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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>CHILD PEDESTRIANS' CROSSING GAP THRESHOLDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three gender-balanced groups of 16 school children (5-6 years, 8-9 years, 11-12 years) participated in individual pretests of vision, hearing, and time to walk across a 12-m (39 ft) wide urban street and back.  Each child then completed 10 roadside trials requiring judgement of the threshold point at which they would no longer cross in front of traffic approaching from their right.  The judgements were made from a site immediately in front of a parked car at a point 2 m (6 ft) from the curb and 4 m (12 ft) from the center of the road.  Traffic speeds and distances were measured using a laser speed and distance detector.  The results indicated that, overall, distance gap threshold remained constant regardless of vehicle approach speeds.  Analysis of the thresholds for distance gap judgements for the 4-m (12 ft) half street crossing showed that some of the older children  could be expected to make safe decisions, but this was not so for the 5-6- and 8-9-year olds at vehicle approach speeds above 60 kph (37 mph).  Almost 2/3 of the children reported using distance to judge gaps, which proved the least adequate strategy in terms of proportion of resultant safe decisions.  The findings are discussed in relation to developing effective child pedestrian safety strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487470</guid>
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      <title>MARITIME SAFETY '97 (SYMPOSIUM). HELD IN ESPOO, FINLAND ON MARCH 19, 1997</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/484325</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Contents: Casualty Investigation and Statistics; Assessment of Risks in Sea Transports by the Systematic Methods of Risk Analysis; Fire Resistant Engine Room; Human Factors in the Bridge Environment; Ship Navigation and Telematics - Transport Trials in Finnish VTSs; Prediction of Wave Loads on a Bow Visor; Methods for Design by Direct Calculation and Fatigue Design - Review; Model Testing of Damaged RO-RO Passenger Ferries According to the Recent IMO Regulations; and, On the Stability of Ships in Waves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/484325</guid>
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      <title>SAFETY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION STATISTICS (SAMIS) 1995 ANNUAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/572741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This annual report is a compilation and analysis of transit accident, casualty and crime statistics reported under the Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database Reporting by transit systems in the United States during 1995.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Jul 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/572741</guid>
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      <title>GENDER PATTERNS IN MINOR HEAD AND NECK INJURIES: AN ANALYSIS OF CASUALTY REGISTER DATA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/463140</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study was designed to determine the age- and gender-specific incidences of moderate and minor head and neck injuries from emergency room casualty registers in two cities in northern Sweden.  By contrast with findings in most studies on injuries, the incidence of minor and moderate head and neck injuries was higher among women than men in the 15-17- and the 39-53-year old age group, and the incidence of neck injuries as high among women as among men in the 15-65-year-old age group. As compared to men, women more often sustained their head and neck injuries as pedestrians and as car passengers, and in rear-end and side collisions.  Men were more often injured as motor vehicle drivers, in single-vehicle accidents and head-on collisions. Sports-related impact injuries were twice as common as fall injuries among men, the reverse being true of women.  The determinants of gender-specific differences, and the relatively high incidence of minor head and neck injuries among women are discussed in relation to exposure, physical differences, as well as behavior and lifestyle.  It is recommended that greater detail is required in injury registrations, and that neck injury prevention be improved taking into consideration women's greater vulnerability to such injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/463140</guid>
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      <title>CASUALTY REDUCTION VERSUS DANGER REDUCTION: CONFLICTING APPROACHES OR MEANS TO ACHIEVE THE SAME ENDS?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Britain and elsewhere road safety professionals are increasingly considering approaches to safety improvement based on reducing danger at source and promoting equity and accessibility for non-motorized road users. The aim of this paper is to consider these two approaches and to identify ways in which they might conflict and to what extent they are complementary to each other. The paper considers, in particular, the ways in which these approaches can be applied to one group of road users, child pedestrians, who have been shown in many studies to be especially vulnerable to the risk of involvement in a road accident. This paper considers the ways in which a more traditional casualty reduction approach might affect children, both through the reduction in their likelihood of involvement in an accident and through the ways in which such an approach may impinge upon their freedom and development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/462939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESPONSE TO ACCIDENTS AS A MEANS OF CASUALTY REDUCTION AND SECONDARY ACCIDENT PREVENTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to report on research undertaken in the United Kingdom to determine the scale and nature of benefits associated with emergency telephone provision on all-purpose roads. Because the results of this work have not been formally publicized in the United Kingdom either through the publication of papers or the issuing of design guidance, the results must, of necessity, be stated in a broad-brush and generalized form for the purposes of this Conference.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/462921</guid>
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      <title>REDUCING TRAFFIC INJURIES IN EU COUNTRIES - A STRATEGIC APPROACH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Political and legal developments in the European Union over the last few years are bringing about new opportunities for international action on road safety and as a result a common road safety policy is slowly emerging. This paper outlines these developments against the backdrop of the road casualty problem in the European Union and discusses how they are shaping the role of the EU in road safety. It discusses steps taken so far to embark upon common action and presents the European Transport Safety Council's view that the time is now right for the development of a strategic road safety plan for the EU. This would provide a comprehensive framework for common, mutually beneficial, research-based action across a range of fields.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/462878</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE FEASIBILITY OF LINKING HOSPITAL AND POLICE ROAD CRASH CASUALTY RECORDS WITHOUT NAMES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/458641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Government and other agencies routinely collect complementary information on road crash casualties and there may be opportunities to widen the scope of data available for research and policy evaluation if mechanisms can be established to combine these data sources.  Where unit record data are available, direct links within and between individual records can often be achieved using record linkage techniques.  The research reported here used the hospital admission and police records from the Western Australian Road Injury Database, which had previously been linked using all the identifying characteristics mentioned above, special purpose software and comprehensive manual checking.  This set of linked records were considered to be a "gold standard" which could be used to measure the quantity and quality of links produced using fewer identifying characteristics.  Results from this process showed that about 90% of the original links could be identified when a phonetic code of the family name of the casualty was used with age, sex, road user type, and crash date. However, only about 50% of the original links were found if linking was performed without using names or phonetic name codes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Apr 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/458641</guid>
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      <title>CASUALTY DATA ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD MERCHANT FLEET FOR REPORTED FIRE AND EXPLOSION INCIDENTS RESULTING IN MARINE POLLUTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/448751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[World wide merchant vessel fire and explosion data were analyzed to determine the contribution of these casualties to the marine pollution problem.  The source of information is the Lloyd's Casualty Information System Data Base.  The major findings of this analysis were presented for: 1) the overall fire/explosion problem for the world's merchant fleet, 2) lives and vessels lost as a result of fires/explosions, 3) all casualty categories contributing to marine pollution, and 4) fires/explosions contributing to marine pollution.  General categories of merchant vessel types were identified and the circumstances surrounding the applicable casualty incidents were then categorized and analyzed for trends to the extent possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/448751</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>1994 STATISTICS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN EUROPE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/452755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the document is to provide basic data on road traffic accidents and casualties in European countries, Canada, Israel, and the United States.  The publication is purely statistical in character.  The scope of the statistics comprises road traffic accidents involving personal injury only, excluding accidents with material damage.  Data relate to accidents by nature of accidents and surrounding, accidents due to the influence of alcohol, and the number of persons killed or injured by category of road user and age group.  As background statistics, data on the number of road vehicles in use, registration of new vehicles and vehicle kilometers run by road vehicles are provided.  Additionally, estimates of population and distribution by age groups are given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/452755</guid>
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      <title>SAFETY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION STATISTICS (SAMIS) 1993 ANNUAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/422484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 1993 Safety Management Information Statistics (SAMIS) report, now in its fourth year of publication, is a compilation and analysis of transit accident and casualty statistics uniformly collected from approximately 400 transit agencies throughout the country.  The safety data presented in this annual report are collected via Form 405 of the FTA Section 15 Reporting System.  This report contains trend analysis graphs as well as new graphs/tables that include collisions, personal casualties, derailments, fires and property damage per specified period of time (day, hour, minute).  There are 18 new Trend Analysis graphs and tables by individual transit modes.  SAMIS reports safety statistics for the following transit modes: motor bus, automated guideway, commuter rail, light rail, demand response, and vanpool.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jul 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/422484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE IDENTIFICATION OF MISTAKES IN ROAD ACCIDENT RECORDS: PART 2, CASUALTY VARIABLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/425523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It has been acknowledged that there are many mistakes in recording the casualty variables on the police accident report forms.  This study shows how a computer-based linkage of police and hospital records can be used routinely to identify the mistake for the variables of casualty age, gender, and severity. The level of omissions and misidentifications were 0.4% for gender, 12.2% for severity, and 15.7% for age.  The number of records that had age omitted or coded incorrectly was not significantly greater for seriously injured casualties than for those who were slightly injured.  This system could be effectively used to code casualty severity using medical information instead of police judgement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 May 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/425523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TOWARD A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO SAFETY IN THE COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Congressionally mandated study of the commercial fishing industry, mounted by the National Research Council, recommended that the United States Coast Guard develop an integrated safety program with the goal of lowering the perceived high injury rates within the industry.  The author adds to that effort by placing commercial fishing safety within the broader framework of injury causation and injury control research.  The findings support the continued use of Coast Guard casualty data and indicates areas needing further definition.  The method used in assigning injury cause was problematic.  A peer review process was introduced and was found suitable in determining cause and involving fishermen in the ongoing process of establishing and evaluating professional standards of safety in their occupation/profession.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415680</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MECHANICS AND BIOMECHANICS OF ROLLOVER CASUALTIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/406328</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purposes of the research were to provide a sound basis for evaluating the benefits of alternative approaches for reducing casualties in rollover crashes.  The approach applied national data systems which contain data on rollover crashes and resulting injuries to assess casualty sensation factors.  The National Sampling System, specifically the Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS 1988-91) was the primary source of data.  The data system is a nationally representative sample of police reported towaway crashes.  NASS was supplemented by the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS 1988-1991) which is a census of all fatal crashes on U.S. roads.  The General Estimates System of NASS (NASS/GES 1988-90) covering police reported accidents, irrespective of severity, was the basis for nationally representative estimates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/406328</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FORECASTING ROAD ACCIDENT CASUALTIES IN GREAT BRITAIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/372189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is considerable interest in many countries in the way in which their annual road accident casualty totals have developed. This leads inevitably to the question of how these totals are likely to change in the future.  This paper assesses national data for Great Britain from 1949-1989 and forecasts the casualty total in the year 2000 by extrapolating the long-term decline in the rate of casualties per hundred million vehicle-kilometers. This forecast is conditional on the traffic growth predicted by that year, but it is found that uncertainty over the casualty forecast derives more from the slight irregularities in the past decline in the casualty rate than from uncertainty over the traffic prediction.  Despite the use of a forecasting method that is based on an unusually strong time-series model, there is still real uncertainty about forecasting casualties over a gap of only 11 years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Sep 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/372189</guid>
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