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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Motorcyclists in Latin America: Current Situation, Lessons Learned and Recommended Best Practices for the Protection of its Users. 2nd Edition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2730687</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorcyclists represent the primary challenge for road safety in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), where fatalities among this group have increased by 98% between 2010 and 2024, despite an overall 2% reduction in total road traffic deaths. The rapid growth of motorcycles as an affordable and efficient mode of transport, particularly for work-related purposes has amplified both mobility opportunities and exposure to risk. This publication, building upon the Inter-American Development Banks 2022 report Motorcycles in Latin America: Current and Recommended Best Practices for the Protection of Its Users, presents an updated and comprehensive assessment of motorcyclist safety across the region. The report integrates new data and original research conducted by the IDB, providing updated analysis on powered two-wheeler fleet growth, fatality trends, risk factors, and regulatory frameworks across countries and subregions. The publication adopts a holistic approach structured in four sections: (i) analysis of trends and patterns in motorcyclist fatalities, (ii) identification of key behavioral, infrastructural, and systemic risk factors, (iii) review of regulatory frameworks and best practices from governments, NGOs, and the private sector, and (iv) actionable recommendations to guide evidence-based policymaking. Aligned with the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the Marrakech Declaration (2025), the publication underscores the urgency of coordinated, multisectoral efforts to reduce fatalities. Ultimately, this document aims to equip policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders with the evidence and tools needed to improve motorcyclist safety and advance safer, more sustainable mobility systems in Latin America and the Caribbean.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 08:36:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2730687</guid>
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      <title>From Risk to Reliability: Resilient Infrastructure Services to Face Nature's Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685467</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Latin America and the Caribbean face weather variations and natural disasters that increasingly disrupt transport, energy, water, and sanitation services and disproportionately harm the most vulnerable populations. This volume, From Risk to Reliability: Resilient Infrastructure Services to Face Nature's Challenges, offers a comprehensive framework for action to invest better, not just more, in resilient infrastructure. Resilience refers to the ability of infrastructure systems to anticipate, absorb, adapt to, and quickly recover from shocks, while learning over time. It is not indestructibility but an adaptive approach that weighs social costs and benefits under uncertainty to reduce risk, protect the continuity and quality of service, and speed recovery. The report diagnoses the risks and vulnerabilities that infrastructure systems face in the region. It shows how gradual climatic changes (rising temperatures and sea levels), extreme weather events (such as droughts, storms, and floods), and geophysical disasters (such as earthquakes) affect both the demand and supply of infrastructure services. Beyond asset damage, disruptions to service provision generate cascading effects on households, firms, and the broader economy. The report then reviews the policy and technical toolkit available to embed resilience across planning, design, operation, and maintenance, including discussions on the need for updated standards, risk-based prioritization, adaptive planning, network diversification, and redundancy. It also covers the role of nature-based solutions and demand-side adaptation measures. Finally, the report examines the funding and financing mechanisms needed to close the resilience investment gap, calling for innovation on both fronts. It underscores the importance of robust enabling environments to attract and sustain investment at scale. However, unlocking the full potential of resilient infrastructure requires not only mobilizing more capital but also aligning funding structures with the unique characteristics of resilience investments. These three dimensions are interdependent: effective resilience integrates robust risk assessment, adaptive planning, and innovative finance, supported by capable institutions, cross-sector coordination, and evidence-based policymaking. The stakes are high, but the payoff is clear: investing in resilience lowers lifecycle costs, safeguards service continuity, and opens new opportunities, especially for the most vulnerable. The report provides a technically grounded, actionable path to move from risk to reliability while setting a focused research agenda to close remaining evidence gaps.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:49:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685467</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Benefits of Logistics Investments: Opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685472</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation is an inherently crucial factor in supporting economic activities as well as providing opportunities for economic development. As such, the provision of transport infrastructures is a common priority in capital investment, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean where infrastructural capabilities are often lacking. The purpose of this report is to underline the key dimensions behind the benefits of logistics investments. It particularly focuses on port / hinterland supply chains in which the setting of logistics zones, transport and logistics corridors and inland ports provide a salient example of the multiplying effects of transport infrastructure and freight logistics investments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 13:01:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685472</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Logistics in Latin America and the Caribbean: Opportunities, Challenges and Courses of Action</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Logistics, understood as the set of planning, implementation and control processes that ensure an efficient flow of goods, services and information throughout the supply chain, plays a key role in the economy. Given that inputs, production nodes and consumer markets are distributed in space, logistics allows overcoming the friction of distance and creating spatial convergence between supply and demand (Barbero, 2010). Thus, logistics influences the level of competitiveness and productivity of a country, while providing employment opportunities and access to goods and services for its inhabitants. In aggregate terms, the logistics performance of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) presents a significant lag compared to other regions. International indicators show that LAC systematically rates below the levels of advanced economies, while its own rating has fallen in recent decades. What are the reasons for this setback? What impact does it have on the development goals of the region? How to reverse this trend? These will be the main questions we will address in this post. To this end, in the first chapter we will explore the relationship between logistics and development goals, and we will quantify the benefits of progress in logistics for LAC countries. Chapters 2 to 5 will analyze the situation of road, rail, sea and air modes in the region. In Chapter 6, we will review the state of trade facilitation, an important complement to international logistics operations. Chapters 7-9 will explore three new challenges in the sector: urban logistics, digital transformation, and decarbonization. In Chapter 10, we will address the geographic dimension of logistics and the importance of multimodality. Finally, in Chapter 11 we will present a roadmap with improvement actions in the short, medium and long term, and in accordance with the state of progress of the sector in the different countries of the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 13:01:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685470</guid>
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      <title>The fragile wings of Caribbean airports amid climate challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716589</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the challenges and strategic responses shaping the Caribbean aviation sector, with a focus on airport operations, governance and resilience. Drawing on annual reports, economic analyses and studies from organisations including the Airports Authority of Jamaica, Grupo Aeroportuario del Sureste, Airports Council International, World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, it highlights the sector’s financial vulnerabilities, particularly those revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted aircraft movements and net revenues. The analysis emphasises the pivotal role of public–private partnerships, which can attract investment and modernise infrastructure but require robust governance, careful risk allocation and regulatory oversight. In addition, the paper explores sustainability imperatives, such as adopting sustainable aviation fuels and implementing climate adaptation measures to achieve net zero goals and strengthen resilience against extreme weather events. The findings underline the necessity of integrated strategic planning and adaptive policies to ensure the long-term viability of Caribbean airports as vital regional gateways for tourism, trade and connectivity. This article is also included in The Business & Management Collection which can be accessed at https://hstalks.com/business/.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 11:31:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2716589</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Omega Data Bank Report (Spring and Fall 1980)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709289</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The International Bank for Airborne Omega Data continued operation at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center. This report, issued by the Data Bank, is based upon 427 flight data hours covering flights in the North Atlantic, parts of the Continental United States (U.S.) and the Caribbean, South America, and Canada. These data were collected during the spring and fall of 1980; no flights were made during the summer. There were four major contributors to the Omega Data Bank during this period with three different equipment types. Operationally usable signals corresponded quite well with the Omega signal coverage prediction diagram published by the Omega Navigation System Operational Detail (ONSOD). Exceptions were noted near Ellesmere Island for the La Reunion signal, and the continental U.S. for the Argentina signal for the specific months and times of the data flights. Several operational differences were noted between two different Omega sets flown side by side in an FAA aircraft during flights in South America and the South Atlantic. Nonetheless, for both sets, Omega positions were within 2 nautical miles of the Inertial Navigation System position (95 percent probability) during normal flight conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2026 12:22:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709289</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of simultaneous accessibility walking index (SAWI) to essential opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) cities exhibit rapid urban urbanization processes, which has led to inadequate planning, inequity, and segregation throughout territories. Accessibility, which is regarded as the ability to reach opportunities, should be employed to guide urban planning decisions. However, several LAC cities lack diagnostic tools and technical capacities to support decision-making processes aimed at ensuring equitable access. We propose two indices that reflect the simultaneous accessibility of pedestrians to different types of opportunities, which can be represented at the microscale (the simultaneous accessibility walking index, SAWI) and the macroscale (the metropolitan simultaneous accessibility walking index, M-SAWI). On the one hand, the SAWI estimates can highlight zones within a given city where there is a scarcity of opportunities and inequitable access. On the other hand, the M-SAWI estimates reveal that the simultaneous accessibility in cities decreases with increasing city size, suggesting that cities should shift to a model of clustered small urban areas. By analyzing the index results in conjunction with the spatial distributions of opportunities and populations, policymakers can adopt a proactive stance in reducing inequality and enhancing access for all people.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679515</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Shipping connectivity and bilateral trade in low and middle income regions: evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While the literature has documented the effects of shipping connectivity on international trade flows, evidence for low and middle income regions remains limited. This paper examines the relationship between container shipping connectivity and bilateral trade between Latin America and the Caribbean and other regions (Europe, North America, East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Africa, and Oceania) from 2006 to 2022. Using a higher-order fixed effects gravity model of trade, the study disentangles the impact of shipping connectivity on export trade value. The findings indicate an average trade elasticity of 0.34%, twice the global average, with significant variation across the South American, Central American, and Caribbean subregions. Furthermore, when disaggregating the general effect, the strongest impact is observed in trade flows with Asian countries, particularly on the textile and agricultural sectors. Based on these insights, the paper proposes a set of policy recommendations aimed at enhancing port connectivity in low and middle income regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:10:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657999</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Funding and Financing of Public Transport in Latin America and the Caribbean</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transport is essential for promoting social inclusion, productivity, and sustainability in the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. However, achieving these benefits largely depends on the capacity of transport systems to ensure stable, efficient, and sustainable funding and financing. Public transport systems in the region face increasing economic pressures due to a persistent decline in demand, limited fare policies, and rising operating costs. This combination puts additional strain on fare revenues and deepens their dependence on subsidies, representing one of the main challenges to the economic sustainability of public transport. This document analyzes the current state of public transport funding and financing in the region, identifying the structural causes that have led to this situation. It also highlights good practices and success stories that offer valuable lessons to help reverse current trends. Based on this analysis, the document proposes a set of policy guidelines and recommendations for decision-makers and planners aimed at advancing toward more sustainable funding schemes and improving access to financing, in order to strengthen public transport as a driver of sustainable urban development in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2026 08:49:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646175</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Real Price of Going Electric: Benchmarking E-Bus Transition Costs in LAC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681400</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report benchmarks the costs of transitioning to electric bus (e-bus) fleets in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), drawing on data from 13 countries and 21 cities covering the period 2021–2025. It examines the full cost structure of e-bus deployment, including vehicle acquisition, charging infrastructure, and operating costs, and explains the substantial variation observed across markets. The findings show that e-bus costs are shaped by vehicle specifications, procurement scale, market maturity, and policy environments, with substantially greater price dispersion than conventional diesel buses. Charging infrastructure costs are highly sensitive to project scale, grid conditions, and depot location, highlighting the need for integrated transport and power sector planning. While e-buses offer clear operational advantages, these benefits depend on sound planning, competitive procurement, and coordinated policies. By improving transparency around key cost drivers, the report aims to support better decision making and accelerate the sustainable scale up of e-bus deployment in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:55:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681400</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the effects of liberalization and modernization policies on aviation in small island developing states</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analyzes the impact of liberalization and modernization policies on air passenger traffic from the United States (U.S.) to Small Island Developing States (SIDS), with a particular focus on Caribbean countries. Considering these nations’ heavy reliance on international tourism and air transport, the paper examines the effects of Open Skies agreements on passenger volumes on existing routes and the creation of new routes. It also assesses a broader reform implemented in the Dominican Republic, which involved institutional modernization, market liberalization, and compliance with international safety standards. Using U.S.-to-SIDS airport-pair data from 1996 to 2023 and applying methods such as linear probability models and synthetic difference-in-differences, the study finds that Open Skies agreements increase passenger traffic on existing routes but do not lead to the creation of new ones. In contrast, broader reforms—as in the Dominican Republic—boost both traffic and route diversification, even without an Open Skies agreement. The findings suggest that comprehensive reform packages are more effective than liberalization alone in enhancing air connectivity in SIDS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 14:02:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tech on Wheels: Exploring Microtransit's ICT Perceptions in Latin America and the Caribbean</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Microtransit services are a midpoint between standard ride-hailing services and conventional bus fleets from public transit. Utilizing small buses or vans to provide on-demand shared transport, these services enable users to reserve seats, track their trips, and receive real-time estimates of pick-up and drop-off times. While public transit systems in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region are the subject of critical and often contentious policy debates with frequent references to user discontent and an overall decline in quality, microtransit is emerging as an alternative that could improve existing transit systems. They are argued to be an effective means to extend the coverage of transit services in transit deserts, by providing service in areas without transit routes and where investments in stations and infrastructure might not be cost effective. Despite its potential benefits, microtransit remains under studied in the LAC region. Based on survey data gathered for Barranquilla, Colombia, and Mexico City, Mexico, this research examines the added value of digital technology features in microtransit. This paper explores individuals' perceptions of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) features present in microtransit and different variables mediating such perceptions. Employing factor analysis, and Structural Equation Models (SEM), ICT features are considered as latent variables and placed as the main outcome of the SEM. Other latent variables encompassing perceptions, such as the quality and safety of public transit, are also included in the model. Results indicate that individuals with pro-car attitudes and those who own cars are more likely to prefer ICT features in microtransit, suggesting potential for modal shift. Similarly, insecurity in public transit also explains favorable perceptions about the ICT features in microtransit. We also found that higher levels of technological savviness and being a ride-hailing adopter are related to increased valuations of microtransit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630943</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Digital Technologies and Collective Transport: Testing Microtransit's Added Value</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593903</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Microtransit services are a midpoint between standard ride-hailing services and conventional bus fleets from public transit. Utilizing small buses or vans to provide on-demand shared transport, these services enable users to reserve seats, track their trips, and receive real-time estimates of pick-up and drop-off times. While public transit systems in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region are the subject of critical and often contentious policy debates with frequent references to user discontent and an overall decline in quality, microtransit is emerging as an alternative that could improve existing transit systems. They are argued to be an effective means to extend the coverage of transit services in transit deserts, by providing service in areas without transit routes and where investments in stations and infrastructure might not be cost effective. Despite its potential benefits, microtransit remains under studied in the LAC region. Based on survey data gathered for Barranquilla, Colombia, and Mexico City, Mexico, this research examines the added value of digital technology features in microtransit. This paper explores individuals' perceptions of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) features present in microtransit and different variables mediating such perceptions. Employing factor analysis, and Structural Equation Models (SEM), ICT features are considered as latent variables and placed as the main outcome of the SEM. Other latent variables encompassing perceptions, such as the quality and safety of public transit, are also included in the model. Results indicate that individuals with pro-car attitudes and those who own cars are more likely to prefer ICT features in microtransit, suggesting potential for modal shift. Similarly, insecurity in public transit also explains favorable perceptions about the ICT features in microtransit. The authors also found that higher levels of technological savviness and being a ride-hailing adopter are related to increased valuations of microtransit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 09:19:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593903</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From best practices to port competitiveness: An assessment of Latin America and Caribbean port logistics communities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ports are critical hubs where diverse stakeholders interact to facilitate international and domestic maritime freight transport. Nearshoring represents an opportunity for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ports to become strategic nodes but demands efficient transfer services and streamlined processes. This article aims to build a composite index comprising management practices that can enhance port competitiveness. While extant research on port competitiveness primarily focuses on geographical, infrastructure, and cost-related factors, the proposed index is developed from a strategic management perspective. Six port competitiveness components were identified after a literature review and a qualitative study. Then, specific management practices associated with each index’s component were outlined to propose a measurement framework. Survey data from fifteen LAC ports were statistically analyzed to validate this framework and design a port competitiveness and management index with the support of port experts. Managerial insights and policy recommendations for participant ports are presented based on the index scores.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 08:21:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to “De-Dutch” the bicycle: Development of active mobility policy on the Caribbean island of Bonaire through real-world mixed methods research</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bonaire, an island in the Dutch Caribbean, faces many societal challenges including poverty, high rates of non-communicable diseases, traffic congestion and physical inactivity. It has been suggested that promoting population levels of walking and cycling can provide a plethora of (co)benefits locally and nationally, especially in areas with low levels of active travel mode share, such as the Global South. In 2024, the Government of the Netherlands invested in a 4-year research project aimed at developing a policy for active mobility on Bonaire. This paper presents the baseline data collected as part of this multi-year pragmatic research project. This study employed a mixed methods approach to understand the current context and active mobility system on Bonaire and investigate current levels and attitudes towards active transport. The methods employed in Year 1 of the project were a repeat cross-sectional survey, observations, stakeholder workshops and interviews and GIS analysis. The findings of this research uncovered that current active mobility levels on Bonaire are low and socioeconomic inequities exist amongst those who do engage in active mobility. Barriers towards transitioning to a less car-oriented mobility system, such as political instability and culture, were identified. However, the active mobility system on Bonaire has many positive elements in its current state which can be capitalized upon. The active mobility system on Bonaire is at a pivotal point and structures to facilitate learning and collaboration across sectors are urgently needed to realize the goal of a thriving active mobility system on the island.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584002</guid>
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