and females, who do not have a driving license, indicated that MaaS can be considered as an option to address the issue of transportation inequity, especially for people having low chances of owning a private vehicle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2025 08:25:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Walkability in planned urban environments: Evaluating policy and planning gaps – A case study of Chandigarh</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Walking is one of the easiest ways to promote better health, sustainability, and safe city environments. Le Corbusier conceived Chandigarh as a “model city,” emphasizing greens, neighborhood planning, functional zoning, and traffic separation. This initially created an equitable, walkable environment in the city. However, today, this “ideal” planned city is car-dominated, making pedestrian movement challenging and unsafe along its roads. This study explores why Chandigarh suffers from poor walkability. Nine sectors, including Sector 17 (the Central Business District), are chosen as the study area. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, using a photographic survey to document pedestrian infrastructure and surveying 209 regular walkers to identify key challenges. The findings prioritize issues, while a policy review assesses their alignment with Chandigarh's planning framework. The study identifies significant obstacles to walkability, such as obstructed zebra crossings, street harassment, poorly maintained sidewalks (footpath), single-use zoning with scattered services, fear of crime, and limited crossing time intervals, as well as discontinuous and obstructed sidewalks (footpaths) with poorly marked zebra crossings. Despite its original vision of a “model” city, Chandigarh has transformed into a car-centric environment that discourages walking. This case study highlights the gap between planning ideals and urban realities, demonstrating how even a purpose-built planned city can fail to meet its fundamental goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Aug 2025 15:00:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573293</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Exploring the factors affecting bike sharing usage in developing countries: a case study on Chandigarh, India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2458842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bike-sharing is one of the world’s fastest-growing new modes of transportation, with new schemes appearing on a regular basis. This paper examines the usage trends in a bike-sharing scheme operating in Chandigarh since 2020. While many studies have been conducted on how bike-sharing schemes are changing mobility in cities worldwide, particularly in developed countries, few have examined the dynamics of these schemes in cities in developing countries like India. One of the reasons for looking at a city like Chandigarh is to see if medium and smaller cities in developing countries benefit from bikesharing schemes and if bike-sharing schemes can play a prominent role in these cities. The study conducted an exploratory analysis using app data to examine the impact of factors such as temporal, weather, travel characteristics, and bike type (conventional or E-bike) on bike share usage in the city. Some of the research findings on the impact of various factors on bicycle ride durations (short, medium, and long) can assist other cities in developing countries in planning new bike station networks. Furthermore, analysing mode selection (conventional and E-bike) in bike share provides insights into user preferences and how various influencing factors influence their mode choice behaviour in similar cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2024 11:59:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2458842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Incident Management System for Efficient Usage of Transportation Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Various agencies are investing a tremendous amount of budget in improving roadway conditions; however, congestion problems are not solved. For the highway congestion challenges, merely expanding the capacity of the roadway segment is not an efficient solution because highway congestion is not just a problem of reoccurring “rush hour” delays in urban areas. Non-recurring type congestion, triggered by incidents like accidents, disabled vehicles, severe weather, work zones, special events, and other temporary interruptions to the highway transportation system, also has a significant share. Hence, there is a need to develop Traffic Incident Management systems to control these non-recurring congestions to use available transportation infrastructure efficiently. In the present study, the incident management system is developed to manage the incidents on Madhya Marg (Chandigarh) employing Ant System Algorithm and Blackboard Architecture. Travel time data required for the development of the incident management system is obtained by conducting a speed and delay study by the floating method. The journey time is classified into peak/off-peak/normal flow time based on the results of the traffic volume study. The current study develops a diversion equation also to anticipate the traffic diverted if route diversion information is available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 09:03:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407319</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pedestrian Level of Service of Un-signalised Intersections Using an Integrated Approach of Pedestrian-Risk-Perception Survey and Structural Equation Modelling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113455</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrian’s wide choice of freedom in crossing manoeuvres and traffic complexity at un-signalised intersection crosswalks deems it very difficult to develop the standards for the evaluation of Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS). To achieve the desired objective, 15 un-signalised crosswalks of Chandigarh city, India, has been studied using a questionnaire survey (pedestrian-risk-perception survey based on 5-point Likert Scale). Initially, EFA extracts four constructs from the statements namely ACCESSIBILITY, COMFORT, SAFETY and LOS which together contributes to 77.24% of total variance as confirmed by CFA model. Moreover, gender (p = 0.049) and age (p = 0.018) significantly associate with the mean perceived LOS score. Further, SEM assesses and predicts the impact of constructs (Accessibility, Comfort, and Safety) on the perceived PLOS with 93.3% accuracy. The authors thereby recommend taking up proactive measures such as making crosswalk accessible for all users and promote awareness about safety regarding traffic rules and regulations at the un-signalised crosswalks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:20:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113455</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A meta-heuristic-based energy efficient route modeling for EVs integrating start/stop and recapturing energy effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2104894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has recently sparked exponentially on account of curbing carbon emissions and paucity of fuel resources. No doubt, these vehicles are ecologically sustainable and move smoothly at a moderate speed that is economical on fuel, but their limited range due to the battery reserve demands an efficient use of energy resources. An immediate solution to overcome this problem lies in regulating the EV route, with optimum energy usage. Thus, this study presents a mathematical model that accounts for vehicle energy consumption with the vehicle’s start/stop energy expenditure. To achieve the objective of maximizing the energy-efficiency, it also introduces Amplified-ACO (A²CO), a routing algorithm based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) principles that make use of the probabilistic selection model (DS² relies on Distance, Speed, and State-of-Charge). This study simulates the proposed model over the real-time map of Chandigarh (India) and provides a comparative study against some of the nature-inspired meta-heuristic approaches such as classical ACO and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed model justifies its significance under various parameters, viz. energy consumption, travel time, total travel distance, and remaining SoC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:20:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2104894</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of two-wheeler proportion on passenger car units at roundabout in Indian urban scenario</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2055972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study focuses on modeling roundabout in heterogeneous condition and understanding the effect of change in two-wheeler composition on the entry capacity using microscopic simulation technique. A four-legged roundabout of 25m diameter, located in the city of Chandigarh, India was considered as the study area. As Indian traffic flow is highly heterogeneous due to the presence of vehicles with varying physical and operational characteristics, each vehicle modelled separately in PTV VISSIM. Model calibrations were performed using speed distributions, conflict areas, priority rules, and driving behavior parameters. Comparison with the field data obtained from the study roundabout (indicates the applicability of the developed simulation model in assessing the hypothetical scenarios. Study results indicate that the passenger car units (PCU) values remain steady under varying compositions of two-wheelers in the traffic stream. In addition, the effect of two-wheeler proportion on roundabout capacity is insignificant in the study area. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2022 11:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2055972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling the pedestrian speed at signalised intersection crosswalks for heterogeneous traffic conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrian crossing speed is the key element in the design of pedestrian facilities. It depends on various attributes related to road, traffic and pedestrians. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the variation, examine the influencing factors and formulate a model for the pedestrian crossing speed at signalised intersection crosswalks. The data have been collected using video graphic technique at 16 signalised crosswalks of the Chandigarh city. The findings reveal that a 15th percentile crossing speed (1.11-1.31 m/s) exceeds the design crossing speed of 0.95 m/s. It is also higher than the crossing speed of 1.2 m/s, usually being prescribed and adopted in the developed countries. The statistical analysis indicates no significant difference in the percentile crossing speeds between males and females. However, the variation exists among different age groups, group sizes, and crossing patterns. The correlation analysis depicts that the pedestrian crossing speed has significant negative correlation with the crosswalk width, the crosswalk length, the width of the pedestrian island, the classification of road, average traffic flow and average pedestrian delay, whereas the availability of separate bicycle paths at intersections is positively correlated. Furthermore, the stepwise regression model with 70.1 percent accuracy reveals that the crosswalk width, the width of the pedestrian island and the average pedestrian delay play a predominant role in determining the pedestrian crossing speed. The authors propose the usage of the developed model for setting out the standards for the appropriate design crossing speed for different crosswalks having similar geometric and traffic conditions as that of the study area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2020 16:39:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686362</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Proactive Approach for Pedestrian Safety Evaluation Using Choice Model for Unprotected Mid-Block Crossings under Mixed Traffic Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1633211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When it comes to road traffic crashes, pedestrians are among the top road users at-risk, especially in developing countries with highly heterogeneous traffic. With a high percentage of pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities in India, most of these occur at mid-block locations, with a large percent related to road crossing. In order to address this issue, it is necessary to understand the nature of pedestrian crossing behavior, as well as pedestrian-vehicular interaction. Various modeling techniques were undertaken to identify factors contributing to driver yield behavior, which is a significant safety factor for pedestrians at unsignalized/mid-block crossings. Videographic data was collected in Delhi, Chandigarh, Mumbai, Surat and Ahmedabad to determine roadway width, and surveys were undertaken for pedestrian and vehicular flow at unprotected mid-block crossings. Choice models were calibrated and validated. An elasticity analysis showed that traffic gap size was the biggest determinant in pedestrian decision to safely cross the road.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jul 2019 13:49:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1633211</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of GHG Mitigation and CDM Technology in Urban Transport Sector of Chandigarh, India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1582330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increase in number of vehicles in metropolitan cities has resulted in increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in urban environment. In this study, emission load of GHGs (CO, ABO, CO2) from Chandigarh road transport sector has been estimated using Vehicular Air Pollution Inventory (VAPI) model, which uses emission factors prevalent in Indian cities. Contribution of 2-wheelers (2-w), 3-wheelers (3-w), cars, buses, and heavy commercial vehicles (HCVs) to CO, ABO, CO2, and total GHG emissions was calculated. Potential for GHG mitigation through clean development mechanism (CDM) in transport sector of Chandigarh under two scenarios, i.e., business as usual (BAU) and best estimate scenario (BES) using VAPI model, has been explored. A major contribution of GHG load (~ 50%) in Chandigarh was from four-wheelers until 2011; however, it shows a declining trend after 2011 until 2020. The estimated GHG emission from motor vehicles in Chandigarh has increased more than two times from 1065 Gg in 2005 to 2486 Gg by 2011 and is expected to increase to 4014 Gg by 2020 under BAU scenario. Under BES scenario, 30% of private transport has been transformed to public transport; GHG load was possibly reduced by 520 Gg. An increase of 173 Gg in GHGs load is projected from additional scenario (ADS) in Chandigarh city if all the diesel buses are transformed to CNG buses by 2020. Current study also offers potential for other cities to plan better GHG reduction strategies in transport sector to reduce their climate change impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 10:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1582330</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kriging based saturation flow models for traffic conditions in Indian cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1568451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Saturation flow is crucial for designing the signal cycle and the corresponding green phase at an intersection. Therefore, it is important to compute saturation flow with a higher order of accuracy. Highway capacity manual (HCM) has provided a saturation flow model for homogeneous traffic condition with strict lane discipline. However, traffic in many parts of the world is highly heterogeneous and hence, it is necessary to develop saturation flow models for such situations. To this end, this paper presents saturation flow models for heterogeneous traffic conditions. To be specific, four saturation flow models based on Kriging variants have been proposed. Unlike available saturation flow models, the proposed models consider the effect of both geometric and traffic characteristics. Field data from fifteen intersections located in five different cities of India – Delhi, Patiala, Chandigarh, Mumbai and Panchkula – are used for developing and validating the models. Results obtained using the proposed models have been compared with other saturation flow models available in the literature. It is observed that the proposed models yield superior results outperforming existing saturation flow models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2018 11:19:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1568451</guid>
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