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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A dual-processing airline service model: Cognitive analytical judgment of quality vs affective holistic assessment of satisfaction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with the assessment of airline services from the passengers' point of view. The novelty of the study is linked to an implemented dual-processing model, consisting in capturing two different types of information from airline users: a cognitive analytical judgement of service quality and an affective holistic assessment of satisfaction with the service, whereas the concepts of service quality and satisfaction have been generally considered as the same in the literature. An additional novelty is the usage of two different scales for collecting judgements of service quality and satisfaction rates. The final aim of the paper is investigating the relationship between airline service quality, air passengers' satisfaction and their loyalty. Due to the complexity of this relationship and the variety of the aspects characterizing airline services, the approach adopted in this work is based on the collection of data concerning the several factors characterizing airline services, the overall service quality and satisfaction, and the intentions of the passengers to use the service again or recommend it to others. The collected data are analysed through a Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) approach, which is suitable for analysing a complex phenomenon characterized by unobservable factors. In addition, a Structural Equation Modelling-Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (SEM-MIMIC) structure including the effects of passengers' characteristics is proposed to investigate also the heterogeneity of passengers’ perceptions. The work is supported by a case study represented by air passengers living in a region of the southern Italy. The main finding of the study suggests that satisfaction and service quality are two different concepts, and investigating them separately is more appropriate than considering them as the same concepts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714898</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mitigating the Financial Impact of Carbon Risk in Airlines: The Role of Management Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the financial impact of carbon risk on airlines and the moderating role of management practices across different business models. Using unbalanced panel data from 53 publicly listed airlines, the results show that higher carbon risk significantly reduces profitability. The moderating effects vary by airline business models. Board skill sets mitigate the negative impact in low-cost carriers, while board size plays a positive role in full-service carriers. In airline-within-airline groups, efficient governance and strong financial management, particularly investment and market capitalisation, help reduce carbon-related financial pressure. The findings highlight the importance of aligning board governance and financial strategies with business models to improve airline financial resilience during the green transition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flight Frequency, Schedule Differentiation, and Route Revenue: Evidence for Competition and Scheduling Policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the joint effects of flight frequency and schedule differentiation on passenger number, airfare, and revenue in the Australian domestic airline market. It distinguishes between two dimensions of scheduling strategies: between-carrier schedule differentiation and within-carrier schedule dispersion. The monthly panel dataset employed comprises 349 carrier-route-specific cross-sectional units, covering 102 oligopolistic domestic routes (51 airport pairs) in Australia for the 2015M1∼2025M6 period (excluding the COVID period 2020M1∼2021M10). The results show that flight frequency has a consistently positive and significant effect on passenger number and revenue. Between-carrier schedule differentiation is found to increase carrier-route-specific passenger demand and support higher airfare, suggesting that temporal differentiation across competitors reduces direct competition and enhances pricing power. In contrast, more clustered within-carrier scheduling increases passenger attraction by improving service convenience, although its effect on airfare is generally insignificant. To summarise, the empirical findings indicate that a strategy combining higher frequency, greater differentiation relative to competitors, and more concentrated within-carrier scheduling is most conducive to route revenue generation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultimate strength of scaled I-Core steel sandwich panels under combined axial compression and lateral pressure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the buckling behaviour of metallic sandwich panels, comprising steel face sheets and a vertical web core, under uniaxial compressive loads and hydrostatic lateral pressure. The potential of these sandwich panels to replace traditional structural elements in marine applications, particularly in the bottom structure of Very Large Crude Carriers, is evaluated. A comprehensive numerical analysis is performed using nonlinear finite element analysis to explore various buckling failure modes. The performance of the sandwich panels is benchmarked against the ship bottom structure, which serves as the baseline design. Additionally, a similarity and scaling study is conducted to identify key design parameters, which will inform future experimental validation efforts. The findings provide valuable insights into the feasibility of utilising advanced sandwich panels in marine structures, offering a path toward more efficient and resilient designs for large-scale vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:38:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The cost implications of upgauging in the U.S. airline industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cost impact of upgauging is often attributed to economies of density, yet production theory emphasizes that cost savings depend on how intensively available capacity is utilized. This implies a potentially nonlinear relationship between aircraft seat capacity and short-run variable costs. Accordingly, a critical question arises for the airline industry: is there still room for further upgauging, or have airlines already reached the limit of its cost-saving potential? Using an unbalanced panel of U.S. airlines from 2000 to 2024, we estimate translog variable cost functions by business model to examine the cost implications of upgauging, measured by seats per departure. The results provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between upgauging and variable costs: moderate increases in seat capacity are associated with lower variable costs, while further increases eventually correspond to higher costs, potentially reflecting operational frictions and utilization constraints. In addition, the results provide strong evidence that low-cost carriers operate below cost-minimizing aircraft size, while the evidence for full-service airlines is less conclusive, suggesting potential scope for further upgauging. Robustness checks across pre- and post-crisis subsamples yield qualitatively similar patterns. Collectively, these findings challenge the view that the benefits of upgauging have been fully realized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:31:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing customer loyalty in the airline industry: the role of E-CRM and customer experience at Middle East Airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Developing customer loyalty in the highly competitive airline industry today depends more on providing exceptional, personalised customer experiences than merely offering efficiency and affordability. This research examines the impact of electronic customer relationship management (E-CRM) on customer loyalty, with customer experience playing a role as a mediator, in the context of Middle East Airlines (MEA). Information gathered from 351 passengers underwent analysis with the use of SPSS. Findings show that customer loyalty is significantly affected by E-CRM dimensions like security, problem-solving, and customer orientation, while technology by itself does not have a significant impact. The results emphasise the importance of customer experience in linking E-CRM strategies and loyalty. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on digital transformation in the airline industry and offers actionable insights for enhancing customer retention strategies through robust E-CRM systems. The information is especially important for airlines operating in culturally diverse and highly competitive markets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 16:32:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703986</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A hybrid multi-criteria methodology for ranking leading indicators of liquefied natural gas leak prevention barriers under uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study proposes a systematic approach to weight and rank performance leading indicators for the safety barriers established against liquefied natural gas (LNG) leaks onboard the marine LNG units. To achieve the paper's target, a literature review of publications relevant to a set of issues related to the risk of marine LNG leaks is conducted. Based on that review, a comprehensive list of 51 performance leading indicators is developed. In addition, a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach is adopted to weight and rank the proposed indicators. The results indicate that the indicators’ ranking favours those that monitor the performance of aspects whose failure led to historical process leaks. Examples of these aspects are the integrity of the maintenance management system and the efficiency of developing and following safety-critical procedures. In addition, the results of the MCDM model showed stability against slight changes in the criteria’s weights. The study also discusses the possible uses of the indicators developed and weighted in this study within the safety and risk management in the marine LNG field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 10:04:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709881</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Changing Motor Carrier Safety and Credentialing Violations to Civil Penalties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers are often cited for tax, credentialing, and permitting violations even though they are generally the responsibility of the motor carrier. If convicted, drivers may have misdemeanor violations added to their criminal record. This dynamic creates confusion among CMV drivers and potentially results in hardship. It also makes it difficult to adjudicate violations fairly. A potential solution lies in reclassifying these violations as civil penalties. Before this could be done, however, the Kentucky Transportatin Cabinet (KYTC) needs to understand how other states approach the adjudication of CMV violations, determine the fiscal implications of fines and court fees, and a develop a proposed policy or legislative framework for enacting changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 17:04:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Marine Investigation Report: Collision Between Bulk Carrier Yangze 7 and Towing Vessel Miss Peggy, Houston Ship Channel, Lynchburg, Texas, July 19, 2024</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On July 19, 2024, at 1404 local time, the bulk carrier Yangze 7 and towing vessel Miss Peggy were inbound in the Houston Ship Channel, near Lynchburg, Texas, when they collided. The Miss Peggy capsized and sank with five crewmembers on board. Four were recovered by a good Samaritan vessel and the fifth crewmember was later found deceased in the wreckage. One Miss Peggy crewmember sustained serious injuries, and another sustained minor injuries. An undetermined amount of oil was released into the Houston Ship Channel from the sunken vessel. Total damages, including salvage of the Miss Peggy and pollution mitigation, were estimated to be $3.7 million. The Yangze 7 sustained no damage. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that the Houston pilot who was directing the movement of the bulk carrier Yangze 7 during its inbound transit through the Houston Ship Channel failed to maintain a proper lookout because he was distracted by extended nonoperational cell phone use. This distraction resulted in him not detecting the presence of the Miss Peggy. The NTSB found that the captain of the inbound towing vessel Miss Peggy failed to maintain a proper lookout while navigating the Houston Ship Channel, resulting in him not detecting the Yangze 7 as it approached from astern. Similarly, the Yangze 7 bridge team failed to maintain a proper lookout, so they did not detect the Miss Peggy until the towboat was less than a ship’s length ahead. As part of its investigation, the NTSB makes two new safety recommendations to the US Coast Guard and the American Pilots’ Association.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2026 09:22:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752290</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Treasury’s Assistance to the Airline Industry and National Security Businesses During the COVID-19 Pandemic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020 in the United States, lawmakers enacted legislation to stabilize the airline industry in response to a sharp and widespread decline in air travel. That legislation, known as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, authorized the Treasury to provide broad-based assistance through two programs: grants to support payrolls (the Payroll Support Program) and a credit program to support air carriers, related businesses, and businesses critical to national security (the Section 4003 Loan Program). (The CARES Act also provided other assistance to various entities unrelated to the airlines or national security businesses.) The Treasury was given discretion in setting compensation for the government, which was subsidizing those grants and loans. In this report, the Congressional Budget Office examines the assistance provided to the airlines and other businesses through those programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 08:44:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical prediction of ship maneuverability in ice floes with the MMG model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2729051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a numerical approach for predicting ship maneuverability in ice floes with the MMG (Maneuvering Modeling Group) model. The effects of ship-generated waves are taken into account by combining the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method with the Discrete Element Method (DEM). First, virtual captive model tests in ice floes, including oblique towing and circular motion tests, are conducted using the CFD-DEM coupling method to obtain the hull forces and moments under the ice-water mixture effect, from which the corresponding force derivatives are determined. Based on these derivatives, the MMG model of ship maneuvering motion in ice floes is established. Taking the KVLCC2 tanker model as the study object, the reliability and validity of the MMG model are first verified by simulating the standard maneuvering tests in ice-free water, including ±35° turning tests and ±10°/10°, ±20°/20° zig-zag tests, and comparing the results with available free-running model test data. Then, numerical simulations of the same standard maneuvering tests in ice floes are performed using the established MMG model to obtain the maneuverability parameters, thereby achieving the prediction of ship maneuverability in ice floes. Finally, the distinctions of ship maneuverability in ice-free water and ice floes are analyzed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2026 14:11:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2729051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Application of Whole-Process Intelligent Unloading System for Bulk Carriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2735061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a transportation hub for the import and export transshipment of bulk cargo, the manual operation mode of bulk terminals can no longer meet the developmental demand for efficient unloading of bulk carriers. Therefore, this article designs a whole-process intelligent unloading (WPIU) system for bulk carriers, including a series of intelligent unloading equipment and a robot-shore cooperative perception system. Second, a novel unloading strategy of bulk carriers that incorporates a sliding window detection algorithm rooted in 3-D feature distribution enables the creation of a real-time cargo hold and material model, facilitating the prediction of safer and more efficient grasping areas according to the materials' dynamic distribution characteristics. Subsequently, by utilizing the structural features of the cargo hold and multisensor information, a robot-shore cooperative localization method integrating adaptive dual observation is proposed to obtain the relative position of the clearing robot and the grabber, achieving collision avoidance during the unloading operation. Finally, the WPIU system and its integrated intelligent algorithms were experimentally validated at two typical bulk ports handling grain and ore. The results demonstrate the system's capability for intelligent and efficient unloading operations of bulk carriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 08:28:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2735061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hull stress estimation of ore carrier based on the hull monitoring and wave inverse analysis method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the accuracy of hull stress estimation for a large ore carrier by comparing two distinct methodologies: a Direct Analysis (DA) utilizing global wave hindcast data and a Wave Inverse Analysis (WIA) that identifies encounter wave conditions directly from ship monitoring data. Comparative evaluations of long-term maximum expected stress values across 16 structural locations demonstrated that while the DA achieved an estimation error of <30%, the WIA, utilizing inputs from only four optimized sensor locations, significantly reduced this error to within 15%. This enhanced performance is attributed to the WIA’s ability to identify the “pinpoint” directional wave spectrum, capturing localized wave phenomena and rapid stress fluctuations that are often smoothed out by the limited spatial and temporal resolution of grid-based hindcast models. Although some discrepancies remain due to measurement noise and uncertainties in the pre-calculated response functions (RAOs), such as variations in draft, trim, and weight distribution, these findings substantiate the WIA as a highly robust and practical framework for real-time hull stress monitoring. Consequently, this approach serves as a foundational technology for the advancement of Digital Twin for Ship Structure (DTSS) and on-board decision support systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Systematic numerical component-wise analysis of model and full-scale ship resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the scaling behavior of resistance components between the model and full-scale ship based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with a statistical description of flow turbulence, i.e. Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS). Four established benchmark hull shapes – a container ship (Kriso Container Ship), a bulk carrier (Japan Bulk Carrier), a tanker (JoRes1), and a multi-purpose vessel (HSVA reference model) – are analyzed over a wide range of drafts, Reynolds numbers, and Froude numbers. The total, frictional and residual resistance components are evaluated consistently at both scales, enabling a direct comparison under controlled numerical boundary conditions.Numerical uncertainty is quantified using the grid convergence index and supplemented by sensitivity studies on wall-normal resolution and flotation aspects as well as roughness at full-scale. The results show that for ships with a transom stern, the difference in residual resistance between the model and full-scale increases systematically with increasing draft as soon as transom wetting begins. For the bulk carrier with a smoothly descending stern, however, no corresponding monotonic trend is observed.The breakdown of the resistance components shows that the scale-dependent effects are primarily determined by differences in the normal (pressure) component of the total resistance, while the tangential (frictional) as well as the ITTC-based frictional component between the model and full-scale largely compensate each other. The presented results suggest that, in addition to the classical frictional and tank-related scale effects, pressure-driven contributions associated with stern geometry and operating condition may warrant to consider additional scale effects within the scaling framework.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 14:59:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737359</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing network connectivity of four major airport groups in China through relative entropy theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth in air transport demand has spurred the development of Multi-Airport Systems (MAS) worldwide. China has adopted a distinct model known as Airport Groups (AGs). Unlike single metropolitan-focused MAS, AGs operate on a broader regional scale, emphasizing inter-regional connectivity and economic integration. This study integrates network topology with Relative Entropy (RE) theory to propose a comprehensive Network Connectivity Index (NCI) for quantifying the effects of airport disruptions on the airline and passenger connectivity of China's four major AGs. By constructing a two-layer China's airport network model comprising an AG network (23 AG member airports, 156 routes) and an external airport network (234 non-AG, airports 2276 routes), we examined connectivity patterns across AG to AG, AG to AG-network and AG to external-airport-network. Then, the connectivity effects of AGs under different network structures were analyzed by NCI model. Results reveal significant heterogeneity in connectivity structures, functional roles of core and auxiliary airports, and the dominant influence of passenger flow on network connectivity. The proposed NCI integrates flight and passenger flow data with traditional metrics by capturing the impact of dynamic disruptions and distribution shifts. Compared to centrality metrics based solely on topological characteristics, the NCI more effectively identifies airports critical to AG connectivity. These results underscore the importance of NCI in comprehensively considering the impact of airlines and passengers within connectivity analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 16:51:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694577</guid>
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